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Computer Networks-Physical Layer

The document discusses the core components of computer networks and some key factors that influence packet-switched networks. It describes the network core, circuit-switched and packet-switched networks, and factors like processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay that contribute to the total delay packets experience in packet-switched networks.

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devzani nipa
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37 views13 pages

Computer Networks-Physical Layer

The document discusses the core components of computer networks and some key factors that influence packet-switched networks. It describes the network core, circuit-switched and packet-switched networks, and factors like processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay that contribute to the total delay packets experience in packet-switched networks.

Uploaded by

devzani nipa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Network Core

▪ Defines the different connections in different network segments together and


process to transmit data packets across the network.

▪ It is implemented through the use of switching techniques.


Circuit Switched Network
Packet Switched Network
Differences
Delay in Packet-Switched Networks

▪ As a packet travels from one node (host or router) to the subsequent node (host or
router) along this path, the packet suffers from several types of delays at each node
along the path.
▪ The most important of these delays are the nodal processing delay, queuing delay,
transmission delay, and propagation delay; together, these delays accumulate to give
a total nodal delay

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + d trans + dprop dproc = processing delay


typically a few microsecs or less
dqueue = queuing delay
depends on congestion
dtrans = transmission delay
= L/R, significant for low-speed links
dprop = propagation delay
a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs
Processing Delay

▪ The time required to examine the packet’s header and determine where to
direct the packet is part of the processing delay.
▪ The processing delay can also include other factors, such as the time needed
to check for bit-level errors in the packet .
▪ Processing delays in high-speed routers are typically on the order of
microseconds or less.
Queuing Delay

▪ At the queue, the packet experiences a queuing delay as it waits to be transmitted


onto the link.
▪ The length of the queuing delay of a specific packet will depend on the number of
earlier-arriving packets that are queued and waiting for transmission onto the link.
▪ If the queue is empty and no other packet is currently being transmitted, then our
packet’s queuing delay will be zero.
▪ On the other hand, if the traffic is heavy and many other packets are also waiting to
be transmitted, the queuing delay will be long.
Transmission Delay

▪ Assuming that packets are transmitted in a first-come-first-served manner, our packet


can be transmitted only after all the packets that have arrived before it have been
transmitted.
▪ Denote the length of the packet by L bits, and denote the transmission rate by R
bits/sec. The transmission delay is L/R.
Propagation Delay

▪ Once a bit is pushed into the link, it needs to propagate to router B.


▪ The time required to propagate from the beginning of the link to router B is the
propagation delay.
▪ The bit propagates at the propagation speed of the link.
▪ The propagation delay is the distance between two routers divided by the
propagation speed.
▪ That is, the propagation delay is d/s, where d is the distance between router A and router B
and s is the propagation speed of the link.
Packet Loss

• Packet loss is the failure of one or more transmitted packets to arrive


at their destination.
• The loss of data packets increases with the increases of the traffic
intensity.
Throughput

• Throughput or network throughput is the rate of successful message


delivery over a communication channel.
• Throughput measures in bits per second.
Thank You!

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