1

ALL THE FORMULARS YOU NEED

& IMPORTANT ARTICLES FOR
FIRST YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

PAST QUESTION AND ANSWERS

ON MATHS 103

2012-2017

SELF EXPLANATORY

ABDULSALAM AMINU ENESI

2
 Dedication
This book is dedicated to all first year students who are willing to achieve
academic excellence, most especially those students offering the course in
respect to which this book was written (Agric, Mathematics, Engineering
Students e.t.c)

3
 Acknowledgement
I am grateful to my lord, who gave me the inspiration to write this book.
My appreciation goes to my beloved parents Alhaji Abdulsalam Ismail and Hajiya
Bilkisu Sani, for their support, encouragement, care and my righteous upbringing.
I am grateful mum and dad.

I wish to acknowledge my sincere gratitude to models of humble persons in University of

Abuja – Hajiya Professor Mrs. Sani Saka of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Veterinary Biochemistry for her motherly support and encouragement,
Professor C.B.I. Alawa of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Professor Oladele of the
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Professor Ogbudu of the Department of Veterinary
Theriogenology, Dr.Usende Ifukibot Levi of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy,
Dr.Alimi Yusuf of the Department of Veterinary Physiology, Dr.Ejeh Sunday of the
Department of Veterinary Physiology, Dr.Fati Oyelowo of the Department of Veterinary
Anatomy, Dr.Enefe of the Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Dr.Obafemi Faith of
the Department of Veterinary Physiology, Dr.Idoko Sunday of the Department of
Veterinary Pathology, Dr.Babatude of the Department of Animal Production and all my
lecturers whose names are not mentioned, I am really grateful for your support and
encouragement.

I wish to also appreciate my friends- Peter, Hanifa, Benga, Damilola, Raji, Eugenia, Doyen,
Raphael, Israel and all my friends, whose names are not mentioned, thank you for your
motivation and support especially in the aspect of the article writing.

I also wish to appreciate all my well wishers and family friends for their prayers and
supports, May the Almighty God bless you all.

Finally, all honor, glory, power, and adoration and praises are due to the Almighty for
answering my prayers.
Abdulsalam Aminu Enesi
Department of Veterinary Medicine
University of Abuja- Nigeria

4
 What Makes A Good Student?
You have probably read dozens of articles in regards to ‘what makes a good student, well,
the truth is no matter how many articles you read; every individual has their purpose and
intentions for coming to school. Your purpose could be positive or probably negative–
however this shouldn’t stop you from at least reading this brief article.

University is not really an interesting place; if it’s interesting then I don’t see why most
people say ‘I can’t wait for the day I will graduate’. It’s okay to be scared, nervous, sad,
anxious, and uneasy at initial but ensure you work through this feelings and try to open
yourself to new experiences. Changing to new environments can be scary, but it can also be
fun, exhilarating, and guide you to amazing new opportunities in life.

It’s easy to get caught up in ‘feelings’, whatever they might be, but remember that everyone
around you is in a similar issue. We are all here to make new friends and experience new
things. Don’t ever say ‘that can never happen to me; life has a way of proving us wrong’. A lot
of things are going to happen to you while in school, good or bad, embrace it. It is part of life,
after all nobody knows tomorrow.

Trust me, you don’t want to finish school and be amongst the people who say ‘University was
the worst thing that ever happened to me, it destroyed my life’. Also, make sure you are in
the right department; don’t start what you can’t finish.

They are millions of qualities that make a good student, we can’t lay them all down, but here
are a few:

✓ Attitude: a good student should be capable of learning new subjects even if the
subjects are boring.
✓ Good students are always future - focused and know their worth and priorities. Some
of you love to hang out and party but is partying your priority?
✓ A good student is not only passionate and enthusiastic in their academic pursuit, but
also in their extra – curricular activities and recreational ventures.
✓ A good student is not only academically inclined but finds a way to also pursue after
their talents, dreams and aspirations.
✓ They try not to bother everybody around them, not seeking after trouble.
✓ They turn in homework in time, they are self-disciplined and knows how to manage
time effectively.
✓ A good student should understand rather than memorize: a lot of surveys have shown
that most students memorizes rather than comprehend. If you memorize, after
leaving school, you forget virtually every core concepts you have learned. It is

5
 important you understand the concepts. You don’t want to be like ‘An Engineer who
doesn’t know how to use a Spanner’.
✓ Finally, Perception: a good student always gets right meaning from conversations, but
an average student often misunderstands the original meaning of a discussion and
derives a wrong conclusion.
Don’t lie to yourself. It is the worst thing you can ever do to your mind. Your mental health is
another vital aspect; ensure you are most times ‘Happy’. If you have a problem, solve it
before it gets complicated. Now that you have read this short and concise article, we hope
you have learned few things. You are free to choose between being good or bad. But I
strongly suggest you choose ‘Good’.

Drafted by Peter Akume

Peter Akume professionally writes under the pen name: ‘Pedro Perry’. He is a self-made
writer, seldom a ghostwriter, most times a tech writer, he is a low key person and the author
of ‘Metal Fall: Beyond Retrieval’.

6
 Strategic Positioning in the University
If you are reading this article then it means that you must have thought about this at some
point prior to this time, so relax here is your solution let the law of sympathetic resonance
achieve its goal. Research has shown that 80% of the persons that will come across this
article will skim through it hence not getting full understanding so let me start by indulging
you to stay on this article for at least 10mins and be among the 20% that loves knowledge
and growth.

You were born looking like your parents but you will die looking like your decisions... The
principal thing in this life is Wisdom, as a student; being deliberate and strategic are basically
what you need apart from WAEC and UTME.

So let’s start with what you know;

1. Reading:
Have you ever had a friend that reads a lot but keeps failing or escaping by the whiskers?

Never believe that you will pass your exams by reading only, as a matter of fact it only
accounts for 45%, students read and read overnight and end up failing that’s more than
enough proof that reading alone doesn't work.

2. Attend Lectures:
Been a student for a while I have also discovered that attending lectures and reading alone
does not justify your success as a student. There are students that are exceptions to this rule
they seem to have a well developed cerebrum this means they have a very high IQ and they
retain information a lot and it lasts for a long time that they don't use their notes.

What you didn't know:

1. The Power of Past Questions:
80% of exams written all over the world at every level were gotten from past questions most
exam boards are too busy or lazy to form new questions and even if they do it will not be the
entire exam questions or they would give clues during their lectures.

2. The Power of Observation:

Everybody has a language including your lecturer and it is specific, so understanding the
specific language of your lecturer cannot be over-emphasize. Once you perfect this you
expose yourself to partial marking scheme (P.M.S), regardless of your accuracy and
understanding, you will be marked correctly.

7
3. The Power of Association:
Get the results of your closest friends about 5 of them and then get the average, Research
has shown that your result is the average of the result of your 5 closest friends. Strategic
positioning and relationship is putting yourself in the middle of people you want to be like
and it’s a matter of time you will begin to speak, see or do like them.

Do you know that Education is a form of oxymoron?

What if I told you Education is actually a state of Ignorance.

Wisdom will tell you that successful education is not equal to a successful future why is this?
This is because academic institutions only teach us to be theoretical victors i.e. to get a job
and settle down and hopes to get pensions after retiring from the civil service, this is
existence not living. We are in the age of millionaires; don't settle for less, study in the
university with one mindset "there is no job out there I’ll have to create one myself."

The deep calleth unto the deep.

Written by Doyen.

Department of Medicine and surgery

8
 HOW TO MAKE GOOD GRADES?
School life can become a great struggle because students have to balance lots of things.
Some might have to balance their Job life and school life, some their family issues and school
life, some social life and school life. It depends on what is distracting you because one thing
for sure is that we all have that vital thing that needs our attention. Failure? Should we focus
on why students fail in school? No, we wouldn’t because if there’s anyone who is failing at
school, it is you and you alone that’s knows the real reason why your grades are poor and
remember, ‘’It is best to solve problems at their early stage’’.

Now back to the theme of this article, first, what are grades? Grades are the measure of
success. Two kinds of Grades; Good grades and Bad Grades. How do you make bad grades?
You don’t need to know this one because everyone already knows what it takes to fail.
Failure is easy but to succeed is difficult. Every human desire to be successful but few people
wants to work smart. So what does it take to make good grades in school? Here are a few
hints and certainly, you might know these hints already:

✓ Smart Work: Do you know that hard work is not a guarantee for success? A
student who studies for 3 hours daily can have better grades than the one who
studies for 12 hours. 3 hours of smart work, 12 hours of hard work, the
question is what are you reading? There’s nothing wrong in reading for 12
hours but the truth is, you are not a robot. Your brain definitely will get tired.
Smart working people don’t stress themselves. In order to become a smart
student, you must understand yourself; know your limits and abilities.
✓ Sacrifice and No distractions: We definitely all know what sacrifice entails. In
order to get good grades, you must put aside some of your needs.
✓ Keep a schedule: You must have a study plan; it will help you to be more
organized.
✓ Attend every class: Lectures can be boring at times however it is important you
try to attend every class.
✓ Support: Nobody is perfect. You can’t know everything, so learn to ask for help
when needed. Choose the right tutor to assist you with those subjects you
don’t really understand.
✓ Manage Time wisely: Time is another important factor, no one can teach you
how to manage your time, and you know yourself better than anyone else. It is
up to you to understand and come up with a plan on how to manage your
Time.
✓ Friends: Surround yourself with good people that can impact positively in your
life. Work hard and be true to yourself for this will also help in improving your
grades.

9
We don’t actually need to write down all it takes to make good grades. You know who you
are already and we are sure that you probably have a plan on how you will succeed. Organize
your study area, focus on what brought you here, believe in yourself, keep track of your
progress and continue learning. You can do this, we believe in you.

HANIFA IBRAHIM

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

10
 YOU ARE DIAMOND
‘’Dear woman, you are diamond, precious and rare, they cannot break you’’.

When we take a look at our society today, we realize that a lot of people still lack
regard for women and as to what their life choices should and should not be only
because they were born a female. Some weeks ago, I came across a whatsapp
broadcast message written by a young man saying and I quote:

“We men would look for a decent girl to marry; we won’t even care if she’s from
the village”

As I kept on reading, I realized that his definition of a decent girl is one who is
good at all house hold chores not minding if she’s not educated. I kept on asking
myself, ‘why do people feel its okay to spell out the beginning and end of a
woman’s life and not the life of a man’?

My Dear Woman, you are strong, we are referred to as diamonds today because
it is the hardest natural gem, harder than corundum which is a mixture of ruby
and sapphire. Being strong doesn’t always mean you are a superwoman that
does it all alone, the little girl that’s carries awara all day on her head is strong,
the old woman that sells akara is strong, they are diamonds, we are diamonds.

Being born through a vagina already makes you a second fiddle that has to work
her ass out to prove her worth, a worth handed to her counterpart on a platter of
gold. As you pursue your dreams, a lot of negativities might surface, people who
are bent on being emotional bullies will come around with their so called wise
words, do not let their ignorance stop you from being the best version of you.

Avoid people who try to tell you who you are, what you should do and how you
can or can’t feel, no one should limit your horizon based on your gender. Always
take the high road and refuse to be abused.

We should all try to read Adichie Chimamanda’s book titled WE SHOULD ALL BE
FEMINISTS. It helps us understand that we are feminists not because we want to
overthrow men but because we believe that every opportunity given to a man

11
should also be given to a woman, because women should also have a voice,
because you believe in gender equality.

Dear woman, there is strength in asking for help, acknowledging you cannot do it
all alone shows that you are strong enough to acknowledge your weakness
People should not bring you down instead you lift people up. It takes only a
diamond to break diamond, let’s be there for each other, a real queen fixes other
queens crowns. Stay Strong, Stay Diamond.

ISHAKU EUGENIA

FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE.

12
 LIFE & TIME ZONE
It is amazing how we often compare ourselves or compete with others in life forgetting that
we all operate in different time zones. The fact that someone is doing or has done something
before you doesn’t mean you can’t do it, neither those it mean they are better than you; No,
rather, just rejoice with them, just know and believe that they are in their own time zone,
and you also will soon be in that time zone and even do better.

“Time race against mankind, but the same time heals everything” (Onyeka sugar)

Because someone in your class understands a course better than you doesn’t mean you
won’t understand it too, in fact you can even understand it better than that person with time
if you work hard (read your books and make more enquiries)

The dead are now imprisoned in their graves, most of which are regretful of the time they
had wasted while alive; and those alive are fighting and competing on the exact issues those
dead are now regretful of, neither can the dead return to life and make up for their regrets,
nor can the living benefit from the regrets of the dead.

Speed up now in your own peace, don’t procrastinate, make every second count.

“If a rose smells better than a cabbage, it doesn’t mean that the rose can make better stew
than the cabbage”

Don’t try to compare yourself too much with others, you have your own strength, search in
and build on it, you are better than you think you are.

If all the animals existing today made it to Noah’s ark, and snail is also one of them, then you
can definitely make it. If God could be patient enough for the snails to make it, then it is
never too late for you, the doors of success will always be open for you as long as you don’t
give up.

“In life everyone tends to operate in their own time zone” (Fuad Aliyu)

Believe in yourself like a religion and always remember that broken crayons still colour.

RAJI ABDULSALAM

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

13
 BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT UNIVERSITY
I want to use this medium to welcome the entire 100 level students into this prestigious
institution of learning, University of Abuja.

Being a “jambite” once myself, I know you must have heard a lot of heresy from a lot of
people about this university, but my advice to you is to forget everything; chill, relax, be
focused and you will surly find out the truth for yourself.

Coming into the university as a fresher, I know you have a lot of questions on “what” and
“what ought not”, don’t panic as you yourself will soon figure out the rules in no time.

The fundamental reason for coming to the university is to learn how to build a successful
career in the nearest future, as a fresher this might be difficult as you have to get use to a
lot of new things almost at once, so therefore I will share the following tips with you which
i believe will be helpful to guide you through your search for academic excellence in the
university.

• Your screening is as important as the admission itself; screening starts immediately

a new session begins. It is very important that you complete your screening with the
first-second week of your arrival on campus in order to avoid any interference with
your lectures which might begin from your second week of resumption. Also make
sure you submit all files required of you to the designated office for submission.
• Choose your friends wisely; University of Abuja is filled with different kind people
from various strata of life. The friends you choose during your first year on campus
will either make or mar you. You have to very careful when choosing friends in order
to end up with a friend or friends with misplaced priorities, stick to people who
share ideas, academic enthusiasm and goals.
• Time Management; To be successful academically and otherwise, you have to be
strict with your time and schedules, Always do the right thing at the right time and
with the right intention, have your lecture schedule with you at all times and adhere
to it strictly. Be timely to all lectures in order to avoid getting on the bad side of the
lecturer, also try not to miss any test, assignment or any form of assessment at all,
Adhere strictly to your time schedules for your personal reading, religious activities
e.t.c
• Study!!! Study!!! Study!!! The importance of reading and studying cannot be
overemphasized, if you are going to start off your first year with high grade
points(GP), you must study a lot. There is no such thing as “too much book”
Ignorance can kill. In the university, not all lecturers will give you an announced test
and the only way to prepare for all test is to constantly read and study all your

14
 courses; if possible after every lecture, try to review what you were taught and
make mental notes and jottings on key points which you think might come in the
long run. A great key for studying well is to know what works for you; do not copy
anybody’s reading or study pattern, create your own style of reading that will be
convenient and efficient for you. The important thing is to completely study all your
courses holistically, also stick to reading one course at a time, don’t be jack of all
trade and a master of none.

“All work and no play make jack a dull boy”

Create time to have fun in your schedules, hang out with friends, relax a few parties
here and there will balance the equation.

Damilola Mercy Areo

Department of Veterinary Medicine

15
 BASIC FORMULAS

180
1. 1 radian =
𝜋
𝜋
2. 10 =
180
𝜃
3. Length of an arc = x 2𝜋𝑟 or 𝑟𝜃
360
𝜃 1 2
4. Area of a sector = x 𝜋𝑟 2 or 𝑟 𝜃
360 2
𝜃
5. Perimeter of a sector = 2r + length of an arc = 2r + 𝑟𝜃 or { 2r + x 2𝜋𝑟}
360

6. Area of a circle = 𝜋𝑟 2
7. Perimeter of a circle = 2𝜋𝑟
8. Area of a triangle = ½ base x height or ½ a x b Sin C or using Heron’s formula

9. Heron’s formula Area = √𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏) (𝑠 − 𝑐) where s = ½ (a + b + c)

10.Sides of a triangle

11.Pythagoras Theorem (Hyp)2 = (Opp)2 + (Adj)2

12.SOH CAH TOA
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
Sin 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Cos 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
Tan 𝜃 =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Sin 𝜃
13.Tan 𝜃 =
Cos 𝜃
1 Cos 𝜃
14.Cot 𝜃 = =
Tan 𝜃 Sin 𝜃

1
15.Sec 𝜃 =
Cos 𝜃

1
16.Cosec 𝜃 =
Sin 𝜃

16
17.Quadrant

18.Special angles
𝜃 degree 0 30 45 60 90
𝜃 radians 0 𝜋/6 𝜋/4 𝜋/3 𝜋/2
Sin 𝜃 0 ½ √2/2 √3/2 1
Cos 𝜃 1 √3/2 √2/2 ½ 0
Tan 𝜃 0 √3/3 1 √3 ∝
Cosec 𝜃 ∝ 2 √2 2√3/3 1
Sec 𝜃 1 2√3/3 √2 2 ∝
Cot 𝜃 ∝ √3 1 √3/3 0

Basic rules
19.Sin2 𝜃 + Cos2 𝜃 = 1
20. 1 + Tan2 𝜃 = Sec2 𝜃
21. Cot2 𝜃 + 1 = Cosec2 𝜃
Addition rule
22.Sin(A + B) = SinA CosB + CosA SinB
23. Cos (A + B) = CosA CosB - SinA SinB
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
24.Tan (A + B) =
1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
25.Sin(A - B) = SinA CosB - CosA SinB also 25b. Cosec (A-B) = CosecA SecB-CosecB SecA
26.Cos (A - B) = CosA CosB + SinA SinB also 26b. Sec (A- B) = SecA SecB + CosecA CosecB
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
27.Tan (A - B) = also 27b. Cot (A -B) =
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
Multiple rule
28.Sin2A = 2SinA CosA
29.Cos2A = Cos2A – Sin2A or 2Cos2A - 1 or 1 – 2Sin2A
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
30.Tan2A =
1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
31.Sin3A = 3SinA – 4sin3A
32.Cos3A = 4Cos3A – 3CosA
3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 – 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝐴
33.Tan3A =
1− 3𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝐴
1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
34.Cos A/2 = √
2

17
 1− 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
35.Sin A/2 = √
2

1− 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
36.Tan A/2 = √
1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
37.Sin2A/2 = ½ (1 - CosA)
38.Cos2A/2 = ½ (1 + CosA)
1− 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
39.Tan2A/2 =
1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
Sum and Difference as product
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
40.Sin A + Sin B = 2 Sin Cos
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
41.Sin A - Sin B = 2 Cos Sin 42b. Sin2A - Sin2B = 2 Cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 Sin 𝐴 − 𝐵
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
42.Cos A - Cos B = -2 Sin Sin 43b. Cos 2A - Cos 2B = -2 Sin𝐴 + 𝐵 Sin 𝐴 − 𝐵
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
43.Cos A + Cos B = 2 Cos Cos 44b. Cos2A + Cos2B = 2Cos𝐴 + 𝐵 Cos 𝐴 − 𝐵
2 2
44.Sin (A + B) – Sin (A - B) = 2CosA SinB
45.Cos (A + B) + Cos(A - B) = 2CosA CosB
46.Cos (A + B) - Cos(A - B) = -2sinA SinB
Sine rule
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
47. = = = 2R
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶
Cosine rule
48. a2= b2 + c2 - 2bcCos A
Unit circle equation
49. x2 + y2 = 1
Distance between two points
50. d2 = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
51. Sin𝜽 = Cos (90-𝜽)
52. Cos𝜽 = Sin(90 – 𝜽)

18
 UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA
FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

2016/2017 FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION

MTH 103: TRIGONOMETRY CREDIT UNITS: 1 TIME: 1HR

(ALL PAPER TYPES)

INTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A AND ONE QUESTION IN SECTION B

USE HB PENCIL TO BOLDLY WRITE YOUR QUESTION TYPE ON TOP OF YOUR OMR FORM.

SECTION A

1. Find the value of θ such that 0 < θ < 1800 which satisfies the equation 4cos2 θ – 3 = 0
(a) 1200 (b) 2100 (c) 1650 (d) 1500
2. Find all values of θ, 0 < θ < 3600 which satisfy the equation 8sin2 θ + 6cos θ – 9 = 0
(a) 600, 300 (b) 600, 2400 (c) 450,3000 (d) 300, 2700
3. An angle in standard position whose measure is 13300 has its terminal side in
(a) Quadrant I (b) Quadrant II (c) Quadrant III (d) Quadrant IV
𝜋
4. What is the complement angle for B= 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 6
5. Which of the two angles are supplementary?
(a) 300 and 600 (b) 410 and 1390 (c) 450 and 1450 (d) 230 and 1470
6. If y = cos x, what is the maximum value of y?
(a) 1 (b) 𝜋 (c) -1 (d) 2𝜋
7. What is the period of the trigonometric function given by f(x) =2sin(5x)?
𝜋 2𝜋
(a) 5
(b) 5
(c) 5𝜋 (d) 𝜋
8. If cos t = 0.8, find cos(2t)
(a) 0.28 (b) 0.4 (c) 1.0 (d) 1.6
9. Find the distance round a sector of a circle of radius 14cm which subtends angle 360 at the centre of the circle
22
(take 𝜋 = 7
)
(a) 3.68 (b) 36.8 (c) 38.6 (d) 3.86
10. A point is in quadrant III on the unit circle, if its x-coordinate is -4/5, what is the y-coordinate?
(a) 3/5 (b) -3/5 (c) -2/5 (d) 5/3

−7𝜋
11. In which quadrant is the terminal of an angle in standard position whose measure is 4
?
(b) Quadrant I (b) Quadrant II (c) Quadrant III (d) Quadrant IV
12. The minute hand of a clock moves from 1:30 to 1:50 on the face of the clock. Assuming that the length of the
22
minute hand is 7cm, find correct to 3 significant figures the area swept by the minute hand (take 𝜋 = 7
)
(a) 51.3cm2 (b) 53.1cm2 (c) 53.3cm2 (d) 35.1cm2
13. Which of the following is not an identity?
(a) sin2 x + cos2 x =1 (b) sinx = tanxcosx (c) 1 + cot2x = csc2x (d) 1 – sec2x = tan2x
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐭
14. Simplify sin t + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
(a) Sin t (b) Csc t (c) Sec t (d) cos t

19
 √𝟐
15. If 0 < t < 2𝜋 , such that sin t = 𝟐
and cot t < 0. Then t =?
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 4 4
1
16. If -2𝜋 < t < 0 and sin t = − , what is the value of t
2
−5𝜋 −7𝜋 −5𝜋 −5𝜋
(a) 6
(b) 6
(c) 4
(d) 3
7𝜋
17. What is the measure in degree of A = 6
?
(a) 1500 (b) 2100 (c) 1000 (d) 1200
18. What is the measure in radian the angle A = 7500?
−25𝜋 25𝜋 −15𝜋 −35𝜋
(a) 6
(b) 6
(c) 6
(d) 6
19. Which of the following point is a unit circle?
−√𝟐 −√𝟐 √𝟐 −√𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
(a) ( 𝟐
, 𝟐
) (b) ( 𝟑
, 𝟑
) (c) ( 𝟐 , 𝟐
) (d) ( 𝟐 , 𝟑
)
20. If tan x = 5, find tan 2x
−𝟓 𝟏 𝟓
(a) 10 (b) (c) (d)
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐

SECTION B
1. a. A ladder with its foot in the street makes an angle of 300 with the street when its top rest on a
building on one side of the street and makes an angle of 400 with the street when its top rest on a building on
the other side of the street. If the ladder is 50ft long, how wide is the street?
b. Find the area of an isosceles triangle with base pf 19.2cm and base angle of 23010’.
2. a. Solve the equation cos 2x + cos x + 1 = 0
b. If A + B + C = 180, show that tan A + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC

SOLUTIONS TO 2016/2017
OBJECTIVES (SECTION A)

1. 4cos2 θ – 3 = 0
4cos2 θ = 3 (Shifting 3 to the R.H.S)
2
cos θ = 3/4 (Dividing both sides by 4)
3
cos θ = + √4 (taking the square root of both sides)

3 3
θ = Cos-1 +√4 = 30 or θ = Cos-1 -√4 = 150 ANS = D
2. 8sin2 θ + 6cos θ – 9 = 0
From formula 19. (Sin2 𝜽 + Cos2 𝜽 = 1)
Sin2 θ = 1 – Cos2 θ (by substituting in the question)
8(1 – Cos2 θ) + 6cos θ - 9 =0
8 - 8Cos2 θ + 6Cos θ -9 = 0 (Opening the bracket)
-8Cos2 θ + 6Cos θ +8 – 9 =0 (Collecting like terms)
-8Cos2 θ + 6Cos θ - 1 = 0 (Simplifying)
8Cos2 θ - 6Cos θ + 1 = 0 (Shifting everything to the .R.HS.)
Let cos θ = y
8y2 - 6y + 1 = 0 (Substituting the value of cos θ)
(8y2 - 4y) - (2y + 1) = 0 (Factorizing)
4y(2y - 1) - 1(2y - 1) = 0
(4y - 1) (2y - 1) = 0

20
 4y - 1 = 0 or 2y - 1 = 0
y = 1/4 or y = 1/2
Substituting the value of y
Cos θ = 1/4 or Cos θ = 1/2
θ = Cos-11/2 = 60 or θ = Cos-11/4 = 75.56
Cosine is positive on the first and fourth quadrant, the rule of the first quadrant is (90 - θ) and the rule for the
fourth quadrant is (360 - θ)
Therefore 90-60 = 300 , and 360 – 60 =3000
θ = 60, 75.56, 30, and 300 (60 and 30) ANS = A
0
3. 1330 = 360 + 360 + 360 + 250
Since 360 is a complete revolution, and 250 falls on the 3rd Quadrant
Therefore 13300 falls on the 3rd Quadrant. ANS = C
4. Two angles are complementary if their sum is 90.
From special angles, formula 18,( 𝝅/𝟑 = 600)
The number that must be added to 60 to get 90 is 30
From special angles ( 𝝅/𝟔 = 300) ANS = D
5. Two angles are supplementary if their sum is 180
Therefore 41 + 139 = 180 ANS = B
6. The maximum value of y = 1
Note: The Cosine of a value cannot be greater than one ANS = A
7. To find the period of any given function, you need to know the first value behind the unknown
Then the period will be 𝟐𝝅/that value.
Therefore the period of the function 2Sin5x = 𝟐𝝅/5 (5 is the number behind the unknown) ANS = B
Note: to find the amplitude, the first number in the function.
Therefore the amplitude of the function 2Sin5x = 2
But if there is no number e.g Sin4y, the amplitude = 1 and the period = 𝟐𝝅/4
8. Cos t = 0.8
Cos 2t = 2cos2t – 1 (From formula 29 )
Cos 2t = 2cost x cost – 1 (Breaking down the square)
Cos2t = 2 x 0.8 x 0.8 – 1 (Substituting the value of cost)
Cos2t = 1.28 - 1
Cos2t = 0.28 ANS = A
9. Distance round a sector= Perimeter of a sector = 2r + length of an arc from formula 5
𝜃 36 22
Perimeter = 2r + x 2𝜋𝑟 = 2 x 14 + x2x x 14
360 360 7
22176
Perimeter = 28 + 2520
= 28 + 8.8 = 36.8 ANS = B
10. Note: Since it is on the unit circle, then the unit circle equation must be applied from formula 49
X2 + y 2 + 1
And x = -4/5
(-4/5)2 + y2 = 1 (Substituting the value of x in the equation)
16/25 + y2 = 1
Y2 = 1 - 16/25 (Collecting like terms)
Y2 = 9/25
Y = √9/25
Y = 3/5 (But since it is on the 3rd Quadrant then y is negative)
Y = -3/5 ANS = B
11. Let’s convert 7𝜋/4 to degree. From formular 1
180
1 radian = 𝜋

21
 7𝜋
4
=X
7𝜋 180
By cross multiplying we will have 4
x 𝜋
= 1 radian x X
1260𝜋
4𝜋
=X Therefore X =315o
But since the angle is negative, the quadrant will move clockwise instead of moving anticlockwise

In the clockwise section 3150 will fall in the first quadrant within 270 – 360. ANS = A
12. The movement of the minute hand of a clock is described as a sector, and area of a sector from formular 4 is
given as
𝜃
Area of a sector = 360 x 𝜋𝑟 2
In a clock we have 60 minutes, and angle on a circle =3600
Therefore 1minute = 360/60 = 60
The minute hand moved from 1:30 to 1:50 Therefore it has moved for 20minutes
If 1 minute = 60
20 minute = X
By cross multiplying 20 x 60 = 1 minute x X
Therefore X = 120o
radius of the minute hand = 7
120 22 2
Area of a sector = 360 x 7
7 = 51.3cm2 ANS = A
13. Note: B is not the answer because from formula 13 (tan 𝜃 = sin𝜃/𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃) if we cross multiply we will get
another identity which is still correct. The answer is D because there is no identity like 1 – sec2x = tan2x, it
would have been correct if the option was like formula 20 (1 + tan2𝜃 = Sec2𝜃)
ANS = D
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝑡
14. +
1 sin 𝑡

𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝑡
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑡
(finding the L.C.M)

1
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑡
from formula 19 (𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1)
1
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑡
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 (from formula 16) ANS = B
15. Sin t = √2/2 therefore t = sin-1√2/2 = 450
From (formula 18) special angles 450 = 𝜋/4 ANS = A
-1 0
16. Sin t = -1/2 therefore t = Sin (-1/2) = -30
But Sine is positive in the second quadrant, and the rule is (180 - 𝜃)
Therefore 180 – (- 30) = 2100
2100 is equivalent to 7𝜋/6 (Using formula 1) ANS = B
17. 7𝜋/6 is equivalent to 2100 (Using formula 1 to convert) ANS = B
18. 7500 is equivalent to 25𝜋/6 radians (using formula 2 to convert) ANS = B
19. A point on a unit circle must certify the equation of unit circle (formula 49)
X2 + Y2 = 1 and the only option certifying this equation is A
(−√2/2 )2 + (−√2/2 )2 = 1 ANS = A
20. Tan x = 5, then tan2x = ? from formular 30 (tan2A = 2tanA/1 – tan2A)

22
 2tan x
Therefore tan 2x =1− tan2 x
2(5)
Tan2x =1−(5)2
10
Tan2x = 1−25
10 −5
Tan2x = −24 = 12 ANS = B

SOLUTIONS TO 2016/2017
THEORY (SECTION B)
1. (a)The length of the ladder is 50ft, it makes an angle 300 with one side of the street and another angle 400 with
the other part of the street, the diagram below shows the illustration of the question.

Therefore the length of the street is = x + y

We will solve for x and y separately and add them up to get the width of the street.
For the first side

Using SOH CAH TOA

𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑋
Sin 30 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 50
𝑋
0.5 = 50
Therefore X = 0.5 x 50 = 25ft (By cross multiplying)
X = 25ft
For the second side

Using SOH CAH TOA also

𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑌
Sin 40 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 50
𝑌
0.64 = 50
Therefore Y = 50 x 0.64 = 32 ft (by cross multiplying)
Y = 32ft

23
 Finally the width of the street = X + Y = 25+ 32 = 57ft.

(b)Area of a triangle from formula 8 = ½ bh

10
20010I = 230 + 60 = 23 + 0.17 =23.170

We can divide the triangle into two to get the height

Using SOH CAH TOA

𝑜𝑝𝑝 ℎ
Tan 23.17 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 9.6

Therefore h = tan23.17 x 9.6 = 0.43 x 9.6 = 4.13cm

Therefore area = ½ bh = ½ x 19.2 x 4.13 = 39.65cm2

2. (a)Cos2x + Cosx + 1 = 0
From formula 29 (Cos2x = 2cos2x - 1)
Substituting in the main equation we will have
2cos2x - 1 + Cosx + 1 = 0
2cos2x + cosx -1 + 1 = 0 (collecting like terms)
2cos2x + Cosx = 0
Cosx(2cosx + 1) = 0 (factorizing)
Cos x= 0 or 2cosx + 1 = 0
Cosx = 0 or cosx = -1/2
X = Cos-10 or X = Cos-1(-1/2)
Therefore X = 900 or 1200
(b) If A + B + C = 180 Show that tanA +tanB + tanC =tanAtanBtanC
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
Tan (A + B) = (From formula 24)
𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩

If A + B + C = 180, then C = 180 – A – B = 180 – (A + B)

C = 180 – (A +B).............................. Equation 1

tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA + tanB + tan(180-(A + B)) (Substituting the value of C)

tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA +tanB + (tan180 – tan (A + B)) (Opening the bracket)...Eqn 2

tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA +tanB + (0 – tan (A + B)) (tan180 = 0)

tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA +tanB - tan (A + B) (Removing the zero and simplifying)

24
 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA +tanB - (from formular 24) ..............Equation 3
𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵 tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵

tanA +tanB + tanC = 1
- 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵

1 1
tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA + tanB [1 − 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵] (by factorization)

1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵−1
tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA + tanB [ 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
] (Finding the LCM and simplifying)

−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵+1−1
tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA + tanB [ 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
] (collecting like terms)

−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA + tanB [1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵] (Simplifying)

−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩 −𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩

tanA + tanB [ ] can also be written as tanA tanB [ ]
𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩 𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩

–𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA tanB [ ].......................Equation 4a
𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩

Comparing equation 2 and equation 3

tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA +tanB + (tan180 – tan (A + B))..................... Equation2

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA +tanB - 𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩 ...........................Equation 3

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
By comparison you will notice that - = (tan180 – tan (A + B))...Eqn 5
𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩

Substituting equation5 in equation4 therefore equation4 can be re-written as

tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA tanB [tan180 – tan (A + B)]

tanA +tanB + tanC = tanA tanB 𝐭𝐚𝐧[𝟏𝟖𝟎 – (𝐀 + 𝐁)]..........................Equation 4b

Substituting equation1 in equation4b

tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC

25
 UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

2015/2016 FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION

MTH 103: TRIGONOMETRY CREDIT UNITS: 1 TIME: 1HR

INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS

1. (a) A reversed curve on a railroad track consists of two circular arcs. The central angle of one is 200 with radius
of 2500ft and the central angle of the other is 250 with radius 3000ft. Find the total length of the two arcs.
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐱
(c) Prove that cos2x = 𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐱
2. (a)Express cos4x in terms of cosx
(b) A tower standing on level ground is due north of point A and due west of point B, a distance of c ft from A.
If the angle of elevation of the top of the tower as measured from A and B are 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 respectively, find
the height h of the tower.
3. (a) Solve cos2x – 3sinx + 1 = 0
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
(c) If tan𝛼 = , tan𝛽 , tan𝛾 = , Prove that tan(𝛼 + 𝛽 − 𝛾) = .
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟕

SOLUTION TO 2015/2016

𝜃
1. (a)The length of an arc from formula 3 is 360 x 2𝜋𝑟
20 22
For arc 1 the length = 360 x 2 x 7
x 2500 = 873ft
25 22
For arc 2 the length = x2x x 3000 = 1309.5ft
360 7
Total length of the arcs = 873ft + 1309.5 ft = 2182.5ft
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐱
(b) Prove that cos2x = 𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝐱
From formula 13, tan x = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝐱 From the RHS
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐱 𝟏−
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱
Therefore 𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐𝐱 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
(Substituting formula 13)
𝟏+
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝐱
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝟏−
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
(Finding the LCM and simplifying)
𝟏+
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱
÷ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱
÷ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱
= 𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
× 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝟐 (Changing of sign)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱
× 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐱 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱
× 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐱 (Simplifying)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱
× 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐱 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐱 (Simplifying)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
= 𝟏
(From formula19 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱 = 𝟏)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝟏
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱 = Cos2x (From formula 29 Cos2A = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐀 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐀)
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐱
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 cos2x = 𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐱
(Proved)
2. (a) Cos4x can also be written as Cos2(2x)
Let 2x = y

26
Therefore Cos4x = Cos2(2x) = Cos2(y) =Cos2y
From formula 29 Cos2A = 𝟐𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 – 𝟏
Cos2y = 2Cos2y – 1 (Applying the formula)
2Cos2y – 1 can also be written as 2(Cosy)2 – 1
Cos4x = 2(Cosy)2 – 1
Cos4x = 2(Cos2x)2 – 1 (Substituting the value of y)
Cos4x = 2(2Cos2x – 1)2 – 1 (Applying formula 29 again)
Cos4x = 2[(2Cos2x – 1) (2Cos2x – 1)] – 1 (Expanding the bracket)
Cos4x = 2[4cos4x – 2cos2x – 2cos2x + 1] – 1 (Opening the bracket and simplifying)
Cos4x = 2[4cos4x – 4cos2x + 1] – 1
Cos4x = 8cos4x – 8cos2x + 2 – 1 (Opening the bigger bracket)
Cos4x = 8cos4x – 8cos2x +1 (Final simplification)
(b) The diagram below illustrates the question.
Where H is the height of the tower, and c is the distance of B from A

Let the distance between A and the tower be d ft

Let’s break the triangle into two
Triangle 1

From SOH CAH TOA

𝐻 𝑜𝑝𝑝
tan𝛼 = 𝑑 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗
H = dtan𝜶(by cross multiplying)..........Equation 1
Triangle 2

From SOH CAH TOA

𝐻 𝑜𝑝𝑝
tan𝛽 = =
𝑑+𝑐 𝑎𝑑𝑗
H = (d + c)Tan𝛽 (by cross multiplying)
H = dtan𝜷 + ctan𝜷(Opening the bracket)............Equation 2
Since equation 1 and 2 are equal to H, let’s equate them together
dtan𝛼= dtan𝛽 + cTan𝛽
dtan𝛼 – dtan𝛽 = cTan𝛽 (Collecting like terms)
d(tan𝛼 – tan𝛽) = cTan𝛽 (Factorizing)

27
 𝐜𝐓𝐚𝐧𝜷
Therefore d = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜶 – 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜷 (making “d” the subject formula)...........Equation 3
Since d was not given in the question, we have to substitute the value of d in either equation 1 or 2 to get our
height(H) without d appearing in the answer.
Substituting equation3 in equation1, we will have:
𝐜𝐓𝐚𝐧𝜷 𝐜𝐓𝐚𝐧𝜷𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜶
H = dtan𝜶 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜶 – 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜷 x tan𝜶 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜶 – 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜷
𝐜𝐓𝐚𝐧𝜷𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜶
H=
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜶 – 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜷
3. (a)Cos2x – 3sinx + 1 = 0
From formula 29 (Cos2A = 1 – 2Sin2A)
Cos2x – 3Sinx + 1 = (1 – 2Sin2x) – 3Sinx +1
1 – 2Sin2x – 3Sinx +1 = 0
– 2Sin2x – 3Sinx +1+ 1 = 0 (Collecting like terms)
– 2Sin2x – 3Sinx +2 = 0
2Sin2x + 3Sinx -2 = 0 (Crossing equality sign)
Let y = Sinx
2y2 + 3y -2 = 0
(2y2 +4y) –(y -2) = 0 (Quadratic equation)
2y(y + 2) -1(y + 2) = 0 (Factorizing)
(2y -1) (y +2)=0
2y – 1 = 0 or y +2 = 0
2y = 1 or y = -2
Y = ½ or y=-2
Substitute the value of y
NOTE: The Sine of any value cannot be more than 1
Therefore we will be using only ½ as the value of y
Sinx = ½
X = Sin-1(1/2)
X = 300
(b) tan𝛼 = 1/5, tan𝛽= 3/4, and tan𝛾= 1/3 prove that tan(𝛼 + 𝛽 − 𝛾) = 4/7
Tan (𝛼 + 𝛽 − 𝛾) = Tan[(𝛼 + 𝛽) – (𝛾)]
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
From formula 27 Tan(A - B) = 𝟏+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜶+ 𝜷) − 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜸)
Tan[(𝜶 + 𝜷) – (𝜸)] = 𝟏+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜶+ 𝜷) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜸).................Equation 1
We also need to solve for tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) to completely solve equation 1
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
From formula 24 Tan(A - B) = 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
𝟏 𝟑
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛼+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛽 +
𝟓 𝟒
tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) = = 𝟏 𝟑 (Substituting the value of tan𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽)
𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛼 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛽 𝟏− ×
𝟓 𝟒
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒+𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟗
+ 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟗
𝟓 𝟒 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝟏 𝟑 = 𝟑 =𝟏 𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟐𝟎 ÷ 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟏𝟕 (Simplifying)
𝟏− × 𝟏− −
𝟓 𝟒 𝟐𝟎 𝟏 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟗
tan(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝟏𝟕 .............Equation 2
Substituting the value of tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) and tan𝛾 in equation1
𝟏𝟗 𝟏 𝟓𝟕− 𝟏𝟕 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎
𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜶+ 𝜷) − 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜸) − 𝟒𝟎 𝟕𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟓𝟏
𝟏𝟕 𝟑 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟏
𝟏+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜶+ 𝜷) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜸)
= 𝟏𝟗 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟏𝟗 =𝟏 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟓𝟏+𝟏𝟗 = 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟓𝟏 ÷ 𝟓𝟏 = 𝟓𝟏 × 𝟕𝟎
𝟏+ × 𝟏+ 𝟏+ +
𝟏𝟕 𝟑 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟏 𝟏 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜶+ 𝜷) − 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜸) 𝟒𝟎 𝟒
𝟏+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜶+ 𝜷) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜸)
= 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟕
𝟒
Therefore Tan (𝜶 + 𝜷 − 𝜸) =
𝟕

UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA

28
 FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

2014/2015 FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION

MTH 103: TRIGONOMETRY CREDIT UNITS: 1 TIME: 1HR

INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS

1. (a) The angle of elevation of the top of a vertical tower from a point A on the same horizontal level as the foot
of the tower is 𝛼 from a point B, in a direct line between B and the foot of the tower and at a distance d from
A, the angle of elevation from the top of the tower is 𝛽. Show that the height of the tower is
h = dsin𝜶sin𝜷cosec(𝜷 − 𝜶)

(b) Solve 5sinx-6cosx = 4

𝒂√𝟑 2a−b
2. (a) If tan𝜶 = tan𝜷= . find the values of 𝜶 − 𝜷 between 00 and 3600
𝟐𝒃− 𝒂 𝒂√𝟑
𝐚 𝐛 𝟏
(b) Find x from the equation sin-1( 𝒙 ) + sin-1( 𝒙 ) = 𝟐 𝜋
3. (a) Express as single trigonometric ratios
√𝟑+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 𝟏 √𝟑
(i) (ii) cos 750 + sin750
𝟏−√𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 𝟐 𝟐

(b) Prove that:

Cos(2x + 2y) – cos2x + cos2y – 1 = -4sin(x + y)cosxsiny

SOLUTION TO 2014/2015

1. The diagram below illustrates the question.

Where H is the height of the tower, and d is the distance of B from A

Let the distance between A and the tower be c
Let’s break the triangle into two
Triangle 1

From SOH CAH TOA

29
 𝐻 𝑜𝑝𝑝
tan𝛼 = 𝑐
= 𝑎𝑑𝑗
H = ctan𝜶(by cross multiplying)..........Equation 1
Triangle 2
From SOH CAH TOA

𝐻 𝑜𝑝𝑝
tan𝛽 = =
𝑑+𝑐 𝑎𝑑𝑗
H = (d + c)Tan𝛽 (by cross multiplying)
H = dtan𝜷 + ctan𝜷(Opening the bracket)............Equation 2
Since equation 1 and 2 are equal to H, let’s equate them together
ctan𝛼= dtan𝛽 + cTan𝛽
ctan𝛼 – ctan𝛽 = dTan𝛽 (Collecting like terms)
c(tan𝛼 – tan𝛽) = dTan𝛽 (Factorizing)
𝐝𝐓𝐚𝐧𝜷
Therefore c = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜶 – 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜷 (making “c” the subject formula)...........Equation 3
Since c was not given in the question, we have to substitute the value of c in either equation 1 or 2 to get our
height(H) without c appearing in the answer.
Substituting equation3 in equation1, we will have:
dTan𝛽 dTan𝛽tan𝛼
H = ctan𝛼 = x tan𝛼 =
tan𝛼 – tan𝛽 tan𝛼 – tan𝛽
𝐝𝐓𝐚𝐧𝜷𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜶
H = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜶 – 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜷.......................................Equation 4
𝐒𝐢𝐧𝜶
From formula 13 tan𝜶 = 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝜶 (Substituting in equation 4 and simplifying)
Sin𝛽 Sin𝛼 dSin𝛽Sin𝛼 dSin𝛽Sin𝛼
d × dSin𝛽Sin𝛼 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽Sin𝛼−Cos𝛼Sin𝛽
Cos𝛽 Cos𝛼 Cos𝛽Cos𝛼 Cos𝛽Cos𝛼
H= Sin𝛼 Sin𝛽 = Sin𝛼 Sin𝛽 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽Sin𝛼−Cos𝛼Sin𝛽 = Cos𝛽Cos𝛼
÷ Cos𝛼𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽
– –
Cos𝛼 Cos𝛽 Cos𝛼 Cos𝛽 Cos𝛼𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽
dSin𝛽Sin𝛼 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽Sin𝛼−Cos𝛼Sin𝛽 dSin𝛽Sin𝛼 Cos𝛽Cos𝛼
H = Cos𝛽Cos𝛼 ÷ Cos𝛼𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽
= Cos𝛽Cos𝛼
× 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽Sin𝛼−Cos𝛼Sin𝛽
𝟏 𝟏
From formula 15 and 16 (Cosec𝜶 = 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝜶 and Sec𝜶 = 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝜶)
dSin𝛽Sin𝛼 1
H= 1
× 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽Sin𝛼−Cos𝛼Sin𝛽
= dSin𝛽Sin𝛼 × Cosec𝛽Sec𝛼 – Sec𝛼Cosec𝛽
H = dSin𝛽Sin𝛼 × Cosec𝛽Sec𝛼 – Sec𝛼Cosec𝛽 (Substituting formula 15 and 16)
From formula 25b. Cosec (A-B) = CosecA SecB - CosecB SecA
H = 𝐝𝐒𝐢𝐧𝜷𝐒𝐢𝐧𝜶 × Cosec(𝜷 − 𝜶) (Substituting formula 25b.)
H = 𝐝𝐒𝐢𝐧𝜷𝐒𝐢𝐧𝜶Cosec(𝜷 − 𝜶)
(b) 5sinx – 6cosx = 4
To solve this type of question, there are some rules to follow
(i) Pick the coefficient of Sinx and Cosx and make them the opposite and adjacent sides of a right angle
triangle;
(ii) Use Pythagoras theorem to find the hypotenuse
(iii) Factorize and simplify
The coefficient of Sinx and Cosx = 5 and 6

Let the angle in the triangle be 𝜃

Using Pythagoras theorem the hypotenuse = √61

30
 Hyp2 = Opp2 + Adj2
Hyp2 = 52 + 62
Hyp2 = 25 + 36
Hyp2 = 61
Hyp = √61
From the triangle
𝑂𝑝𝑝 6
Sin𝜃 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝 = .....................Equation 1
√61
𝐴𝑑𝑗 5
Cos𝜃 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝 = 61.....................Equation 2
√
5 6
5sinx – 6cosx = 4 can also be √61( 61 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = 4 (Factorizing)
√ √61
When you open the bracket you will get your equation back 5sinx – 6cosx = 4
5 6
√61( 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = 4 .................Equation 3
√61 √61
Substitute equation1 and equation2 in equation3
√61(Cos𝜃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − Sin𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = 4
4
Cos𝜃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − Sin𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
√61
4 4
Cos𝜃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − Sin𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 = can also be 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥Cos𝜃 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥Sin𝜃 =
√61 √61
From formula 25 Sin(A - B) = SinA CosB - CosA SinB
4 4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥Cos𝜃 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥Sin𝜃 = will be Sin(x - 𝜃) = (From formula 25)
√61 √61
4
x–𝜃 = Sin-1
√61
x – 𝜽 = 30.80...................................Equation 4
We need find 𝜃 from equation1 in order to find our x
6
Sin𝜃 =
√61
6
𝜃= Sin-1 61
√
𝜃 = 50.20
Substitute the value of 𝜃 in equation4 to get x
x – 50.2 = 30.80
x = 30.80 + 50.20 = 810
X = 810

𝒂√𝟑 2a−b
2. (i) If tan𝜶 = 𝟐𝒃− 𝒂 tan𝜷= 𝒂√𝟑
. find the values of 𝜶 − 𝜷 between 00 and 3600
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
But from formula 28 Tan (A - B) = 1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜶 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜷
Tan(𝜶 − 𝜷) = ...................Eqn 1
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜶 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜷
Taking the numerator of eqn 1
𝒂√𝟑 2a−b 𝒂√𝟑 (𝒂√𝟑)− (𝟐𝒃− 𝒂)(2a−b) 𝟑𝒂𝟐 − (𝟐𝒃− 𝒂)(𝟐𝐚−𝐛)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜶 – 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜷 = 𝟐𝒃− 𝒂 - 𝒂√𝟑
= 𝒂√𝟑(𝟐𝒃− 𝒂)
=
𝒂√𝟑(𝟐𝒃− 𝒂)
Taking the denominator of eqn 1
𝒂√𝟑 2a−b (𝒂√𝟑)2a−b 2a−b 𝟐𝒃− 𝒂+ 2a−b 𝒂+𝒃
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜶 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜷 = 1 + 𝟐𝒃− 𝒂
× 𝒂√𝟑
=1 + 𝒂√𝟑(𝟐𝒃− 𝒂)
=1 + 𝟐𝒃− 𝒂
= 𝟐𝒃− 𝒂
=
𝟐𝒃− 𝒂
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜶 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜷 𝟑𝒂𝟐 − (𝟐𝒃− 𝒂)(𝟐𝐚−𝐛) 𝒂+𝒃
Therefore Tan(𝜶 − 𝜷) =
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜶 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜷
= ÷ 𝟐𝒃− 𝒂
𝒂√𝟑(𝟐𝒃− 𝒂)
𝟑𝒂𝟐 − (𝟐𝒃− 𝒂)(𝟐𝐚−𝐛) 𝟐𝒃− 𝒂 𝟑𝒂𝟐 − (𝟐𝒃− 𝒂)(𝟐𝐚−𝐛) 𝟏 𝟑𝒂𝟐 − (𝟐𝒃− 𝒂)(𝟐𝐚−𝐛)
Tan(𝜶 − 𝜷) = × 𝒂+𝒃
= × 𝒂+𝒃
=
𝒂√𝟑(𝟐𝒃− 𝒂) 𝒂√𝟑 𝒂√𝟑(𝒂+𝒃)
𝟑𝒂𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐛−𝟐𝐛𝟐 −𝟐𝐚𝟐 + 𝐚𝐛 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟑𝐚𝐛−𝟐𝐛𝟐
Tan(𝜶 − 𝜷) = =
𝒂√𝟑(𝒂+𝒃) 𝒂√𝟑(𝒂+𝒃)

31
 𝟐
𝒂𝟐 − 𝟑𝐚𝐛−𝟐𝐛
(𝜶 − 𝜷) = Tan-1 ( ) (Where a and b are constants)
𝒂√𝟑(𝒂+𝒃)
𝐚 𝐛 𝟏
(ii) Find x from the equation sin-1( 𝒙 ) + sin-1( 𝒙 ) = 𝟐 𝜋
But 𝜋 = 1800
𝐚 𝐛 𝟏
sin-1( 𝒙 ) + sin-1( 𝒙 ) = 𝟐 × 180
𝐚 𝐛
sin-1( 𝒙 ) + sin-1( 𝒙 ) = 𝟗𝟎
𝐚 b
Let Sin𝜶 be 𝒙
and Sin𝛽 be 𝑥
That means 𝜶 + 𝛽 = 900
From SOH CAH TOA
𝐚 𝐨𝐩𝐩
Sin 𝜶 = =
𝒙 𝒉𝒚𝒑
𝐛 𝐨𝐩𝐩
Sin 𝛽 = 𝒙
= 𝒉𝒚𝒑
They both have the same hypotenuse; therefore the diagram below illustrates this question

That means 𝜶 = 𝛽 = 450 since it is a right angle triangle having the same hypotenuse.
𝐚 √2
Sin𝜶 = 𝒙 ; Sin45 = 2
By comparing a = b = √2 and x = 2
√𝟑+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱
3. (i) as single trigonometric ratio
𝟏−√𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱
Note: Special angles are used in this type of question
From special angle (Formula 18) √3 = tan60
√3+ tan x tan60+ tan x
=
1−√3tan x 1−tan60tan x
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
From formula 24 tan(A + B) = 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
tan60+ tan x
1−tan60tan x
= tan(60 + x)
√𝟑+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱
𝟏−√𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱
= tan(60 + x)

1 √3
(ii) 2 cos 750 + 2
sin750

√3 1
From special angle (Formula 18) = Sin60 and = Cos60
2 2
1 √3
cos 750 + sin750 = Cos60Cos75 + Sin60Sin75 (Substituting formula 18)
2 2
From formula 26 Cos (A - B) = CosA CosB + SinA SinB
Cos60Cos75 + Sin60Sin75 = Cos (60 - 75)
𝟏 √𝟑
cos 750 + sin750 = Cos (60 - 75)
𝟐 𝟐

(b) Cos(2x + 2y) – cos2x + cos2y – 1 = -4sin(x + y)cosxsiny

From the L.H.S
Cos(2x + 2y) – cos2x + cos2y – 1 can still be Cos(2x + 2y) + cos2y – cos2x– 1
From formula 43b Cos 2A - Cos 2B = -2 Sin𝐴 + 𝐵 Sin 𝐴 − 𝐵
Cos(2x + 2y) + cos2y – cos2x– 1 = Cos(2x + 2y) + [-2 Sin(𝑦 + 𝑥) Sin (𝑦 − 𝑥)]– 1

32
But Cos (2x + 2y) = Cos2(x + y)
From formula 29 Cos2A = 1 – 2Sin2A
Cos2(x + y) = 1 – 2Sin2(x + y) (Substituting in the main equation we will have)
Cos(2x + 2y) + cos2y – cos2x– 1 = 1 – 2Sin2(x + y) + [-2 Sin(𝑦 + 𝑥) Sin (𝑦 − 𝑥)]– 1
1 – 2Sin2(x + y) + [-2 Sin(𝑦 + 𝑥) Sin (𝑦 − 𝑥)]– 1 (Opening the bracket)
– 2Sin2(x + y) -2 Sin(𝑦 + 𝑥) Sin (𝑦 − 𝑥)– 1 + 1 (Collecting like terms and simplifying)
– 2Sin2(x + y) -2 Sin(𝑦 + 𝑥) Sin (𝑦 − 𝑥)
Note: y + x = x + y and Sin2(x + y) = Sin(x + y) x Sin(x + y)
– 2Sin (x + y) [Sin(x + y) + Sin (𝑦 − 𝑥)] (Factorizing)
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
From formula 41 Sin A + Sin B = 2 Sin 2
Cos 2
– 2Sin (x + y) [Sin(x + y) + Sin (𝑦 − 𝑥)] =
(𝑥+𝑦)+(𝑦−𝑥) (𝑥+𝑦)−(𝑦−𝑥)
– 2Sin (x + y) [2 Sin Cos ] (Substituting formula 41)
2 2
𝑥+𝑦+𝑦−𝑥 𝑥+𝑦−𝑦+𝑥
– 2Sin (x + y) [2 Sin 2
Cos 2
] (Opening the bracket)
2𝑦 2𝑥
– 2Sin (x + y) [2 Sin 2 Cos 2 ] (Simplifying)
– 2Sin (x + y) [2 Sin 𝑦 Cos 𝑥] (Further simplification)
-4sin(x + y)(sinycosx) (Multiplying the numbers)
Cos(2x + 2y) – cos2x + cos2y – 1 = -4sin(x + y)cosxsiny

33
 UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

2013 CONTACT SESSION EXAMINATION

MTH 103: TRIGONOMETRY CREDIT UNITS: 1 TIME: 1HR 30MIN

INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY TWO (2) QUESTIONS

1. (a) Show that

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝟐𝟎 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟏𝟖𝟎
(i) Tan 670 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝟐𝟎− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝟐𝟎 (ii) cot 270 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟏𝟖𝟎− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟏𝟖𝟎

𝟏𝟐
(b) if cos X = and 0< X < 900 , find without using tables
𝟏𝟑

𝐱 𝟏
(i) cos 𝟐 (ii) tan2 𝟐 𝒙.

2. (a) (i) Prove the cosine rule (a2= b2 + c2 -2bccos A)

(a)(ii) Show that cos(A - B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
(b) (i) solve the triangle: x = 4cm, y=5cm and z=6cm
𝟐𝐩𝐪
(b) (ii) if cos𝜃 = 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝟐 and 𝜃 is acute, find the values of sin𝜃 and tan𝜃.

𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝐱
3. (a) Show that (i) cos4x = 1-8sin2x + 8sin4x (ii) tan3x = 𝟏−𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙

𝟐𝐭 𝟏
(b) Prove that: sin 𝜃 = 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 if t= tan 𝟐 𝜃.

SOLUTION TO 2013
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝟐𝟎 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝟐𝟎
1. (i)Tan 670 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝟐𝟎 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝟐𝟎
Tan67 can also be written as tan(45 + 22)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
From formula 24 Tan (A + B) =
1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛45+𝑡𝑎𝑛22
Tan67= tan(45 + 22) = 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛45 𝑡𝑎𝑛22
but tan45=1 from special angles formula 18
𝑡𝑎𝑛45+𝑡𝑎𝑛22 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛22 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛22
Tan67 = tan(45 + 22) = 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛45 𝑡𝑎𝑛22 = 1− 1× 𝑡𝑎𝑛22 = 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛22
Sin 𝜃
but from formula 13 Tan 𝜃 = Cos 𝜃
Sin 22 Cos22+Sin 22
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛22 1+ Cos22+Sin 22 Cos22− Sin 22
Cos 22 Cos 22
Tan67 = = Sin 22 = Cos22− Sin 22 = ÷ (Simplifying)
1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛22 1− Cos 22 Cos 22
Cos 22 Cos 22
Cos22+Sin 22 Cos 22 Cos22+Sin 22
Tan67 = Cos 22
× Cos22− Sin 22 = Cos22− Sin 22
𝐂𝐨𝐬𝟐𝟐+𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟐
Tan67 =
𝐂𝐨𝐬𝟐𝟐− 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟏𝟖𝟎
(iii) cot 270 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟏𝟖𝟎− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟏𝟖𝟎
Cot27 can also be written as Cot(45 - 18)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
From formula 27b Cot (A -B) = 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛45+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛18
Cot27 = Cot(45 - 18) = 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛45 𝑡𝑎𝑛18

but tan45=1 from special angles formula 18

34
 𝑡𝑎𝑛45+𝑡𝑎𝑛18 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛18 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛18
Cot 27 = Cot(45 -18) = 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛45 𝑡𝑎𝑛18 = 1− 1× 𝑡𝑎𝑛18 = 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛18
Sin 𝜃
but from formula 13 tan 𝜃 =
Cos 𝜃
Sin 18 Cos18+Sin 18
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛18 1+ Cos18+Sin 18 Cos18− Sin 18
Cos 18 Cos 18
Cot27 = 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛18 = Sin 18 = Cos18− Sin18 = Cos 18
÷ Cos 18
(Simplifying)
1−
Cos 18 Cos 18

Cos18+Sin 18 Cos 18 Cos18+Sin 18

Tan27 = Cos 18
× Cos18− Sin 18 = Cos18− Sin 18
𝐂𝐨𝐬𝟏𝟖+𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟖
Tan27 = 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝟏𝟖− 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟖

𝟏𝟐
(b) if cos X = 𝟏𝟑 and 0< X < 900

We have to draw a triangle to illustrate the question.

𝟏𝟐 𝐀𝐝𝐣
Since Cos X = =
𝟏𝟑 𝑯𝒚𝒑
Using Pythagoras theorem, we can find the opposite
Hyp2= Opp2+ Adj2
132 = opp2 + 122
169 = opp2 + 144
Opp2 = 169 – 144
Opp2= 25
Opp= √25
Opp = 5
1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
Cos A/2 = √ 2
From formula 35

𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑+ 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟓
𝐱 1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1+ 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟏
(i) cos 𝟐 =√ 2 =√ 2
𝟏𝟑
=√ 𝟏𝟑
2
=√ 2
𝟏𝟑
= √ 𝟏𝟑 ÷ 2 = √ 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟐

𝐱 𝟐𝟓 √25 𝟓
cos 𝟐 = √ 𝟐𝟔 = =
√26 √26
𝐱 𝟓
cos 𝟐 =
√𝟐𝟔
𝟏 1− 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
(ii) tan2 𝟐 𝒙 From formula 40 Tan2A/2 = 1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑− 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
1−
2𝟏 1− 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟏
tan 𝒙 = = 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑+ 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 = ÷ = × = (Simplifying)
𝟐 1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1+ 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
tan2 𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐𝟓
2. (ai)The diagram below will be used to prove

35
a2 = x2 + h2 (Pythagoras theorem on the right side of the triangle)

h2 = a2 - x2 (making h2 the subject formula) ..............Equation1

c2 = h2 + (b- x)2 (Pythagoras theorem on the left side of the triangle) .......Equation2

Substituting Equation1 in Equation2

c2 = (a2 - x2) + (b- x)2

c2 = (a2 - x2) + (b- x)(b- x)
c2 = a2 - x2 + b2 – 2bx + x2(Opening brackets)
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2bx + x2 - x2 (Collecting like terms)
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2bx (Simplifying) ..........Equation3

𝐱
but Cos C = 𝒂
x = aCosC (Making x the subject formula)
Substitute the value of x in Equation3
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2b(aCosC)
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2abCosC
(aii) we will draw a circle with unit radius and centre O as shown in the figure below

Angle MOP = A
MOQ = B
If the x and y axis are as shown, then OP = OQ = 1(Since they are both radii of a unit circle),
We have the coordinates of P and Q as (CosA, SinA) and (CosB, SinB) respectively.
Since we know the coordinates of the two points, we can find the distance between them using the formula 50
D2 = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
PQ2 = (CosA - CosB)2 + (SinA - SinB)2
PQ2 = (CosA - CosB) (CosA - CosB) + (SinA - SinB) (SinA - SinB) (how to simplify the bracket)
PQ2 = Cos2A – 2CosA CosB + Cos2B + Sin2A – 2SinA SinB + Sin2B (Opening bracket)
PQ2 = Cos2A + Sin2A + Cos2B + Sin2B -2(CosA CosB + SinA SinB) (Factorizing and simplifying)
From formula 19 (Sin2x + Cos2x = 1)

36
 PQ2 = 1 + 1 -2(CosA CosB + SinA SinB)
PQ2 = 2 - 2(CosA CosB + SinA SinB) (Simplifying) Equation 1
But from cosine rule
PQ2 = OP2 + OQ2 – 2 (OP) x (OQ) CosPOQ
But OP = OQ = 1 (radii of the unit circle)
Also POQ = A – B (From the diagram above)
PQ2 = 12 + 12 – 2(1) x (1) Cos (A - B)
PQ2 = 1 + 1 – 2Cos(A - B)
PQ2 = 2 – 2Cos (A - B) (Simplifying) Equation 2
Equating Equation 1 and Equation 2
2 - 2(CosA CosB + SinA SinB) = 2 – 2Cos (A - B)
- 2(CosA CosB + SinA SinB) = 2 – 2Cos (A - B) – 2
- 2(CosA CosB + SinA SinB) = – 2Cos (A - B) (Simplfying)
Divide both sides by -2
CosA CosB + SinA SinB = Cos (A - B)
Cos (A - B) = CosA CosB + SinA SinB
(bi) The diagram below illustrates the question

From cosine rule a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc Cos A

42 = 52 + 62 – 2x5x6CosA
16 = 25 + 36 – 60CosA
16 = 61 – 60 CosA
16 – 61 = - 60CosA
-45 = - 60CosA
-45/-60 = CosA
Cos A = 0.75
A = Cos-10.75
A = 41.40
52 = 42 + 62 – 2x4x6CosB
25 = 16 + 36 – 48CosB
25 = 52 – 48CosB
25 – 52 = -48CosB
-27 = -48CosB
-27/-48 = CosB
0.5625 = CosB
B = Cos-1(0.5625)
B = 55.80
(Angles on a triangle = 1800) A + B + C = 180
Therefore C = 180 – A – B
C = 180 – 41.4 – 55.8 = 82.80
C = 82.80
2𝑝𝑞
(bii) Cos𝜃 =
𝑝2 +𝑞2
From SOH CAH TOA

37
 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑝𝑝
Cos 𝜃=𝐻𝑦𝑝 , Sin𝜃 =𝐻𝑦𝑝, Tan𝜃= 𝑎𝑑𝑗
Therefore Adjacent = 2pq and hypotenuse = p2 + q2
Using Pythagoras theorem to find Opposite
Hyp2 = Opp2 + Adj2
Opp2= Adj2 – Hyp2
Opp2 =[ (2pq)2 – (p2 + q2)2] (Substituting the value of hypotenuse and adjacent)
Opp = √(2𝑝𝑞)2 − (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )2
Opp = √(2𝑝𝑞)2 - √ (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )2 (The roots will cancel the squares)
Opp = (2pq) – (p2 + q2)
Opp = 2pq – p2 – q2 (Opening the bracket)
Opp = pq + pq – p2 – q2 (Breaking down)
Opp = (pq – q2 ) – (p2 + q2) (Arranging in a form that could be easily factorized)
Opp = q(p - q) – p(p - q) (Factorizing)
Opp = (q - p)(p - q)
𝒐𝒑𝒑 (𝐪 − 𝐩)(𝐩 − 𝐪)
Sin𝜽 =𝑯𝒚𝒑 = 𝐩𝟐 + 𝐪𝟐
𝒐𝒑𝒑 (𝐪 − 𝐩)(𝐩 − 𝐪)
Tan𝜽= 𝒂𝒅𝒋
= 𝟐𝒑𝒒
(ai) Show that Cos4x = 1 – 8Sin2x + 8Sin4x
Cos4x can also be written an Cos2(2x)
Let 2x = y
Therefore Cos4x = Cos2(2x) = Cos2(y) =Cos2y
From formula 29 Cos2A = 𝟐𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 – 𝟏
Cos2y = 2Cos2y – 1 (Applying the formula)
2Cos2y – 1 can also be written as 2(Cosy)2 – 1
Cos4x = 2(Cosy)2 – 1
Cos4x = 2(Cos2x)2 – 1 (Substituting the value of y)
Cos4x = 2(2Cos2x – 1)2 – 1 (Applying formula 29 again)
Cos4x = 2[(2Cos2x – 1) (2Cos2x – 1)] – 1 (Expanding the bracket)
Cos4x = 2[4cos4x – 2cos2x – 2cos2x + 1] – 1 (Opening the bracket and simplifying)
Cos4x = 2[4cos4x – 4cos2x + 1] – 1
Cos4x = 8cos4x – 8cos2x + 2 – 1 (Opening the bigger bracket)
Cos4x = 8cos4x – 8cos2x +1 (Final simplification)
Cos4x =1 – 8cos2x + 8cos4x (Final simplification)

𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝐱
(aii) tan3x =
𝟏−𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙

Tan 3x = tan(2x + x)
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
From formula 24 Tan (A + B) = 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Tan 3x = tan (2x + x) = 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨
From formula 30 tan2x = 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨
𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 +𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙(𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙) 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 +𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙(𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙)
+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
Tan 3x = tan (2x + x) = 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
1− × 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1−
𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 +𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙(𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙) 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 +𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙) 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙
𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
Tan 3x = 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= 𝟏− 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= 𝟏− 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙
𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝟏− 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙
Tan 3x = 𝟏− 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
÷ 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= 𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
× 𝟏− 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= 𝟏− 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙

38
 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙
Tan 3x = 𝟏− 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙

𝟐𝐭 𝟏
b. Prove that: sin 𝜃 = if t= tan 𝜃
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝜃
𝟐𝐭 𝟐tan 𝜃 𝟐tan
𝟐 𝟐
sin𝜃 = 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 = 𝟏 = 𝜃 (Substituting the value of t in the question)
𝟏 + tan2 𝜃 𝟏 + tan2
𝟐 𝟐
𝜃
Let =y
𝟐
𝜃
𝟐tan 𝟐tan 𝒚
𝟐
𝜃 = 𝟏 + tan2 𝒚
𝟏 + tan2
𝟐
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
From formula 13 tan𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦 2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝟐tan 𝒚 𝟐
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦
=
𝟏 + tan2 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑦
= 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝑦 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑦
(Simplifying)
2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝑦

From formula 19 sin2y + cos2y = 1

2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦 2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦 2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦 1 2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝑦 2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝑦 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑦
= 1 = ÷ = × = ×
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦 1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦 1
𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝑦
2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦
× 1
= 2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦
From formula 28 Sin2A = 2SinACosA
2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦 = Sin2y
Substitute the value of y
𝜃 𝜃
Sin2y = Sin2( 𝟐 ) = Sin2( 𝟐 ) = Sin𝜃
𝟏
𝟐𝐭 𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
𝟐
sin𝜽 = = 𝟏 = Sin𝜽
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽
𝟐

39
 UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

2012/2013 FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION

MTH 103: TRIGONOMETRY CREDIT UNITS: 1 TIME: 1HR 30MIN

INSTRUCTION: ATTEMPT ANY TWO QUESTIONS

𝟒
1. a. If cos A = 𝟓 and 0 < A < 900 , Find without using mathematical table:
𝐀 𝟏
(i) sin2A (ii) cos 𝟐 (iii) tan 𝟐 A

b. Prove that sin3 𝜃 + cos3 𝜃 + sin 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = sin 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

c. Sketch on the same axis for 0 < A < 2 𝜋, sin 𝜃, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

𝐚+𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐚−𝐛

𝟐 )
2. a. With the usual notation of triangle, prove that 𝒄
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝐜

b. A boat observes the angle of elevation of the peak of a cliff is 𝜃, after rowing xkm towards the cliff in a
straight line, the angle of elevation increases to 𝜑. Show that the height of the cliff is given by

𝐱𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜃𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜑
h = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜑−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜃
c. The area of triangle ABC is 6 sq.cm, AB is given as 3cm and AC = 5cm. Calculate two possible lengths of BC.
3. a. Express 12cosx + 5sinx in the form Rsin(x + 𝜃) where R > 0 and 0 < 𝜃 < 900,hence determine the least and
greatest value of f(x) = 12cosx + 5sinx as x varies. What are the values of x in the range (0, 3600) for which the
function f(x) attains its least and greatest values
b. Find the general solution for the equation 5sinx – 3cosx = 4
c. Solve for 𝜃, 10sin2𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 - cos2 𝜃 = 2, 0 < 𝜃 < 3600.

SOLUTION TO 2012/2013
𝟒 𝐀𝐝𝐣
1. Cos A = 𝟓 = 𝑯𝒚𝒑
Using Pythagoras theorem, we can find the opposite
Hyp2= Opp2+ Adj2
52 = opp2 + 42
25 = opp2 + 16
Opp2 = 25 – 16
Opp2= 9
Opp= √9
Opp = 3
(i) Sin2A = 2SinACosA from formula 28
opp 3 Adj 4
SinA = ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 5
and CosA = ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 5
3 4
Sin2A = 2 ( 5 )( 5 ) (Substituting the value of SinA and SinB)
Sin2A = 24/25

40
 1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
Cos A/2 = √ 2
From formula 35

𝟒 𝟓+ 𝟒 𝟗
𝐀 1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1+ 𝟗 𝟗 𝟏
(ii) cos 𝟐
=√ 2
=√ 2
𝟓
=√ 𝟓
2
= √ 2𝟓 = √ 𝟓 ÷ 2 = √ 𝟓 × 𝟐

𝐀 𝟗 √9 𝟑
cos =√ = =
𝟐 𝟏𝟎 √10 √10
𝐀 𝟑
cos 𝟐 =
√𝟏𝟎
𝟏 1− 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
(iii) tan 𝑨 From formula 36 TanA/2 = √
𝟐 1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴

𝟒 𝟓− 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟏 1
𝟏 1− 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 1− √ 1 3
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 √𝟓 √𝟓
tan 𝟐 𝑨 = √ = √ 𝟒 =√ 𝟓+ 𝟒 =√ 𝟗 = = = 3 = ÷ (Simplifying)
1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 1+ 𝟗 √𝟗 √𝟓 √𝟓
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 √ √𝟓 √𝟓
𝟓

1 3 1 √𝟓 1
÷ = × 3
=3
√𝟓 √𝟓 √𝟓
𝟏
tan 𝟐 𝑨 = 1/3
b. Prove that Sin3𝜃 + Cos3𝜃 + Sin𝜃Cos𝜃(Sin𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃) = Sin𝜃 + Cos𝜃
From the LHS
Sin3𝜃 + Cos3𝜃 + Sin𝜃Cos𝜃(Sin𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Sin3𝜃 + Cos3𝜃 + Sin2𝜃Cos𝜃 + Sin𝜃Cos2𝜃 (Opening the bracket)
(Sin3𝜃+ Sin2𝜃Cos𝜃) + (Cos3𝜃 + Sin𝜃Cos2𝜃) (Collecting like terms)
Sin2𝜃(Sin𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃) +Cos2𝜃(𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 + Sin𝜃 ) (Factorization)
(Sin2𝜃 + Cos2𝜃) (Sin𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃)
From formula 19 Sin2𝜃 + Cos2𝜃 = 1
(Sin2𝜃 + Cos2𝜃) (Sin𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 1 (Sin𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃)
1 (Sin𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃) = Sin𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
Therefore Sin3𝜽 + Cos3𝜽 + Sin𝜽Cos𝜽(Sin𝜽 + 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽) = Sin𝜽 + Cos𝜽

(c)

X (𝜽) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

0 𝜋/6 𝜋/3 𝜋/2 2𝜋/3 5𝜋/6 𝜋 7𝜋/6 4𝜋/3 3𝜋/2 5𝜋/3 11𝜋/6 2𝜋
Y (Sin𝜽) 0 0.5 0.87 1.0 0.87 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.87 -1.0 -0.87 -0.5 0
(Cosec𝜽) ∝ 2.0 1.15 1.0 1.15 2.0 ∝ -2.0 -1.15 -1.0 -1.15 -2.0 ∝

41
 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
2. a. From Cosine rule (Formula 47) = = = 2R
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= 2R, = 2R, = 2R
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶
𝒂= 2R SinA, b= 2R SinB, and c= 2RSinC (Making a,b,c subject formula) (Equation 1)
𝒂−𝒃
𝐚+𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟐
𝒄
= 𝑪
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐
From the LHS
𝐚+𝐛 𝟐𝐑 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐀 + 𝟐𝐑 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐁
= (Substituting equation 1)
𝒄 𝟐𝐑𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐂
𝟐𝐑 (𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐀 + 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐁) 𝟐𝐑 (𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐀 + 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐁) 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐀 + 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐁
𝟐𝐑𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐂
= 𝟐𝐑𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐂
= 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐂
(Factorizing and simplifying)
𝑨+𝑩 𝑨−𝑩
From formula 40 Sin A + Sin B = 2 Sin 𝟐 Cos 𝟐
𝑨+𝑩 𝑨−𝑩 𝑨+𝑩 𝑨−𝑩 𝑨+𝑩 𝑨−𝑩
𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐀 + 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐁 𝟐 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐂
= 𝑪 𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑪 (Simplifying)
𝟐 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑨+𝑩 𝑨−𝑩
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐
𝑪 𝑪 ………………………. (Equation 2)
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐
But in a triangle A + B + C = 180
A + B = 180 – C
𝐀+𝐁 𝟏𝟖𝟎−𝐜
𝟐
= 𝟐
𝐀+𝐁 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝐂
= -
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐀+𝐁 𝐂
= 𝟗𝟎 - ………………………….(Equation 3)
𝟐 𝟐
𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐞 Equation 2 in Equation 3
𝑨+𝑩 𝑨−𝑩 𝐂 𝑨−𝑩
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐧(𝟗𝟎 − ) 𝐂𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑪 𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑪 ………..(Equation 4)
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
From formula 52 Cos𝜽 = Sin (90 - 𝜽) Substitute in Equation 4
𝐂 𝑨−𝑩 𝐂𝑨−𝑩 𝐂 𝑨−𝑩 𝑨−𝑩
𝐒𝐢𝐧(𝟗𝟎 − ) 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐂𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑪 𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐧
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒂+𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒂−𝒃

𝟐 )
𝒄
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒄
(Proved)
b. The diagram below illustrates the description of the question.

Where H is the height of the cliff, and x is the distance of B from A

Let the distance between A and the tower be c
Let’s break the triangle into two

Triangle 1

From SOH CAH TOA

𝐻 𝑜𝑝𝑝
tan𝜑 = 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗
H = ctan𝜑(by cross multiplying)..........Equation 1

42
 Triangle 2

From SOH CAH TOA

𝐻 𝑜𝑝𝑝
tan𝜃 = 𝑥+𝑐
= 𝑎𝑑𝑗
H = (x + c)Tan𝜃 (by cross multiplying)
H = xtan𝜃 + ctan𝜃(Opening the bracket)............Equation 2
Since equation 1 and 2 are equal to H, let’s equate them together
ctan𝜑= xtan𝜃 + cTan𝜃
ctan𝜑 – ctan𝜃 = xTan𝜃 (Collecting like terms)
c(tan𝜑 – tan𝜃) = xTan𝜃 (Factorizing)
𝐱𝐓𝐚𝐧𝜃
Therefore c = (making “c” the subject formula)...........Equation 3
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜑 – 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜃
Since c was not given in the question, we have to substitute the value of c in either equation 1 or 2 to get our
height(H) without c appearing in the answer.
Substituting equation3 in equation1, we will have:
xTan𝛽 xTan𝛽tan𝜑
H = ctan𝜑 = tan𝜑 – tan𝛽 x tan𝜑 = tan𝜑 – tan𝛽
𝐱𝐓𝐚𝐧𝜃𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜑
H=
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜑 – 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜃
c. The area of the triangle is 6cm2 , AB=3cm, AC= 5cm BC=?
The diagram below illustrate the question

From formula 8 Area = ½ abSinC

Where AB=a =3cm, AC=b =5cm, BC=c = Xcm, and SinC =Sin𝜃
We will look for 𝜽 from formula 8, then we will use cosine rule to find BC
6 = ½ x 3 x 5 Sin𝜃
6 = ½ x 15Sin𝜃
15𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
6= 2
6 x 2 = 15Sin𝜃
12 = 15Sin𝜃
12/15 = Sin𝜃
0.8 = Sin𝜃
𝜃 = Sin-10.8
𝜃 = 53.130
From formula 48 a2= b2+c2 -2bcCosA
c2= a2 + b2 – 2abCosC
c2= 32 + 52 – 2x3x5Cos53.13
c2 = 9 + 25 – 30Cos53.13
c2 = 34 – 30(0.6)
c2 = 34 – 18

43
 c2 = 16
c = √16
c=4
Therefore BC = c = 4cm
BC= 4cm
3. 12cosx + 5sinx in the form Rsin(x + 𝜃)
To solve this type of question, there are some rules to follow
(i) Pick the coefficient of Sinx and Cosx and make them the opposite and adjacent sides of a right angle
triangle;
(ii) Use Pythagoras theorem to find the hypotenuse
(iii) Factorize and simplify
The coefficient of Cosx and Sinx = 12 and 5

Let the angle in the triangle be 𝜃

Using Pythagoras theorem the hypotenuse = 13
Hyp2 = Opp2 + Adj2
Hyp2 = 52 + 122
Hyp2 = 25 + 144
Hyp2 = 169
Hyp = √169
Hyp = 13
From the triangle
𝑂𝑝𝑝 12
Sin𝜃 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝 = 13 .....................Equation 1
𝐴𝑑𝑗 5
Cos𝜃 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝 = 13.....................Equation 2
12 5
12Cosx + 5Sinx can also be 13(13 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 13 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) (Factorizing)
When you open the bracket you will get your equation back 12cosx + 5sinx
12 5
13(13 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 13 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 ).................Equation 3
Substitute equation1 and equation2 in equation3
13(Sin𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + Cos𝜃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥)
From formula 22 Sin(A + B) = SinA CosB + CosA SinB
13(Sin𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + Cos𝜃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥) will be 13Sin(𝜃 + x) (From formula 22)
12cosx + 5sinx = 13Sin(𝜽 + x)

(ii) Find the least and greatest value of (12cosx + 5sinx)

12cosx + 5sinx = 13Sin(𝜃 + x)
Therefore the greatest value of the function is +13 and the least value of the function is -13
b. Find the general solution for the equation 5sinx -3cosx = 4
To solve this type of question, there are some rules to follow
(i) Pick the coefficient of Sinx and Cosx and make them the opposite and adjacent sides of a right angle
triangle;

44
 (ii) Use Pythagoras theorem to find the hypotenuse
(iii) Factorize and simplify
The coefficient of Sinx and Cosx = 5 and 3

Let the angle in the triangle be 𝜃

Using Pythagoras theorem the hypotenuse = √34
Hyp2 = Opp2 + Adj2
Hyp2 = 52 +32
Hyp2 = 25 + 9
Hyp2 = 34
Hyp = √34
From the triangle
𝑂𝑝𝑝 3
Sin𝜃 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝 = .....................Equation 1
√34
𝐴𝑑𝑗 5
Cos𝜃 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝 = 34.....................Equation 2
√
5 3
5sinx – 3cosx = 4 can also be √34( 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = 4 (Factorizing)
√34 √34
When you open the bracket you will get your equation back 5sinx – 3cosx = 4
5 3
√34( 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = 4 .................Equation 3
√34 √34
Substitute equation1 and equation2 in equation3
√34(Cos𝜃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − Sin𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = 4
4
Cos𝜃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − Sin𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
√34
4 4
Cos𝜃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − Sin𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 = can also be 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥Cos𝜃 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥Sin𝜃 =
√61 √61
From formula 25 Sin(A - B) = SinA CosB - CosA SinB
4 4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥Cos𝜃 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥Sin𝜃 = will be Sin(x - 𝜃) = (From formula 25)
√34 √34
4
x – 𝜃 = Sin-1 = 0.686
√34
x – 𝜽 = 43.310...................................Equation 4
We need find 𝜃 from equation1 in order to find our x
3
Sin𝜃 =
√34
3
𝜃= Sin-1 34
√
𝜽 = 30.960
Substitute the value of 𝜃 in equation4 to get x
x – 30.96 = 43.310
x = 30.960 + 43.310 = 74.270
X = 74.270

c. 10sin2𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 - cos2 𝜃 = 2

10sin2𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 - cos2 𝜃 = 2 x 1
But from formula 19 Sin2 𝜽 + Cos2 𝜽 = 1
10sin2𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 - cos2 𝜃 = 2 x (Sin2 𝜃 + Cos2 𝜃)
10sin2𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 - cos2 𝜃 = 2Sin2 𝜃 + 2Cos2 𝜃
10sin2𝜃 - 2Sin2𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 - cos2𝜃 - 2Cos2 𝜃 (Collecting like terms)
8sin2𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 - 3Cos2 𝜃= 0
Divide through by Cos2𝜃

45
8sin2 θ 2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 3Cos2 𝜃 0
𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 - 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
8sin2 θ 2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 3Cos2 𝜃
+ - =0
𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 cos 𝜃cos 𝜃 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
sin 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
NOTE: tan𝜃= cos 𝜃 so also tan2𝜃= cos2 𝜃
8tan2𝜃 + 2tan𝜃 - 3 = 0
Let tan𝜃 = y
8y2 + 2y – 3 = 0
(8y2 + 6y) – (4y – 3) = 0 (Factorizing)
2y(4y + 3) – 1(4y + 3) = 0
(2y - 1) (4y + 3) = 0
2y – 1 = 0 or 4y + 3 = 0
2y = 1 or 4y = -3
Y = 1/2 or y = -3/4
Substituting the value of y
Tan𝜃 = 1/2 or Tan𝜃 = -3/4
𝜃 = tan-1 (1/2) or 𝜃= tan-1(-3/4)
𝜃= 22.50 or -36.90

A JOURNEY OF A THOUSAND LEAGUES BEGINS WITH A

SINGLE STEP

46
 REFERENCES
❖Further Mathematics Scholastic Series 1
❖Multipurpose Mathematics For Senior Secondary School
❖YouTube Videos
❖ Other Materials From Lecturers
❖Online Materials/pdf’s
❖My Initiative

47
ABOUT THE BOOK
This book has been broken down to the best level of
understanding by the author, it is self explanatory. The
book comprises of all the formulas and solutions to exam
questions for the past five years on “MATH 103” which is
also known as introduction to trigonometry. This book
explains to you what makes an answer wrong and also
proof to you how to solve a problem correctly and easily.
The book also contains important information needed by
all first year students coming into the University. With this
book you are going to achieve excellence in your academic
pursuit.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Abdulsalam Aminu is a 300 level student of the faculty of
veterinary medicine; he is a student full of goals and
creativity. He is also a student who has passion for
education, most especially in the line of mathematics.
He realized that majority of the first year students don’t
like calculation courses especially on mathematics, so he
decided to at least make it easy for them to pass.
This is not his first book, he has written two now; he wrote
one on statistics, and so far the students have testified that
the book was really helpful to them.

48