LEA 2 - POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH PLANNINGS
(Part 2)
SPECIALIZATION- the assignment of particular personnel to particular
tasks which are highly technical and require special skills and training
CHAIN OF COMMAND- the arrangement of officers from top to bottom
on the basis of rank or position and authority
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY- dictates that immediate commanders
shall be responsible for the effective supervision and control of their
personnel and unit
- NAPOLCOM MC No. 95-03 – “Institutionalization of the Doctrine of
Command Responsibility at all levels of Command in the PNP
- EO No. 226 - “Institutionalization of the Doctrine of Command
Responsibility in all Government offices
o LINE AND STAFF – implies that a system of varied functions arrange into a
workable pattern. The line organization is responsible for the direct
accomplishment of the objectives while the staff is responsible for support,
advisory or facilitative capacity. (PNP is a line and staff function)
o PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE – states that the application of principles must be
balanced to ensure the effectiveness of the structure in meeting organization’s
objectives
o PRINCIPLE OF DELEGATION BY RESULTS – states that authority
delegated should be adequate to ensure the ability to accomplish expected
results
o PRINCIPLES OF ABSOLUTENESS OF RESPONSIBILITY – explains that
the responsibility of the subordinates to their superior for performance is
absolute and the superior cannot escape responsibility for the organization on
activities performed by their subordinates.
o PRINCIPLE OF PARITY AND RESPONSIBILITY – explains that
responsibility for action cannot be greater than that implied by the authority
delegated nor should it be less. (equality)
o AUTHORITY LEVEL PRINCIPLE – implies that decisions within the authority
of the individual commander should be made by them and not be returned
upward in the organizational structure.
o PRINCIPLE OF FLEXIBILITY – which means that the more flexible the
organization, the more it can fulfill its purpose
THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF POLICE SERVICE
HOME RULE THEORY
o policemen are regarded as servants of the community, who rely for the
efficiency of their functions upon the express needs of the people
o policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the preservation of public
peace and security
o It exist in United States, England and Philippines
CONTINENTAL THEORY
o policemen are regarded as servants of the higher authorities
o the people have no share or have little participation with the duties nor
connection with the police organization
o It exist in France, Italy and Spain- countries with a decentralized form of
government
OLD CONCEPT
o police service gives the impression of being merely a suppressive machinery
o this philosophy advocates that the measurement of police competence is the
increasing number of arrests, throwing offenders in detention facilities rather
than trying to prevent them from committing crimes
MODERN CONCEPT
o regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal justice system, an
organ of crime prevention
o police efficiency is measured by the decreasing number of crimes
o broadens police activities to cater to social services and has for its mission the
welfare of the individual as well as that of the community in general
THE EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM
ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (600-1006 AD)
o TUN (TOWN) POLICING SYSTEM - A system of policing emerged during the
Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents were required to guard the
town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the
people. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each TITHING elected
a leader who was known as the TITHINGMAN. Since 10 tithings amounted to
100, the leader of the 100 families was named the reeve. Both the tithingman
and reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial power as well as
police authority.
o HUE AND CRY - provides for methods of apprehending a criminal by an act
of the complainant shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the
suspect.
o TRIAL BY ORDEAL - A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the
accused is determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually
dangerous, experience. The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval
Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.” (YOU ARE
PROTECTED BY YOUR GOD)
NORMAL PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (1066-1225 AD)
Shire-Reeve (SHERIFF)
o “SHIRES” a division of (55) military areas in England under the Regime of
France. (subordinates)
o “RIEVE” (the head-man) - the military leader (lieutenants of the army) who is
in charge of the Shires. (leader)
o Two “CONSTABULI” or “The Keeper of the Horse” was appointed to each
village to aid the Rieve in his duties. It became the source of the word
Constable.
o “SHIRE-RIEVE”- it is from the word “Sheriff” came. A person which absolute
powers that no one could questions his or her actions.
TRAVELLING JUDGE - judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being
judge by the Shire-Rieve and task to travel through and hear criminal cases. This
was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial power s.
LEGES HENRICI (LAW OF HENRY) - an act that was enacted during this period
with the following features:
o Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
o Policeman becomes public servant
o The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the
system called “CITIZEN’S ARREST.”
o Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.
MAGNA CARTA- another law enacted upon the demand of the Knights of the
Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with the following features:
o No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned except by legal judgment.
(PRESUMED INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY)
o No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the
victim. (CORPUZ DELICTI)
FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM - A system of policing whereby a group of ten
neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were required to guard the town
to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people
WESTMINSTER PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (1285-1500)
o STATUTE OF 1295 - the law that mark the beginning of the curfew hours,
which demanded the closing of the gates of London during sundown.
o JUSTICE OF THE PEACE - Three or four men who were learned in the law of
the land were given authority to pursue arrest, chastise and imprison violators
of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or villages
ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years later.
o COURTS OF THE STAR-CHAMBER (1487) - a special court designed to try
offenders against the state. The room set-up is formed in a shape of a star
and judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony
from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of
the judges.
