Residential and Commercial Electrical Systems Technology—V V Nagar (Gujarat) Email : [email protected] Safin Pad EE Dest. CETINTRODUCTION * Electricity requires an electric path to flow and there are many conducting materials used for this purpose. * There are many semi conducting materials which are used to reduce the voltage and also drop the current flow. * There are non-conducting materials which are used as insulation during working on live-lines. « In this chapter we will study how the household wiring is done and what materials are essential for household or industrial wiring. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETSYSTEMS OF WIRING * Cleat Wiring * Wooden casing and capping Wiring. * C.1.S(Cab tire sheathed) or T.R.S(Tough rubber sheathed) Wiring. * Lead sheathed or metal sheathed Wiring. * Conduit Wiring. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET1.CLEAT WIRING * Cleat wiring is normally used for temporary wiring purposes. * It is quite suitable for taking a temporary connection, such as for function, marriages, etc. * In this type V.LR or PV.C wires are clamped between porcelain cleats. * The cleats are made in pairs having bottom and top halves. The bottom half is grooved to receive the wire and the top half is for cable grip. * Initially the bottom and top cleats are fixed on the wall loosely according to the layout. Then the cable is drawn, tensioned and the cleats are tightened by the screw. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET1.CLEAT WIRING * Cleats are of three types, having one, two or three grooves, so as to receive one, two or three wires. Two types of cleats. * The gutties should be fixed into the wall at regular intervals of about 15cm. * The screws used are of size 38-40mm length. For 250 volts supply cables will be placed 2.5cm apart centre to centre for single core cables. * Only one cable is passed through each groove of the cleat. * While screwing toomuch pressure = should not be applied so that its insulation remains intact. * The use of cleat wiring system is over nowadays. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET1.CLEAT WIRING Use of Wall tube, wires are drawn from one room inte the other through partition wall. beeen i. Cleat with two grooves ji. Cleat with three grooves Cleat Wiring=i = Insulated = “ Conductors base with groove 4.5-15cm CLEAT WIRING1.CLEAT WIRING ADVANTAGES * Itis the cheapest system of internal wiring. * The installation and dismentling is simple and fast and hence is very useful for temporary wiring. * The cable can be inspected easily and if there is any problem with the wiring the same can be rectified without much problem. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET1.CLEAT WIRING DISADVANTAGES It is not good looking i.e. this method does not give attractive appearance. After some time due to sagging at some places, it looks shabby. Dust and dirt collects on the cleats, because the wires are directly exposed to atmospheric conditions like moisture, chemical fumes ete. Maintenance cost is very high. Life span is very short. It can be only used on 250/440 Volts on low temperature. There is always a risk of fire and electric shock ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET1.CLEAT WIRING FIELD OF APPLICATION * The wiring of this type is very suitable for temporary installations in dry places. * This is also accepted where appearance is not so important and cheapness is the main consideration. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET2.WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING * Casing and Capping wiring system was famous wiring system in the past but, it is considered obsolete this days because of Conduit and sheathed wiring system. * Thisisone of cheapest types of wiring and is commonly used for house wiring. * The cable used in this type of wiring is either V.I.R or PV.C cables orany other approved insulated cables. * The casing and capping can be done form two parts of the wooden or PVC, the casing and capping have grooves. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET2.WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING * The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures. The casing is made up of a strip of wood with parallel grooves cut length wise so as to accommodate VIR cables. * The grooves were made to separate opposite polarity, the capping (also made of wood) used to cover the wires and cables installed and fitted in the casing. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCoxing VARA CABLE Wooden Casing & Capping WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING Pi td Wiring SystemST ci easy \& Canning Wiring2.WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING * PVC casing capping gives better look and is economical as compared to wood and even more better than cleat wiring. * It is relatively cheaper as compared to conduit but costlier as compared to cleat-wiring. * Physical inspection of wiring makes it simple to carry out repair if required (by opening the capping). * Short-circuit of wire i.e between phase and neutral is avoided as the two are placed in different grooves. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET2.WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING DISADVANTAGES * In case of short circuit, there is risk of fire(use of wood or PVC). * Thistype of wiring can = be used only on surface and cannot be concealed in plaster. * Since it requires better workmanship, labour cost is more. * White ants may damage the casing & capping of wood. APPLICATION * This type of wiring is suitable for low voltage domestic installations in dry places and where there is no risk of fire hazard. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETC.I.S or T.R.S Wiring or Batton Wiring * Tough rubber sheath (T.R.S) protection , first introduced by the St. Helens cable Co., under the name C.T.S (cab tyre sheath) is usually lapped on to the already insulated conductor. * This type of wiring is also used for house wiring and is quite cheap. * Cab tire sheathed wire or rubber sheathed wire is normally used on the conductor for this wiring. * The wires are run on the teak wooden battons which are fixed on the wall or the ceiling by means of screws and wooden plunge. * Straight teak wooden batten (at 10 mm thick} ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETC.T.S or T.R.S Wiring or Batton Wiring « Here the conductors (two or three) are individually insulated and covered with a common outer lead- aluminum alloy sheath. * The sheath protects the cable against dampness, atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages. * The sheath is earthed at every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current. « They are fixed by means of metal clips on wooden battens. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETBatten Wiring Old Wiring System Cable a \ ClipC.T.S or T.R.S Wiring or Batton Wiring ADVANTAGES * Wiring installation is simple and easy. * Cheap as compared to other electrical wiring systems. * Repairing is easy. * Strong and long-lasting. * less chance of leakage current in batten wiring system. DISADVANTAGES © Can’t be installed in open and outdoor areas. * High risk of fire. * Heavy wires can’t be used in batten wiring system. * Only suitable below then. 250V. chin Perm EE Dogs. CETC.T.S or T.R.S Wiring or Batten Wiring FIELDS OF APPLICATION These cables are moisture and chemical proof. They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight. TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETMETAL SHEATHED WIRING * This type of wiring is also adopted for low voltage installation. * This system is more or less similar to C.1.S wiring except that the cable used is different in this wiring system. * In this system conductors used are insulated with V.LR and then covered with an aluminium outer sheath of lead alloy containing 95% lead and 5%, * The metal sheath given protection to cables from mechanical damage, moisture and atmospheric corrosion. The whole lead covering is made electrically continuous and is connected to earth at the point of entry to protect against electrolytic action due to leaking current and to provide safety in case the sheath becomes alive. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET| Lead-sheathed electrical \” wiring in Pilot quartersB Armored Cable » Type AC 320.2 Definition Waxed Paper Jute Interlocked Spiral Metal Sheath Bonding Stip yey ni ‘Sachin Peri EE Og. GCEMETAL SHEATHED WIRING ADVANTAGES * Conductors are protected against mechanical injury. * Itis suitably employed under damp situations. * Ithas longer life. * Conductors are protected against chemicals. DISADVANTAGES * Cables are costlier then C.T.S or T.R.S wires, * Incase of leakage, there is every risk of shock. * Skilled labour and proper supervision is required. FIELDS OF APPLICATION * This wiring system is suitable for low voltage installations. * It may be used in places exposed to sun and rain provided no joint is exposed. =SpeieestMETAL SHEATHED WIRING FIELDS OF APPLICATION * This wiring system is suitable for low voltage installations. * It may be used in places exposed to sun and rain provided no joint is exposed, ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCONDUIT WIRING * Conduit wiring system is the best for domestic and commercial installations. * It provides proper protection to the installation against fire hazards, shock, mechanical damage and dampness. * The cable used in this system is either V.I.R or * PMC insulated and is run in mild steel or PV.C pipes called as conduits. * Conduit wiring is divided into types : * Surface Conduit wiring. * Concealed Conduit Wiring. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETSurface conduit wiring * PVC, or metallic conduit are * used. * PVC, VIR wire are used. * Appearance is good. * It protect wire against mechanical damage, Moisture, dust. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETConcealed conduit wiring: * PVC, or metallic conduit are used Conduit inside the wall * Appearance is good * Protect against fire dust moisture mechanical damage, * Less maintenance * Less chance of Fault * Costis high ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETNon-metallic Conduit ia a4) Concedt#ert Sault wiringConcealed conduit wiring: * In conduit wiring, the conduits can be steel or PVC conduits tubes, * Incase of steel conduit then the conduits should be electrically continuous and connected to earth at some suitable points. * Conduit wiring is a professional way of wiring a_ building. Mostly PVC conduits are used in domestic wiring and are buried in walls under plast. © VIR or PVC cables are afterwards drawn by means of a GI wire of size if about 18SWG. * The condult protects the cables from being damaged by rodents (when rodents bites the cables it will cause short circuit) that is why circuit breakers are in place though because Prevention is better than cure. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETConcealed conduit wiring: Advantages * Conduit provides protection against mechanical injury and fire. * The whole system is water proof. * Conductors are safely secured from moisture & rodents. * Good appearance. * Relatively longer life. Disadvantages * Itis costly system of wiring. * Itrequires more time for erection. * Itrequires highly skilled labor. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETConcealed conduit wiring: FIELDS OF APPLICATION * As this system of wiring provided protection against fire, mechanical injury and dampness, this is the only approved system of wiring for: * Damp situations. * Indomestic places such as home lighting etc. * Where important documents are kept such as a record room. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETTariff The rate at which electrical energy is supplied to a consumer is known tariff. * Objectives of tariff — Recovery of production cost — Recovery of capital investment cost — Recovery of operation and maintenance cost — Asuitable profit ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETTypes of tariff * Simple tariff * Flat rate tariff * Block rate tariff © Two part tariff * Maximum demand tariff * Power factor tariff * Three part tariff ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETSimple tariff or uniform rate tariff There is a fixed rate per unit of energy consumed. Advantages: Simplest tariff method and is readily understood by the consumers. Disadvantages: > There is no discrimination between consumers > The cost per unit delivery is high > it does not encourage the use of electricity ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETFlat rate tariff When different types of consumers are charged at different uniform per unit rate ,it is called a flat rate tariff. Advantages: it is more fair to different types of consumers and is quite simple in calculations. Disadvantages: » Separate meters are requires for light and power load. >A particular class of consumers are charged at the same rate irrespective of the magnitude of energy consumed. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETBlock rate tariff When a given block of energy is charged at a specified rate and the succeeding blocks of energy are charged, it is called a block rate tariff. Advantages: Consumer gets an incentive to consume more energy. It increases the load factor. So cost of generation reduced. Disadvantages: it lacks a measure of consumers demand. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETTwo part tariff * When the rate of electrical energy is charged on the basis of maximum demand of the consumers and the units consumed ,it is called a two-part tariff. In two-part tariff ,the total charges to be made from the consumer is split in to two components ifixed charges and running charges. The fixed charge depends on the maximum demand in kW and running cost depends on the number of units consumed by the consumer in kWh. * Total charges = b X kW+cX kWh ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETTwo part tariff Advantages: > it is easily understood by the consumers > it recovers the fixed charges which depend upon the maximum demand Disadvantages: >The consumer has to pay the fixed charges irrespective of the fact whether he has consumed or not. >There is always error in assessing the maximum demand of the consumer. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETMaximum demand tariff It is similar to two-part tariff with the only difference that the maximum demand is actually measured by installing maximum demand meter in the premises of the consumer. Advantages: This removes the objection of two- part tariff Disadvantages: Not suitable for small consumers as aseparate maximum demand meter is required. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETPower factor tariff The tariff in which power factor of the consumer’s load taken in to consideration is known as power factor tariff. Types of power factor tariff: 1.kVA maximum demand tariff :It is modification of two part tariff. In this case fixed charges are made on the basis of maximum demand kVA and notin kW, ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETPower factor tariff 2.Sliding scale tariff : This is also known as average power factor tariff. In this case, an average power factor , say 0.8 lagging , is taken as reference. If the pf of consumer falls below this factor ,suitable additional charges are made or if pf of consumer above the reference ,a discount allowed to the consumer. 3.kW and KVAR tariff: In this type both kW and kVAR charged separately. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCEThree part tariff When the total charges to be made from the consumer is split into three parts ,fixed charge semi fixed charge and running charge ,it is known as three part tariff. Total charge = a + bXkW + cXkWh a — fixed charge including intrest and depreciation on the cost of secondary distribution and labor cost of the collecting revenues. b- charge per kW maximum demand c— charge per kWh of energy consumed. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETGeneral Rules for Wiring The following general rules should be kept in mind 1. while executing the electrical wiring work: The current rating of the cable / conductor should be slightly greater (at least 1.5 times) than the load current. . Every live wire / line should be protected by a fuse of suitable rating as per load requirements. . Every sub-circuit should be connected with the fuse distribution board. . All metal coverings used for the protection of earth must be connected to earth. . No switch or fuse is used in earth or neutral conductor. . Every apparatus should be provided with a separate switch. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETGeneral Rules for Wiring 7. No additional load should be connected to the existing installation until it has been satisfied that the installation can safely carry the additional load. 8. All the switches and starters should be accessible to the operator. 9. A caution notice (danger plate) should be fixed on very equipment. 10.In any building light wiring and power wiring should be kept separately, 11.When the installation has been completed it should be tested before giving the supply and the leakage in the wiring should not exceed 1/5000 of the maximum current of the load. 12.In 3-phase, 4 - wire installation the load should be distributed almost equally on all the phases. 13. In case of 3-phse, 4-wire system, at the main board, indication should be done in Red, Yellow and Blue. Neutral should be indicated in blatkescene coxGeneral Rules for Wiring + Height of switch board must be 1.3m to 1.75m from floor level + Height of distribution board must be 1.5m to 1.75m from floor level + The bottom of ceiling fan should have minimum clearance of 2.75m + Alllamp should be fitted with a minimum clearance of 2.75m above floor level + For load above 4kw,3 phase supply must arrange * load should be equally shared. > Inany building light wiring and power wiring should be kept separate * Power per circuit may take it as 800w or 1000w,(10points) ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETSimple diagram of Single Phase Installation LIGHT SUB - CIRCUIT POWER SUB- CIRCUIT INCOMING CABLE ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETSingle Phase Installation with a number of sub- distribution boards 15-4 LigutT socker ChatUins, mo 2nd FLOOR} IN tst FLOOR RISING MAINS CONSUMERS SWITCH-FUSESingle Phase Installation with a number of sub- distribution boards ‘SUB-BOARD 3 UB - BOARD} SUB - BOARD| MAIN DISTRIBUTION FUSE BOARD MAIN SWITCH-FUSE wS sorta tomd ce MERE B crService Connection The line bringing electric power from supplier’s low voltage distribution up to the energy meter installed at the consumers premises is called the service connection. The electric supply authority supplies power to the consumers through a low voltage three phase four wire distribution system called the secondary distribution system. Large consumers supplied at higher voltages through three-wire high voltage distribution system called the primary distribution system (6.6, 11, 33 kV) Service connection may be by mean of underground cables or by mean of overhead conductors or cables. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETUnderground Service Connection FUSES EARTH WIRE R - PHASE Y - PHASE B- PHASE NEUTRAL WIRE METER BOARD STAYS CONSUMER'S PREMISES UNDERGROUND CABLE ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETOverhead Service Connection This system is used when the consumer’s premises are more than 45 meter away from the supplier’s distribution pole. a) PVC or weather proof cable service line b) Bare conductor service line ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETOverhead Service Connection PVC OR WEATHER PROOF CABLE . j ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETOverhead Service Connection SHACKLE INSULATOROverhead Service Connection CABLE —NSULATOR EARTH WIRE * Service connection with PVC or weather proof cables ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCESub Circuits Sub-circuit divided int: two parts: a) Lightand fan sub- circuit b) PowerSub-circuit CEILING. ROSE FoR FAN’ switch 2 Ciont, ano FAN LOAD NEUTRAL Sachin Porm EE Doge. CLEP pl SUPPLYElectrical Installations for Residential building: Estimating and Costing of Material * Choice of particular type of wiring depending upon a particular use, financial implication and personal preferences. * Installation work should be as per Indian Electricity Rules 1956. * The planning and designing of electrical wiring should be done before civil work start. * Layout of electrical wiring prepare in advance and handed over the civil engineer to make necessary provisions in the building for electric work. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETExample of Estimating and Costing of materials Wiring installation ima.renmi—an isometric view.Example of Estimating and Costing of materials aah ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETSchematic and Wiring DiagramASSUME Total height from floor to ceiling = 3.0 mt. Height of horizontal run from floor = 2.5 mt. Height of switch board from floor = 1,3 mt. Light and tube points from ceiling = 0.5 mt. HR = Horizontal run i.e conduit running parallel to floor half metre below ceiling. VR= Vertical run i.e wires or conduit running between switch board and HR. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCALCULATIONS Length of phase wire for sub-circuit 1 Length ABCD = 10+02+23=35m Length DE = 1.2x4 = 4.8 m (one wire coming into and three wires going out of the three switches). Length DFGI = 3(0.2 + 0.5 + 1.75) = 7.35m Length IKM = 25 +05 = 3.0m Length IHL = 175 +05 =2.25m Total length = 35 +48 + 7.35 + 3.0 + 2.25 = 20.9 m. Length of neutral wire for sub-circuit 1 Length ABCDFGI = 10+02+234+02+405 +175 =5.95m Length IKM = 25+05=30m Length IHL = 175 +05 = 225m Total length = 595 +3.0+225= 112m Total length of phase and neutral wire required for sub-circuit 1 = 20.9 + 11.2 = 321m ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCALCULATIONS Allowance for connections and wastage 20% Total length 32.1 + 20% of 32.1 32.1 + 6.4 = 385m For sub-circuit 2, the length of the phase wire would be equal to the length of neutral wire as they run along the same path, Thus; Length of phase wire = ABCFGIJO = 10+ 02 +25 +05 + 1.75 +25 +28 = 11.25m ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCALCULATIONS Total length of phase and neutral wire for sub-circuit 2, = 11.25 + 11.25 = 25m Allowance for connections and wastage 20% Total length = 225 + 20% of 22.5 = 225+45m = 27m Total length of wire required for sub-circuits 1 and 2: = 385 +270 = 65.5m Length of batten for sub-circuits 1 and 2: = ABCDE + DFGIHL + IKM + JO = (10 + 02+ 23+ 1.2) + (0.2 + 0.5 + 1.75 + 1.75 + 0.5) + (25 + 0.5) + (25+ 28) = 177m Allowance for wastage, joints and cutting 20% Total length = = 213m ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCALCULATION OF LOAD * Tube point - 1x40 = 40 watt * Lamp point — 1x100 = 100 watt * Fanpoint- 1x 60= 60 watt * Samp socket — 1x100= 100 watt Total load in amperes = 300/230 = 1.3A Selection of main switch — Here a D.P.I.C Main switch of 5.Amp Rating 250 volt grade is selected. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCALCULATION FOR LENGTH OF CONDUIT PIPE OF 20mm diameter ¢ FromSB to HR =1.5 mt. * From entry of circuit into room i.e along H.R upto middle of room = 2.0 + 0.5 = 2.5 mt. * From H.R to Lamp point = 0.5(Rise) + 4.0 + 0.5(drop) =5.0 mt. * From fan to tube point = 2.5 + 0.5(drop) = 3.0 mt. * Total length of conduit pipe = 12mts. * Taking 10% wastage = 1.2 mt. * Total length of conduit pipe required for wiring the room = 13.2 mt. say 13.0 mt. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCALCULATIONS FOR LENGTH OF PHASE WIRE ¢ From point of entry of circuit into room upto SB = 2.0(H.R) + 1.5 (H.R) = 3.5 mt. « From SB upto fan = 1.5(V.R) + 0.5(H.R) + 0.5(rise) + 2.0 along ceiling upto fan = 4.5 mt. « From SB to lamp = 4.5 mt (upto fan) + 2.0 + 0.5(drop) = 7.0 mt. « From SB to tube point = 4.5 upto fan + 2.5 upto ceiling + 0.5(drop) = 7.5 mt. * Total length of phase wire = 22.5 mts. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCALCULATION FOR LENGTH OF NEUTRAL WIRE * From point of entry of circuit into room upto switch board = 2.0 along H.R + 1.5(V.R) = 3.5 mt. ¢ From SB to fan = 1.5 + 0.5 + 0.5(rise) + 2.0 along ceiling =4.5 mt. * From fan to lamp point = 2.0(along ceiling) + 0.5(drop) = 2.5 mt. * From fan to tube point = 2.5 + 0.5 (upto tube point) = 3.0 mt. * Total length of neutral wire = 13.5 mts. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETTOTAL LENGTH OF WIRE * Total length of wire required for wiring the room (phase + neutral) = 22.5 mt. + 13.5 mt. = 36 mts. ¢ Allowing 15% extra for wastage and connections =5.4mt * Total wire required for wiring the room = 36.0 + 5.4 = 41.4 mts. say 41 mts. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCALCULATION FOR LENGTH OF EARTH WIRE * The earth terminal of the socket outlet is solidly connected to the switch board with a 14 SWG, earth wire through an earthing thimble. * Earth wire of 14 SWG (Say 0.25 mt) will serve the purpose. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETLIST OF MATERIALS * Conduit pipe 20mm dia. Qty -13 mt. * PVCinsulated, aluminium conductor, single core 250 volt grade of size 1.5mm42 or 1/1.40 mm dia. Qty- 41mt. * Earth wire 14 S.WG GI. Qty - 0.25 mt. * Ironclad, concealed type, switch boards, with bakelite sheets 20cm x 25cm, Qty-1No. * Conduit pipe accessories for 20mm dia conduit 1 way junction box. Qty - 2 Nos. 2 way junction box. Qty—1No. 3 way junction box. Qty — 2 Nos. Conduit bends. Qty - 3 Nos. Conduit nuts hexagonal to fix conduit with SB . Qty— 8 Nos. Conduit sockets to connect two pieces of conduit. Qty — 8Nos. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETLIST OF MATERIALS Switch, 5 amp rating. Qty — 4 Nos. Socket, 5 amp rating . Qty-1No. Ceiling roses, 2— plate, bakelte. Qty — 2 Nos. Junction box covers. Qty— 2 NOs. Lamp brass bracket with holder. Qty- 1 No. Earthing thimbles. Qty— 1 No. Hexagonal headed bolt and nut 6 mm dia. 25mm long for fixing earthing thimbles with switch board Qty- 1 No. Labour charges @ 20.00 per point for 4 points Miscellaneous expenses @ 10% of total cost. (including supervision charges) Apply the suitable rates for the materials and the calculate the - Total cost of wiring Rs, ‘Sachin Pari EE Dig. GCE3-phase Supply Distribution Boards u 400V Line toLine w ou " 230 Line to neural Domestic Industrial Tage ae Tee Pane tne toa ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET3-phase Supply Distribution Boards Division or balancing of Loads — Balanced phases — Transformer Sizing implications — Cable sizing implications — Neutral Current implication Advantages of a 3-Phase System: — Dual Voltage — Machine physicality's — Rotational Magnetic Fluxes in Machines —Transmission implications ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET3-phase Supply Distribution Boards * A Distribution Board is described in the ETCI Rules for Electrical Installations (ET101: 2000) as an assembly of protective devices, including two or more fuses or circuit breakers, arranged for the distribution of electrical energy to final circuits or to other distribution boards. * A distribution board will consist of a suitable enclosure containing suitable facilities for mounting fuses and/or circuit breakers and other protective devices (such as residual current circuit breakers/devices which may, or may not, provide integral overcurrent protection) and other switching and control devices. « A distribution board will also contain ‘busbars’ for interconnecting the circuit breakers or fuses along with neutral and earth bars for connecting the incoming and outgoing neutral conductors and protective conductors. * This enclosure may be either of metal clad or all insulated type of construction. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET3-phase Supply Distribution Boards Two-pole REBO’s Single-pole breaker ‘The incoming earth at the top left of the wires connected tothe earth busbor which i turn is connected to the earth busbar at the top right hand side of the board Incoming Neutral ‘The three incoming phase wires conned: to the busbars via an isolator switch ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET3-phase Supply Distribution Boards Location of Distribution Boards — Shall be protected against dust, moisture, corrosive or polluting substances, excessive temperatures, impact, vibration and other mechanical stresses. — Shall be readily accessible and not located over cooking or heating appliances, in bathrooms, washrooms or WC’s, in storage or airing cupboards, under staircases or where it might be covered by garments. — Shall not be located in an escape route such as a stairway or corridor unless supplementary fire precaution measures are provided. This does not apply to single occupancy buildings. ‘Sachin Port EE Dig. GCET3-phase Supply Distribution Boards Location of Distribution Boards — Shall not be located above or below, or within 400mm horizontally from a gas meter or a gas appliance in the same space. — Shall be protected against damage arising from a fault in other services achieved by the use of barriers or by separation. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCircuit Breakers x Main Incomer Circuit Breaker ‘ACB Current Ratings 12504 - 6300 Amps SIC Breaking Capacity 40kA ~ 130kA ”” Main incomer or Sub-Main Protective Circuit Breaker MCCB 4 *~ Ratings 125A - 3000 Amps SIC Capacity 16kA - 100kA theatre & Final Circuit Protective Circuit Breakers. Circuit Breaker MCB a Current Ratings 5A ~ 100Amps | SIC Capacity 4.5kA - 25k4 ee gt 2 Phase Sings erase creute reutsPlanning Main Switch Boards * The following information is recommended when determining the size and layout of equipment to be used in a main switchboard: — Schedule of all loads (Max demand per phase) — Phase balancing of single phase loads - Application of diversity — Single line block diagram is required — Current rating of each item of equipment is included on the block diagram - Scaled drawing of the proposed switchboard should be prepared ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETPlanning Main Switch Boards * Diversity is applied in an installation when determining the values of load current that are likely to be used. * Diversity is based on assumption that all of the connected load current will not be used simultaneously. —E.g. thermostatically controlled devises/equipment and time switch controlled loads are unlikely to demand full loads at all times. Diversity = Assumed Load current Total Load Current ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETPlanning Main Switch Boards When determining the current ratings of switchgear diversity can be applied, which will enable a savings to be made in the sizes of cables and in the current ratings of the switchgear. This saves on both cost and spaces Diversity is based on the relationship, therefore, between the total load current that is available and the assumed load current demand of an installation. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETINSTALLATION OF BASIC FINAL CIRCUITS « A final circuit is one of the outgoing feeders from a distribution board (DB). It supplies a load or a group of loads without intervention of other _ final circuits of the DB or some other final circuits connected to other DBs. * An internal electric distribution system in a building, therefore, consists of several parallel loads connected to a local DB. * All wiring cables must be covered and positioned to satisfactory protection against external damages resulted from mechanical impacts, heat, water or high humidity, corrosion and pollution For covering cables plastic or stainless-sheath conduit _or trunking — systems are installed which are erected vertically or horizontally or parallel to edges of the interior « Every installation should be divided into final circuits to avoid dangerin the event ofa fault to provide; safe operation, inspection, testing and maintenance ccsINSTALLATION OF BASIC FINAL CIRCUITS Figure Some typical final circuit wiring in a room ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETINSTALLATION OF BASIC FINAL CIRCUITS LIGHTING FITTINGS Lighting final circuits used for domestic, commercial and industrial services are simple. They are controlled from one point using single-pole or double-pole branch switches to supply several lamps from different positions by looping in at ceiling roses. The terminal components of all lighting circuits are lampholders. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETINSTALLATION OF BASIC FINAL CIRCUITS ‘Current rating of PD should 4.5mm? its FCcable ‘ | oA ar x A | 40m? pa z Inteke| 6A x x 258 DB Ring main circuit of Ey 13.A socket outlets 25mne, = 2 Fed] “8 Spur) cup. Figure Standard domestic final circuits. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETINSTALLATION OF BASIC FINAL CIRCUITS Branch Switches * Ondomestic installations, switches that control alamp ora group of lamps are usually 5-A or 10-A single-pole and cut off the line conductor. * In circuits carrying heavy currents, 10-A or 15-A switch should be installed. * They may be surface mounted or semi-recessed or flush type. They are available as ‘single- or multi-gang in construction with moving contacts usually doll or rocker activated (Fig. 3.3(a) and (b)). g Roses ing rose (CR) is an efficient method of connecting lighting final circuit to flexible cord of pendant (drop cord) type lampholder and looping into the _other lighting FCs (Fig. 3.4). ing roses can be fixed direct on ceiling, conduit boxes, or insulating patresses. Ceiling-mounted types are manufactured with either three (2-plate CR) or four terminals (3-plate CR). ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETINSTALLATION OF BASIC FINAL CIRCUITS fa) Figure 3.3 Moving contacts of 5-A or 10-A lighting switches (a) Rocker-operated switch mechanism. (b) Tumbler-operated switch mechanism. (c) Pull-cord operated ceiling mounted switch. See ose crINSTALLATION OF BASIC FINAL CIRCUITS Lampholders * They are used to hold lampsand to keep lamps in contact with the circuit conductor. Connection to lamp is made from flexible cable. + There are basically three types of lampholders; (a) bayonet, (b) screw and (c) batten. cord gap, orm nal for ‘sing &) BE ist cas CASE sie Lace aa ‘Boyonet sto Figure Lampholders:(a) Bayonet, [b] Screw and (c) BattenINSTALLATION OF BASIC FINAL CIRCUITS LIGHTING FINAL CIRCUITS * Ligthing circuits used for domestic, commercial and industrial services are simple. A lighting final circuit (FC) sets out from a local DB with a protective device connected only on any of the phase line, and cut off by a single-pole switch connected to the same phase line conductor. Lighting of rooms may be controlled from one point as in the case of room, bathroom, kitchen lighting, etc., but in the case of staircase or corridor lighting, it is necessary to control the lamp circuit from more than one point using two-way and/or intermediate switches. * Lighting FCs are commonly protected by 5-A or 6-A MCBs and wired by 1.5 mm? single-core line and neutral cables and protective earthing (PE) conductor. sche Pod EE Doge. GCETINSTALLATION OF BASIC FINAL CIRCUITS I _pPe b——_9.4 @—________ From Es = MB Mai eaithing | terminal Figure A simptéttfting final circu. Tothe next coling rose Figure 3Looped-in two simbf™ighting fittings controlled from different positions using three-plate (four-terminal) ceiling rose. Soci end FE Dep GETINSTALLATION OF BASIC FINAL CIRCUITS Multi-position Control of Lighting Final * Lighting circuits may also be required to tum on/off from different switching positions as in the case of staircases or halls etc. For two posi n control two two-way switches (Fig. 3.8).and for morethan two Positions two two-way switches and several intermediate switches may Figure Wiring diagram of a lighting final circuit to control of a single lamp or a group of lamps from two-control positions (two-way switching). ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCalculate Size of Main ELCB & Branch MCB of Distribution Box Design Distribution Box of one House and Calculation of Size of Main ELCB and branch Circuit MCB as following Load Detail. Power Supply is 430V (P-P), 230 (P-N), SOHz. Consider Demand Factor 0.6 for Non Continuous Load & 1 for Continuous Load for Each Equipment. Branch Circuit-1: 4 No of 1Phase, 40W, Lamp of Non Continues Load + 2 No’s of 1Ph, 60W, Fan of Non Continues Load. Branch Circuit-2: 2 No of 1Ph, 200W, Computer of Non Continues Load. Branch Circuit-3: 1 No of 1Ph, 200W, Freeze of Continues Load. Branch Circuit-4: 8 No of 1Ph, 40W, Lamp of Non Continues Load + 2 No’s of 1Ph GOW, Fan of Non Continues Load. Branch Circuit-5: 4 No of 1Ph , 40W, Lamp of Non Continues Load + 1 No’s of Ph 6OW, Fan of Non Continues Load.+ 1 No’s of 1Ph 150W, TV of Continues Load Branch Circuit-6: 1 No of 1P , 1.7KW, Geyser of Non Continues Load. Branch Circuit-7: 1 No of 1Ph, 3KW, A.C of Non Continues Load. Branch Circuit-8: 1 No of 3Ph, 1HP, Motor-Pump of Non Continues Load. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCalculate Size of Main ELCB & Brach MCB of Distribution Box ( f(t ( ( f 2No 1No 1No 1No 1No 200w 200W 4.7KW 3KW HP Computer Freeze Geyser AC Motor-Pump 4No 2No 8No 2No = 4No 1No_ 1 No 4ow GOW 4ow = GOW = dOW SOW ssw LAMP FAN LAMP FAN LAMP FAN TV ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCalculate Size of Main ELCB & Brach MCB of Distribution Box ‘Type of Load Lighting Heater Drive AC Motor Ballast Induction Load Transforme e Class of MCB/ELCB/RCCB Class Sensitivity BClass (an:30ma BClass 1An30ma CClass 1n:100ma CClass 1An30ma CClass 1An:100ma CClass 1An:30ma CClass 1An:100ma DClass 1An:100ma Voltage 11KV ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET Fault Current Fault Current 6KA 10KA 25KACalculate Size of Main ELCB & Brach MCB of Distribution Box izeof MCB/ELCB Lighting Load MCB/ELCB ~—_Heating/Cooling/Motor-Pump Load Current (Amp) (amp) MCB/ELCB (Amp) Loto 4.0 6 16 6.0 10 16 10.0 16 16 16.0 20 20 20.0 25 25.0 32 32 32.0 40 40 40.0 45 45 45.0 50 50 50.0 63 63 63.0 80 20 20.0 100 100 100.0) 125 tan ton Dope GET 1sCalculate Size of Main ELCB & Brach MCB of Distribution Box Caleulation: Size of MCB for Branch Circuit-1: Load Current of Lamp= (No X Watt X Demand Factor)/Volt =(4X40X0.6)/230=0.40Amp Load Current of Fan= (No X Watt X Demand Factor)/Volt =(2X60X0.6)/230=0.31Amp Branch Circuit-1 Current as per NEC = Non Continues Load+125% Continues Load Branch Circuit-1 Current as per NEC =(0.440.31}4125%{0) =0.73Amp Type of Load=Lighting Type Class of MCB=B Class Size of MCB=6 Amp No of Pole of MCB=Single Pole ‘Size of MCB for Branch Circuit-2: Load Current of Computer= (No X Watt X Demand Factor)/Volt ={2X200X0.6)/230=1.04Amp Branch Circuit-2 Current as per NEC — Non Continues Load+125% Continues Load Branch Circuit-2 Current as per NEC=(1.04}4125%{0) =LO4Amp ‘Type of Load=Lighting Type Class of MCB=8 Class Size of MCB=6 Amp Breaking Capacity: 6KA No of Pole of MCB=Single Pole ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCalculate Size of Main ELCB & Brach MCB of Distribution Box Size of MCB for Branch Gircuit Load Current of Freeze= (No X Watt X Demand Factor)/Volt =(1X200X0.6)/230-0.87Amp Branch Circuit-3 Current as per NEC = Non Continues Load+125% Continues Load Branch Circuit-3 Current as per NEC =(0.87}4125%(0) =0.87Amp Type of Load=Lighting Type Class of MCB=B Class Size of MCB=6 Amp Breaking Capacity: 6KA No of Pole of MCB=Single Pole Size of MCB for Branch Circuit-4: Load Current of Lamp= (No X Watt X Demand Factor)/Volt =(8X40X0.6)/230=0.83Amp Load Current of Fan= (No X Watt X Demand Factor)/Volt =(2X60X0.6)/230-0.31Amp Branch Circuit-4 Current as per NEC = Non Continues Load+125% Continues Load Branch Circuit4 Current as per NEC -(0.83+0.31)+125%(0) =1.15Amp ‘Type of Load=Lighting Type Class of MCB=B Class Size of MCB=6 Amp Breaking Capacity: 6KA No of Pole of MCB=Single Pole ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCalculate Size of Main ELCB & Brach MCB of Distribution Box ‘Size of MCB for Branch Circuit-6: Load Current of Geyser= (No X Watt X Demand Factor)/Volt =(1X1700X0.6)/230=4.43Amp Branch Circuit-6 Current as per NEC = Non Continues Load+125% Continues Load Branch Circuit-6 Current as per NEC =(4.43}#125%(0) =4.43Amp Type of Load=Heating & Cooling Type Class of MCB=C Class Size of MCB=16 Amp Breaking Capacity: 6KA No of Pole of MCB=Single Pole Size of Distribution Board: No of Single Pole Branch Circuit MCB (SP)= 7 No's No of Three Pole Branch Circuit MCB (TP)= 1 No’s Main ELCB (TP)=1 No's Total No of Way of D.B (SPN)- (SP}+3X(TP)-7+(3X2)-13Way SPN Total No of Way of D.B (TPN)= (SP)/3+ (TP)=(7/3}+(2}=4+2=6Way SPN Select Either 14Way SPN or 6 Way TPN ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCalculate Size of Main ELCB & Brach MCB of Distribution Box Brach Circuit Current (Amp) Type of Load Connectionon Branch circuit-1 0.73 Single Phase Y Phase Branch circuit-2 1.04 Single Phase BPhase Branch circuit-3 0.87 Single Phase Y Phase Branch circuit-4 115 Single Phase BPhase Branch circuit-5 1.39 Single Phase Y Phase Branch circuit-6 4.43 Single Phase BPhase Branch circuit-7 7.83 Single Phase RPhase Branch circuit-8 0.63 ‘Three Phase RYB Phase ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETCalculate Size of Main ELCB & Brach MCB of Distribution Box [sex sm nemsrensiam ne i cweits | axes’ | rene creat crouts — Joweuts — Joven? [erent hascase fesse ferucass sense co ease sancasod samc (soz (is (‘ss (sss sea” (een wees mca 2No 41No 1No 1No 1No 2o0w 2000 A7KW = 3KW HP Computer Freeze Geyser AC Motor-Pump 4No 2No 8No 2No — 4No No 1No 4ow — 6OW 4ow = OW = aOW «OW $50 LAMP FAN LAMP FAN = LAMP OFAN TV Size of Distribution Box : 14Way SPN or 6 Way TPN Size of Main ELCB: 40A,B or C Class,30ma,10KA Size & No of Branch MCB: 5 No’s of 6A,SP, B Class,6KA Size & No of Branch MCB: 2 No’s of 16A,SP, C Class,6KA. Size & No of Branch MCB: 1 No’s of 16A,TP, Class,10KA ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION FACILITIES © Electrical systems that are to supply electrical power for commercial consist of power receiving and transforming equipment, power distributing equipment, cables, drives and standby generators. * Instrumentation facilities are also installed for the purpose of measuring and collecting process data such as flow rate, pressure, water qualities, and so on, at all times. These are utilized to monitor and control treatment processes at optimal conditions for a stable treatment. The instrumentation facil consist of sensors for processes, signal converters, operating devices (actuators), controllers (PLC: Programmable Logic Controller), monitoring devices (PC: personal computer), etc. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCETELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION FACILITIES A. Power receiving and transforming equipment (Substation & transformers) B. Standby power supply system (Generators, Engines, UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply) C. Prime movers and motor controllers (Motors, Starters, Cabling) D. Instrumentationsystem E. Supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA) The single line diagram not only presents the type and number of equipment but also the electrical specifications. This is an important document for an O&M person who would like to refer toit in case of any operational or maintenance need. ‘Sachin Port EE Dogs. GCET