Advanced Assembly

Chapter 6

Sepehr Naimi

www.NicerLand.com
www.MicroDigitalEd.com
 Topics
 Assembler directives
 Addressing modes
 Macro
 EEPROM memory
 Checksum

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 Some Assembler directives
Example
+ LDI R20,5+3 ;LDI R20,8
- LDI R30,9-3 ;LDI R30,6
* LDI R25,5*7 ;LDI R25,35
/ LDI R19,8/2 ;LDI R19,4

Example
& LDI R20,0x50&0x10 ;LDI R20,0x10
| LDI R25,0x50|0x1 ;LDI R25,0x51
^ LDI R23,0x50^0x10 ;LDI R23,0x40

Example
<< LDI R16, 0x10<<1 ;LDI R16,0x20
>> LDI R16, 0x8 >>2 ;LDI R16,0x2

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 HIGH and LOW

LDI R20, LOW(0x1234) LDI R20, $34

$1234
LDI R21, HIGH(0x1234) LDI R21, $12
HIGH LOW

LDI R20, LOW(-200) LDI R20, $FF

LDI R21, HIGH(-200) LDI R21, $38

-200 = $FF38

HIGH LOW
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 Single Register Addressing Mode
 Single Register Addressing Mode
 INC Rd
 INC R19
 DEC Rd
 DEC R23 ;R23 = R23 – 1

11 bits 5 bits
GPRs
Op. Code Rd 0

31

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 Immediate Addressing Mode
(Single register with immediate)
4 bits 8 bits 4 bits
GPRs
Op. Code Immediate Rd 0

 LDI Rd,K
d
 LDI R19,25
31

 SUBI Rd,K
 SUBI R23,5 ;R23 = R23 – 5

 ANDI Rd,K
 ANDI R21,0x15

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 Two-register addressing mode

6 bits 5 bits 5 bits

GPRs
Op. Code Rr Rd 0

31
 ADD Rd,Rr
 ADD R26,R23
 SUB Rd,Rr
 LDI R20,R10

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 Direct addressing mode
 LDS Rd,address  STS address,Rs
 LDS R19,0x313  STS 0x95,R19

31 20 19 16 Data Space
Op. Code Rr/Rd 0
Data Address
15 0

Note: RAMEND has been used to

represent the highest location in
RAMEND
data space.

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 I/O direct addressing mode
 OUT address, Rs  IN Rs,address
 OUT 0x70,R16  IN R19,0x90

I/O Memory
15 5 0 0
Op. Code Rr/Rd A

63

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 Register indirect addressing mode
 LD Rd,X Data Space
15 0 0
 LD R24,X X, Y, OR Z - REGISTER

 LD R19,Y
 LD R20,Z
Note: RAMEND has been used to represent
the highest location in data space. RAMEND

 ST X,Rd
 ST X,R18 15 XH XL 0
X – register : 7
ST Y,R20
0 7 0
 R27 R26
15 YH YL 0
Y – register : 7 0 7 0
R29 R28
15 ZH ZL 0
Z – register : 7 0 7 0
R31 R30

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 Example
 Write a program to copy the value $55 into
memory locations $140 to $144
LDI R19,0x5 ;R19 = 5 (R19 for counter)
LDI R16,0x55 ;load R16 with value 0x55 (value to be copied)
LDI YL,0x40
YL,0x40 ;load the LDI
low byte of Y with value 0x40
YL,LOW(0x140)
LDI YH,0x1
YH,0x1 ;load the LDI
highYH,HIGH(0x140)
byte of Y with value 0x1
L1: ST Y,R16 ;copy R16 to memory location 0x140
INC YL ;increment the low byte of Y
DEC R19 ;decrement the counter
BRNE L1 ;loop until counter = zero

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 Auto-increment and Auto decrement
 Register indirect addressing with Post-increment
 LD Rd, X+ 15
X, Y, OR Z - REGISTER
0 Data Space
0

 LD R20,X+
 ST X+, Rs 1 +
 ST X+, R8 RAMEND

 Register indirect addressing with Pre-decrement

 LD Rd, -X 15
X, Y, OR Z - REGISTER
0 Data Space
0

 LD R19,-X
-1 +
 ST –X,R31
RAMEND

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 Example
 Write a program to copy the value $55 into
memory locations $140 to $444
LDI R19,0x5 ;R19 = 5 (R19 for counter)
LDI R16,0x55 ;load R16 with value 0x55 (value to be copied)
LDI YL,LOW($140) ;load the low byte of Y with value 0x40
LDI YH,HIGH($140) ;load the high byte of Y with value 0x1
L1: ST Y+,R16 ;copy R16 to memory location Y
DEC R19 ;decrement the counter
BRNE L1 ;loop until counter = zero

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 Register indirect with displacement
 STD Z+q,Rr ;store Rr into location Z+q
 STD Z+5,R20 ;store R20 in location Z+5
 LDD Rd, Z+q ;load from Z+q into Rd
 LDD R20, Z+8 ;load from Z+8 into R20

15 0 Data Space
Y OR Z - REGISTER 0

+
15
Op. Rr/Rd q
15 10 6 5 0
RAMEND

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 Storing fixed data in flash memory
DATA1: .DB 28 ;DECIMAL(1C in hex)
DATA2: .DB 0b00110101 ;BINARY (35 in hex)
DATA3: .DB 0x39 ;HEX
DATA4: .DB 'Y' ;single ASCII char
DATA6: .DB "Hello ALI" ;ASCII string

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 Storing fixed data in flash memory
LPM Rd, Z
Program Memory
 15 10 0
LSB
Z - REGISTER

 LPM R15, Z 15

 Example:
 LDI R30,0x80
 LDI R31,0
FLASHEND
15
Low High 8 Address
7 0
Low High Address
 LPM R18,Z ;read from the low byte of loc 0x40
0000 0000 0000 0000 $0000
0000 0000 0000 0001 $0001 $0000
0000 0000 0000 0000

0000 0000 0000 0010 $0002

0000 0000 0000 0011 $0003 $0001
0000 0000 0000 0001

 LPM Rd, Z+
0000 0000 0000 0100

0000 0000 0000 0110

0000 0000 0000 0101

0000 0000 0000 0111

0000 0000 0000 0010

0000 0000 0000 0011

$0004
$0006
$0005
$0007
$0002
$0003

LPM R20,Z
0000 0000 0000 1000 0000 0000 0000 1001 0000 0000 0000 0100 $0008 $0009 $0004

0000 0000 0000 1010 0000 0000 0000 1011 0000 0000 0000 0101 $000A $000B $0005
…..

…..

1111 1111 1111 1100 1111 1111 1111 1101 0111 1111 1111 1110 $FFFC $FFFD $7FFE
1111 1111 1111 1110 1111 1111 1111 1111 0111 1111 1111 1111 $FFFE $FFFF $7FFF

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 Example
 Analyze the following program; then rewrite it using LPM R20,Z+

.ORG $0000 ;burn into ROM starting at 0

LDI R20,0xFF
OUT DDRB,R20 ;make PB an output
LDI ZL, LOW(MYDATA<<1) ;ZL = 0 look-up table low-byte addr
LDI ZH,HIGH(MYDATA<<1) ;ZH = 0A look-up table high-byte addr
LPM R20,Z LPM R20,Z+
OUT PORTB,R20 ;send itOUT
to Port B
PORTB,R20
INC ZL ;R30 = 01 pointing to next byte (A01)
LPM R20,Z ;load R20
LPMwith 'S' char pointed to by Z
R20,Z+
OUT PORTB,R20 ;send itOUT
to Port B
PORTB,R20
INC ZL ;R30 = 02 pointing to next (A02)
LPM R20,Z ;load R20 with 'A' char pointed to by Z
OUT PORTB,R20 ;send it to Port B
HERE: RJMP HERE ;stay here forever
;data is burned into code(program) space starting at $500
.ORG $500
MYDATA: .DB "USA"
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 Example
 Assume that ROM space starting at $500 contains the
message “The Promise of World Peace”. Write a program
to bring it into CPU one byte at a time and place the
bytes in RAM locations starting at $140.
.ORG 0 ;burn into ROM starting at 0
LDI ZL, LOW(MYDATA<<1) ;R30 = 00 low-byte addr
LDI ZH, HIGH(MYDATA<<1) ;R31 = 0A, high-byte addr
LDI XL, LOW(0x140) ;R26 = 40, low-byte RAM address
LDI XH, HIGH(0x140) ;R27 = 1, high-byte RAM address
AGAIN: LPM R16, Z+ ;read the table, then increment Z
CPI R16,0 ;compare R16 with 0
BREQ END ;exit if end of string
ST X+, R16 ;store R16 in RAM and inc X
RJMP AGAIN
END: RJMP END
.ORG 0x500 ;data burned starting at 0x500
MYDATA: .DB "The Promise of World Peace",0

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 Macro

.MACRO INITSTACK
LDI R16,HIGH(RAMEND)
OUT SPH,R16
LDI R16,LOW(RAMEND)
OUT SPL,R16
.ENDMACRO

INITSTACK

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 Macro
.MACRO LOADIO
LDI R20,@1
OUT @0,R20
.ENDMACRO

LOADIO DDRB,0xFF
LOADIO PORTB,0x55

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 EEPROM
EEPROM Address Register
 EEPROM is a place to store data. It is not deleted
EEPROM Data Register
when power
Bit 15isEEPROM
off
14 13 Control
12 11Register
10 9 8
EEARH - - - - - - EEAR9 EEAR8
 ATmega32
EEARL has 1024 bytes of EEPROM
EEAR7 EEAR6 EEAR5 EEAR4 EEAR3 EEAR2 EEAR1 EEAR0

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
 In AVR 3 registers are dedicated to EEPROM
 EEARH:EEARL
 EEDR EECR
 EECR 15 0 0
EEARH EEARL

EEDR

1023
EEPROM

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 Reading from EEPROM
1. Wait until EEWE becomes zero.
2. Write new EEPROM address to EEAR
3. Set EERE to one.
4. Read EEPROM data from EEDR.
The following program reads the content of location 0x005F of EEPROM:

WAIT: SBIC EECR,EEWE ;check EEWE to see if last write is finished

RJMP WAIT ;wait more

LDI R18,0 ;load high byte of address to R18

LDI R17,0x5F ;load low byte of address to R17
OUT EEARH, R18 ;load high byte of address to EEARH
OUT EEARL, R17 ;load low byte of address to EEARL
SBI EECR,EERE ;set Read Enable to one
IN R16,EEDR ;load EEPROM Data Register to R16

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 Writing into EEPROM
1. Wait until EEWE becomes zero.
2. Write new EEPROM address to EEAR (optional).
3. Write new EEPROM data to EEDR (optional).
4. Set EEMWE bit to one.
5. Within four clock cycles after setting EEMWE, set EEWE to one.
The
Theprogram
programwrites
writes‘G’
‘G’into
intolocation
location0x005F
0x005Fof
ofEEPROM:
EEPROM:
WAIT:
WAIT: SBIC
SBIC EECR,EEWE
EECR,EEWE ;check ;checkEEWE
EEWEto tosee
seeififlast
lastwrite
writeisisfinished
finished
RJMP
RJMP WAIT
WAIT ;wait
;waitmore
more
LDI
LDI R18,0
R18,0 ;load
;loadhigh
highbyte
byteof
ofaddress
addressto toR18
R18
LDI
LDI R17,0x5F
R17,0x5F ;load
;loadlow
lowbyte
byteof
ofaddress
addressto toR17
R17
OUT
OUT EEARH,
EEARH,R18 R18 ;load;loadhigh
highbyte
byteof
ofaddress
addressto toEEARH
EEARH
OUT
OUT EEARL,
EEARL,R17R17 ;load
;loadlow
lowbyte
byteof
ofaddress
addressto toEEARL
EEARL
LDI
LDI R16,'G'
R16,'G' ;load
;load'G'
'G'totoR16
R16
OUT
OUT EEDR,R16
EEDR,R16 ;load
;loadR16
R16totoEEPROM
EEPROMData DataRegister
Register
SBI
SBI EECR,EEMWE
EECR,EEMWE ;set ;setMaster
MasterWrite
WriteEnable
Enableto toone
one
SBI
SBI EECR,EEWE
EECR,EEWE ;set ;setWrite
WriteEnable
Enableto toone
one
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 Checksum
 To detect data corruption
 Calculating checksum byte:
 Add the bytes together and drop the carries
 Take the 2’s complement of the total sum
 Testing checksum
 Add the bytes together and drop the carries
 Add the checksum byte to the sum
 If the result is not zero, data is corrupted

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 Example
 Find the checksum byte for the followings:
$25, $62, $3F, $52
Solution:
$25
+ $62
+ $3F
+ $52
$1 18
Checksum byte = 2’s complement of $18 = $E8

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 Example
 The checksum byte is $E8. Test checksum for the
following data:
$25, $62, $3F, $52
Solution:
$25
+ $62
+ $3F
+ $52
+ $E8
$00  not corrupted

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