Design of Steel Structure

5. Snow load
It depends upon the latitude of the place. The design snow load depends upon the shape of the roof as
well as the roofing material. This load acts vertically and may be assumed to be 2.5 N/m2 per mm depth
of snow.
6. Earth pressure
In the design of structures below ground level i.e basement sheet piles, retaining wall etc

7. Water current load

The force exerted due to water current on the piers, abutments and other structures inside water must be
taken into consideration.
Impact load
During an impact, the kinetic impact energy has to be absorbed by the vehicle hitting the structure and by
the structure itself'. In an accurate analysis, the probability of occurrence of an impact with a certain
energy and the deformation characteristics of the object hitting the structure and the structure itself at the
actual place must be considered, Impact energies for dropped objects should be based on the actual
loading capacity and lifting height.

Common sources of impact are:

a) vehicles;
b) dropped objects from crane, fork lift, etc
c) crane. out or control, crane failure; and
d) flying fragments.
Temperature and Erection effect
Due to fluctuation in temperature, the structural members expand or contract and produce some loading
effects in the member the end are restrained.

Load combination
It is given in IS 800: 2007 Table 4 Page no-29

Saurav, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering

B.C.E,Bhagalpur
Page 1
Design of Steel Structure
Working stress design
The worst combination of loads is ascertained and the members are proportioned on the basis of working
stress. These stresses should never exceed the permissible stress which is given below:
Axial tensile stress,𝜎𝑎𝑡 = 0.6𝑓𝑦 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 = 1.67
Maximum axial compressive stress, 𝜎𝑎𝑐 = 0.6𝑓𝑦 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 = 1.67
Bending tensile stress, 𝜎𝑏𝑡 = 0.66𝑓𝑦 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 = 1.515
Maximum bending Compressive stress, 𝜎𝑏𝑐 = 0.66𝑓𝑦 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 = 1.515
Average shear stress, 𝜏𝑣𝑎 = 0.4𝑓𝑦 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 = 2.50
Maximum shear stress, 𝜏𝑣𝑚 = 0.45𝑓𝑦 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 = 2.22
Bearing stress, 𝜎𝑝 = 0.75𝑓𝑦 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 = 1.33
Stress in slab base, 𝜎𝑏𝑠 = 185
The permissible stress will be in the elastic range of steel and will be less than the yield stress f y.

Plastic Design
Steel is a ductile material and from the stress-strain curve it is observed that higher load than in the elastic
method can be applied over the structure. This is due to the load fact that a major portion of the curve lies
beyond the elastic limit. This extra strength is termed reverse strength and forms the basis of plastic
design method. This confines the structural usefulness up to the plastic strength or ultimate load carrying
capacity.
The working load is multiplied by the load factor and the member is designed on the basis of the collapse
strength. The term plastic is used because at failure, parts of the member will be subjected to very large
strains large enough to put the member into plastic range

Limit state method (Load and Resistance factor design (LRFD) method
It is similar to plastic design which considers most critical limit states of strength and serviceability. Load
factors are applied to the service load and then theoretical strength of the member reduced by the
application of a resistance factor. The criterion to be satisfied in the selection of member is factored load
≤ factored strength
Limit state of strength (Clause 5.2.2.1 Page no-28 IS 800-2007)
a) Loss of equilibrium of the structure as a whole or any of its parts or components.
b) Loss of stability of the structure (including the effect of sway where appropriate and overturning) or
any of its parts including supports and foundations.
c) Failure by excessive deformation, rupture of the structure or any of its parts or components,
d) Fracture due to fatigue,
e) Brittle fracture.
Limit state of Serviceability (Clause 5.2.2.2 Page no-28 IS 800-2007)
a) Deformation and deflections, which may adversely affect the appearance or effective use of the
structure or may cause improper functioning of equipment or services or may cause damages to
finishes and non-structural members.
b) Vibrations in the structure or any of its components causing discomfort to people, damages to the
structure, its contents or which may limit its functional effectiveness. Special consideration shall
be given to systems susceptible to vibration, such as large open floor areas free of partitions to
ensure that such vibrations are acceptable for the intended use and occupancy
c) Repairable damage or crack due to fatigue.
d) Corrosion, durability.
e) Fire

Saurav, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering

B.C.E,Bhagalpur
Page 2
Design of Steel Structure
Structural elements
I. Flexural members:- Beam or girders
II. Tension Members:- Ties
III. Compression members:- Column, stanchion, strut
IV. Torsional member
V. Elements of foundation structure
Beam:- It is structural member the primary function of which is to support loads normal tp its axis.
Girder:- Usually indicate a major beam frequently aat wide spacing that supports small beams.
Joists:- Closely spaced beam supporting the floors and roofs of buildings.
Purlins:- Roof beam usually supported by trusses.
Rafters:-Roof beam usually supported by purlins.
Lintel:- Beam over windows or door opening that support the wall above.
Girts:- Horizontal wall beams used to support wall covering on the side of industrial building.
Spandral beam:- Beam around the outside perimeter of a floor that support the exterior wall aand
outside edge of the floor.

Structural steel (Standard quality) IS 226-1975

1. Rolled steel beam section
a) Junior Beams ISJB (Indian standard Junior Beam)
b) ISLB(Indian standard Light Beam)
c) ISMB(Indian standard Medium Beam)
d) ISWB(Indian standard Wide Flange Beam)
e) ISHB(Indian standard H- Beam or column)

ISLB 400 @ 103.7 kg/m

2. Rolled Steel Channel section

a) ISJC(Indian standard Junior channel)
b) ISLC(Indian standard Light channel)
c) ISMC(Indian standard Medium channel)
d) ISSC(Indian standard Special channel)

3. Rolled Steel Angle Section

a) Equal angles section (ISA)
b) Unequal angles section(ISA)
c) Bulb angle section (ISBA)
4. Rolled Steel T-section
Saurav, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering
B.C.E,Bhagalpur
Page 3
Design of Steel Structure
a) Normal Tee (ISNT) Having width of flange equal to the depth of section.
b) H-Tee or wide flange Tee (ISHT) having width of flange equal to twice the depth of
section.
c) Short-Tee (ISST) width of flange shorter than the depth of the section.
d) Light Tee(ISLT) having light weight
e) Junior Tee (ISJT)
ISNT 100 @ 15.0kg/m
5. Rolled Steel Bars
a) Round bars(ISRO)
b) Square bars(ISSQ)
ISRO 100

Saurav, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering

B.C.E,Bhagalpur
Page 4
Design of Steel Structure

Saurav, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering

B.C.E,Bhagalpur
Page 5
Design of Steel Structure
Section classification
a) Class 1 (Plastic) — Cross-sections, which can develop plastic hinges and have the rotation capacity
required for failure of the structure by formation of plastic mechanism. The width to thickness ratio of
plate elements shall be less than that specified under Class 1 (Plastic), in Table 2.
b) Class 2 (Compact) — Cross-sections, which can develop plastic moment of resistance, but have
inadequate plastic hinge rotation capacity for formation of plastic mechanism, due to local buckling. The
width to thickness ratio of plate elements shall be less than that specified under Class 2 (Compact), but
greater than that specified under Class 1 (Plastic), in Table 2.
c) Class 3 (Semi-compact) — Cross-sections, in which the extreme fiber in compression can reach yield
stress, but cannot develop the plastic moment of resistance, due to local buckling. The width to thickness
ratio of plate elements shall be less than that specified under Class 3 (Semi-compact), but greater than that
specified under Class 2 (Compact), in Table 2.
d) Class 4 (Slender) — Cross-sections in which the elements buckle locally even before reaching yield
stress. The width to thickness ratio of plate elements shall be greater than that specified under Class 3
(Semi-compact), in Table 2. In such cases, the effective sections for design shall be calculated either by
following the provisions of IS 801 to account for the post-local-buckling strength or by deducting width
of the compression plate element in excess of the semi-compact section limit. When different elements of
a cross-section fall under different classes, the section shall be classified as governed by the most critical
element. The maximum value of limiting width to thickness ratios of elements for different classifications
of sections are given in Table 2

Saurav, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering

B.C.E,Bhagalpur
Page 6
Design of Steel Structure

Saurav, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering

B.C.E,Bhagalpur
Page 7