EDC Question Bank 18
EDC Question Bank 18
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. David A. Bell ,”Electronic devices and circuits”, Oxford University higher education, 5th edition 2008.
2. Sedra and smith, “Microelectronic circuits”,7th Ed., Oxford University Press
REFERENCES:
1.Balbir Kumar, Shail.B.Jain, “Electronic devices and circuits” PHI learning private limited, 2ndedition 2014.
2.Thomas L.Floyd, “Electronic devices” Conventional current version, Pearson prentice hall, 10th Edition, 2017.
3.Donald A Neamen, “Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design” Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition, 2003.
4.Robert L.Boylestad, “Electronic devices and circuit theory”, 2002.
5.Robert B. Northrop, “Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation”,
CRC Press, 2004.
UNIT I
PN JUNCTION DIODE
PART-A
1. What are valence electrons?
Electron in the outer most shell of an atom is called valence electron.
2. What is forbidden energy gap?
The space between the valence and conduction band is said to be forbidden energy gap.
3. What are conductors? Give examples?
Conductors are materials in which the valence and conduction band overlap each other
so there is a swift movement of electrons which leads to conduction. Ex. Copper, silver.
4. What are insulators? Give examples?
Insulators are materials in which the valence and conduction band are far away from
each other. So no movement of free electrons and thus no conduction. Ex glass, plastic.
5. What are Semiconductors? Give examples?
The materials whose electrical property lies between those of conductors and insulators
are known as Semiconductors. Ex germanium, silicon.
6. What are the types of Semiconductor?
Intrinsic semiconductor
Extrinsic semiconductor.
7. What is Intrinsic Semiconductor?
Pure form of semiconductors are said to be intrinsic semiconductor. Ex germanium,
silicon.
8. What is Extrinsic Semiconductor?
If certain amount of impurity atom is added to intrinsic semiconductor the resulting
semiconductor is Extrinsic or impure Semiconductor.
9. What are the types of Extrinsic Semiconductor?
P-type Semiconductor
N- Type Semiconductor.
10. What is P-type Semiconductor?
The Semiconductor which are obtained by introducing pentavalent impurity atom
(phosphorous, antimony) are known as P-type Semiconductor.
11. What is N-type Semiconductor?
The Semiconductor which are obtained by introducing trivalent impurity atom (gallium,
indium) are known as N-type Semiconductor.
12. What is doping?
Process of adding impurity to an semiconductor atom is doping. The impurity is called
dopant.
13. Which is majority and minority carrier in N-type Semiconductor?
Majority carrier: electrons and minority carrier: holes.
14. Which is majority and minority carrier in P-type Semiconductor?
Majority carrier: holes and minority carrier: electrons.
15. What is a PN junction diode?
A PN junction diode is a two terminal device consisting of a PN junction formed either of
Germanium or Silicon crystal. A PN junction is formed by diffusing P type material to one half
side and N type material to other half side.
16. What is depletion region in PN junction? (MAY/JUNE 2012)
The diffusion of holes and electrons will result in difference in concentration across the
junction which in turn results in the movement of the mobile charge carriers to the
junction thus resulting in a region called depletion region.
17. What is barrier voltage?
Because of the oppositely charged ions present on both sides of PN junction an electric
potential is established across the junction even without any external voltage source
which is termed as barrier potential.
18. What is meant by biasing a PN junction?
Connecting a PN junction to an external voltage source is biasing a PN junction.
19. What are the types of biasing a PN junction?
Forward bias
Reverse bias.
20. Define Static resistance and Dynamic resistance? (May 2013)
The resistance offered by the diode to DC operating conditions is called “Static resistance” and
the resistance offered by the diode to AC operating conditions is called “Dynamic resistance”.
21. Explain the terms knee voltage and breakdown voltage? (Nov 2010)
Knee voltage: The forward voltage at which the current through the PN junction starts increasing
rapidly is known as knee voltage. It is also called as cut-in voltage or threshold voltage.
Breakdown voltage: It is the reverse voltage of a PN junction diode at which the junction breaks
down with sudden rise in the reverse current.
22. Write down and explain junction diode equation.
The equation which explains the forward and reverse characteristics of a semiconductor diode is
known diode equation. The diode current is given by
a.
Drift current density due to holes
b.
Jn = Drift current density due to electrons
Jp = Drift current density due to holes
q = Charge of the carrier
n = Mobility of electrons
p = Mobility of holes
E = Applied electric field strength.
34. State the law of junction relating the boundary value of injected minority carrier
concentration with applied voltage?
The law of junction gives the density of minority carriers injected into a material across the
junction. In a PN junction diode, concentration of holes injected in to the n region is given by
Pn (0) pno eV VT
48. Draw the circuit diagram and output wave form for full wave rectifier
49. Draw the circuit diagram for a full wave rectifier using bridge rectifier
50. Define PIV, what is the value of PIV for bridge wave rectifier? (NOV/DEC 2011)
PIV is the peak voltage across the diode in the reverse direction.
PIV for HWR = Esm = EDC | IDC = 0
PIV for FWR = 2Esm = EDC | IDC = 0
PIV for bridge wave FWR = Esm
51. Define and explain peak inverse voltage ( PIV) (Nov 2010)
Peak inverse voltage is the maximum reverse voltage that can be applied to the PN junction
without damage to the junction. If the reverse voltage across the junction exceeds to its peak
inverse voltage, the junction may be destroyed due to excessive heat.
52. What is meant by transformer utilization factor?
It is the ratio of power delivered to the load to the volt ampere rating of transformer.
53. Mention some characteristics of LASER diode.
It is coherent i.e. there is no path difference between the waves comprising the beam.
It is monochromatic i.e. it consists of one wavelength and hence one colour only.
It is collimated i.e. emitted light waves travel parallel to each other.
54. Mention some applications of LASER diode. APR/MAY 2017
Laser diodes used in variety of applications ranging from medical equipment used in surgery to
consumer products like optical disk equipment, laser printers, hologram scanners, etc. Laser
diodes emitting visible light are used as pointers. Those emitting visible and infrared light are
used to measure the distance.
55. Draw the symbol of the following device (i)PN diode (ii)Zener diode (iii)LED (iv)UJT
(NOV/DEC 2015)
PART – B
UNIT 1
1. With neat sketch explain the construction, operation and its characteristics of PN junction diode.
also list its Advantages and its applications. NOV/DEC 2014, NOV/DEC 2015
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.34-50]
2. (i)Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave rectifier for producing a positive output voltage.
Explain the circuit operation and sketch the waveforms.NOV/DEC 2015,NOV/DEC 2016
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.71-75]
(ii) Explain the action of a full wave rectifier using diodes and give waveforms of input and
output voltages. APR/MAY 2015, APR/MAY 2018
UNIT II
TRANSISTORS
PART-A
1. What is a transistor (BJT)?
Transistor is a three terminal device whose output current, voltage and /or power is controlled by
input current.
2. What are the terminals present in a transistor?
Three terminals: emitter, base, collector.
3. Why do we choose Q point at the center of the load line?
The operating point of a transistor is kept fixed usually at the center of the active region in order
that the input signal is well amplified. If the point is fixed in the saturation region or the cut off
region the positive and negative half cycle gets clipped off respectively.
4. List out the different types of biasing.
Voltage divider bias
Base bias
Emitter feedback bias
Collector feedback bias
Emitter bias.
5. What do you meant by thermal runway?
Due to the self heating at the collector junction, the collector current rises. This causes damage to
the device. This phenomenon is called thermal runway.
6. Why is the transistor called a current controlled device?
The output characteristics of the transistor depend on the input current. So the transistor is called
a current controlled device.
7. Define current amplification factor?
It is defined as the ratio of change in output current to the change in input current at constant.
8. What is Q-point or operating point? (MAY/JUNE 2012)
We set a fixed level of certain currents and voltages in a transistor. These values define a point
called as the Q-point or the operating point
9. What are the requirements for biasing circuits?
The Q point must be taken at the Centre of the active region of the output characteristics.
Stabilize the collector current against the temperature variations.
Make the Q point independent of the transistor parameters.
When the transistor is replaced, it must be of same type.
10. When does a transistor act as a switch?
The transistor acts as a switch when it is operated at either cutoff region or saturation region
11. What is biasing? (MAY/JUNE 2012)
To use the transistor in any application it is necessary to provide sufficient voltage and current to
operate the transistor. This is called biasing.
12. What is meant by biasing a transistor?(Nov 2014)
Transistor biasing is the process of maintaining proper flow of zero signal collector current and
collector-emitter voltage during the passage of signal. Biasing keeps emitter-base junction
forward biased and collector-base junction reverse biased during the passage of signal.
13. What is stability factor?
Stability factor is defined as the rate of change of collector current with respect to the rate of
change of reverse saturation current.
14. Explain about the various regions in a transistor?
The three regions are active region saturation region cutoff region.
15. Explain about the characteristics of a transistor?
Input characteristics: it is drawn between input voltage & input current while keeping output
voltage as constant.
Output characteristics: It is drawn between the output voltage &output current while keeping
input current as constant.
23. What is thermal run away? (NOV/DEC 2009), (MAY/JUNE 2013,NOV/DEC 2017)
Due to the self heating at the collector junction the collector current rises. This causes damage to
the device. This phenomenon is called thermal runaway.
24. The reverse saturation current in a silicon diode is 100nA at 27 0 C. find the current through
the diode if the applied forward voltage is 1V.
273 27
VT 25.8mV
11600
V
I I 0 eVT 1
1
100 x 10 -9 e 2 x 25.8 x 10 1 26 A
-3
25. What is the difference between the AC and the DC load line in a CE amplifier having
voltage divider bias and external load resistor RL?
DC load line:
The load resistance is not considered here,
Applying KVL in the CE junction,
VCC I C RC VCE I E RE
Put VCE 0, I C I E
VCC
I CQ
RC RE
Put IC = IE = 0, VCC = VCEQ. Hence the DC load line co – ordinates are (VCEQ, I CQ )
AC load line:
The load resistance is considered here,
The co- ordinates of the AC load line is determined by,
Rac RC || RL
max VCE I CQ Rac VCEQ
VCEQ
max I C I CQ
Rac
26. Compare the performance of CE, CB, CC APR/MAY 2017
Parameters CB CE CC
Where Idss = maximum value of drain current when Vgs = 0 , Vp = Pinch off voltage.
at constant Id
48.
56. Give the expression for peak point voltage for UJT?
VP VBB VD
64. Compare BJT and JFET (MAY 2010, NOV 2014,MAY 2015, NOV/DEC 2017, APR/MAY
2018)
BJT JFET
Low input impedance High input impedance
High Output impedance Low output impedance
Bipolar device Unipolar device
Noise is more Less noise
Cheaper Costlier
Gain is more Gain is less
Current controlled device Voltage controlled device
65. What is a thyristor? Mention two of them.(APR/MAY 2015)
A thyristor is a four-layer semiconductor device, consisting of alternating P type and N type
materials (PNPN). The four layers act as bistable switches. As long as the voltage across the
device has not reversed (that is, they are forward biased), thyristors continue to conduct electric
current.
The most common type of thyristor is the (i) silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) (ii) DIAC (iii)
TRIAC
66. Compare the transistor and thyristors.
S.NO TRANSISTOR THYRISTOR
1. Transistor is a three layer , two Thyristor is a four layer, three junction
junction device device
2. Commutation circuitry which is costly Commutation circuit is required
and bulky, is not required
3. To keep a transistor in the conducting Thyristors require a pulse to make it
state, a continuous base current is conducting and thereafter it remain
required. conducting.
67. Draw the two transistor model of SCR. (JAN2011, APR/MAY 2017)
PART - B
UNIT 2
1. (i)Explain the construction and operation of NPN transistors with neat sketch. Also comment on
the characteristics of NPN transistor NOV/DEC 2014
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.143-172]
(ii) Explain the input/output characteristics of BJT in common base configuration.MAY/JUN
2014 [David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.180-204]
(iii)Explain the operation of NPN transistor in CE configuration with its input and output
characteristics. Also define Active, saturation and cut-off region. MAY/JUN 2012, NOV/DEC
2016
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.218-223]
(iv) Compare the performance of a transistor in different configuration.MAY/JUN 2012
2. (i)Explain the selection of Q point for a transistor bias circuit and discuss the limitations on the
output voltage swing. NOV/DEC 2015
(ii) Explain in detail, different biasing methods for a transistor circuit with neat circuit diagram
and obtain respective stability factors.APR/MAY 2011
(iii)Draw a self bias circuit using BJT and derive an expression for the stability factor.
APR/MAY 2015
(iv)Draw the collector to base bias circuit,emitter bias method of a transistor and derive the
expression for the stability factor. NOV/DEC 2009,NOV/DEC 2013, NOV/DEC 2017
(v) Distinguish between d.c and a.c load lines with suitable diagram. APR/MAY 2015
(vi) Explain how potential divider bias is obtained NOV/DEC 2011
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.143-223]
3. (i)Explain the construction and operation of N-channel JFET with neat sketches and
characteristics curve.MAY/JUN 2012
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.345-367,380-396]
4. With the help of suitable diagram, explain the working of enhancement MOSFET and depletion
MOSFET . APR/MAY 2015, NOV/DEC 2015, NOV/DEC 2013, APR/MAY 2017 , NOV/DEC
2017,APR/MAY 2018
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.367-371,417-420]
5. Describe the construction and working of UJT with its equivalent circuit and V-I characteristics.
APR/MAY 2015, NOV/DEC 2015, NOV/DEC 2013, NOV/DEC 2016)
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.927-934]
6. (i)With neat sketch, explain the construction, operation and characteristics of SCR. NOV/DEC
2014, NOV/DEC 2015, NOV/DEC 2013, NOV/DEC 2016, APR/MAY 2017, APR/MAY 2018,
NOV/DEC 2017)
(ii) Explain the construction and working principles of DIAC and TRIAC with neat sketches.
APR/MAY 2015
(iii) With neat sketch, explain the construction, operation and characteristics of IGBT
APR/MAY 2017[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.893-927]
UNIT III
AMPLIFIERS
PART-A
1. What is an amplifier?(APR/MAY 2015)
An amplifier is a circuit which can be used to increase the magnitude of the input current or
voltage at the output by means of energy drawn from an external source.
2. Based on the transistor configuration how amplifiers are classified? (APR/MAY 2015)
Based on transistor configuration, the amplifiers are classified as
Common emitter amplifier
Common base amplifier
Common collector amplifier.
3. List out the classification of large signal amplifiers? (NOV/DEC 2009), (MAY/JUNE 2013)
The large signal amplifiers are classified as follows.
Based on the input
Small signal amplifier
Large scale amplifier
Based on the output
Voltage amplifier
Power amplifier
Current amplifier
Based on the transistor configuration
CE amplifier
CB amplifier
CC amplifier
Based on the number of stages
Single stage amplifier
Multi stage amplifier
Based on band width
Untunned amplifier (wide band amplifier)
Tuned amplifier (narrow band amplifier)
Based on the frequency response
AF(Audio Frequency) amplifier
IF (Intermidiate Frequency) amplifier
RF(Radio Frequency) amplifier
Based on the biasing condition
i. Class A amplifier
ii. Class B amplifier
iii. Class C amplifier
iv Class AB amplifier
v Class D amplifier
vi Class S amplifier
4. Compare input impedance and voltage gain of CE and CC amplifiers NOV/DEC 2010,
NOV/DEC 2013, APR/MAY 2017
S.No Characteristics CE CC
1 Input Impedance Low High
2 Voltage Gain Medium Low
5. Define hybrid parameters. (MAY 2011,NOV2014)
Any linear circuit having input and output terminals can be analyzed by four parameters are input
impedance, output impedance, current gain and voltage gain.(one measured on ohm, one in mho
and two dimensionless) called hybrid or h-parameters.
29. What is the need of coupling capacitors in amplifier design? (NOV/DEC 2015)
A coupling capacitor is a capacitor which is used to couple or link together only the AC signal
from one circuit element to another. The capacitor blocks the DC signal from entering the second
element and, thus, only passes the AC signal.
30. What are 3 db frequencies?
The frequency at which we have 70.7% of fall from the maximum gain is called 3db frequency
20. In an amplifier the maximum voltage gain is 2000, occurs at 2KHz. It falls to 1414 at 10Hz
and 50Hz.Find i) B.W ii) Lower and upper cut off frequency.
&
31. Define upper and lower cut off frequencies of an amplifier.
The frequency at which the voltage gain of the amplifier is exactly 70.7% of the maximum gain is
known as lower cut off frequency.
The frequency at which the voltage gain of the amplifier, is exactly 70.7% o0f the maximum gain
is known as upper cutoff frequency.
32. Define the term bandwidth and gain bandwidth product.
Bandwidth is defined as the range of frequency over which the gain remains constant.
The product of midland gain and bandwidth is called gain bandwidth product .
33. What are the causes of occurrence of upper cutoff frequency in BJT?
The internal capacitors are the main element for decrease of gain as well as occurance of upper
cut off frequency.
34. List out the application and characteristics of CE amplifier.
It is used as voltage amplifier, among the three basic transistor amplifiers.
Characteristics of CE amplifier:
It has good voltage gain with phase inversions. i.e. the output voltage is
180°out of phase with input
It also has good current, power gain and relatively high input and output
impedance.
35. Mention some application of CC amplifier.
It is used as buffer amplifier as it has unity voltage gain.
It is used as impedance matching network.
36. What is millers theorem? ( NOV/DEC 2016)
Millers theorem states that the capacitor connected between the input and output can be split in to
two net works such that one network appears as the mirror image of the other one.The impedance
of such network can be taken by open circuiting or short circuiting the common connections exist
between the two net works.
37. Define frequency response.
Frequency response can be defined as measure of output parameter variation with respect to
variation of input frequency.
38. State the reason for choosing 3 db point to determine the bandwidth.
The reason for choosing 3 db point to determine the bandwidth is that, above this level, larger the
frequency variation (i.e. output delivers the constant output below this level even for lower
frequency variation), the gain variation is large i.e. the output is not constant. Thus 3 db point is
selected as reference to find the bandwidth.
39. Define voltage gain for a JFET CG configuration.
41.Draw the hybrid small signal model of CB configuration .( NOV/DEC 2016, APR/MAY
2018)
PART - B
UNIT 3
1. Draw the h-parameter model of a BJT-CE amplifier and derive the equations for voltage gain,
current gain, input impedance and output impedance. (NOV/DEC 2014, APR/MAY 2015,
NOV/DEC 2016, NOV/DEC 2017,APR/MAY 2018)
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.246-262]
2. (i)Draw the a.c equivalent circuit of a C.B amplifier using h-parameter model and derive the
equation for Zi,Zo,Av and Ai. APR/MAY 2015
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.268-275]
(ii) Draw the a.c equivalent circuit of a C.C amplifier using h-parameter model and derive the
equation for Zi,Zo,Av and Ai. [David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page
no.263-268]
3. Discuss the factors involved in the selection of Ic,Rc and Re for a single stage common emitter
BJT amplifier circuit ,using voltage divider bias. NOV/DEC 2015
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.275-277]
4. (i)Compare and contrast all the parameters of CC,CB and CC amplifiers. APR/MAY 2015,
NOV/DEC 2013, NOV/DEC 2017
(ii) Explain the mid band analysis of single stage CE,CB,CC AMPLIFIERS APR/MAY 2018
5. (i)With neat circuit diagram ,perform ac analysis for common source and common drain using
equivalent circuit NMOSFET amplifier. (NOV/DEC 2014, NOV/DEC 2015, NOV/DEC 2016,
APR/MAY 2017)
(ii) Mark a high frequency analysis of a common sourcr amplifier NOV/DEC 2017
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.438-448]
6. Describe about small signal MOSFET amplifiers (NMOS) and obtain the expression for its
transconductance. APR/MAY 2015
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.448-461,518-523]
UNIT IV
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS AND DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER
PART-A
4. Define CMRR.what is its ideal value? (NOV/DEC 2016, NOV/DEC 2015,May 2010/ Nov
2014, APR/MAY 2017)
It is defined as the ratio of the differential voltage gain (A d) to the common mode voltage gain
(Acm) .
CMRR = 20 log (Ad/Acm)
For a perfect differential amplifier, the CMRR is equal to infinity as Acm is zero.
5. State the different methods of biasing of difference amplifier.
a. The different methods of biasing of difference amplifier are,
b. i) Emitter bias ii) Constant current bias
6. Explain the need for constant current source for difference amplifier.
The necessity for constant current source for differential amplifier is to increase the common
mode rejection ratio without changing the quiescent current (operating point) and without
lowering the forward current gain.
7. Why RE is replaced by a constant current bias in a differential amplifier?
The emitter supply VEE used for biasing purpose must become larger as R E is increased in order
to maintain the quiescent current at its proper value. If the operating currents of the transistors
are allowed to decrease, this will lead to higher H ie values and lower values of H fe. Both these
effects will tend to decrease CMRR. To overcome this practical limitations R E is replaced by a
constant current bias.
8. What is the input impedance of a differential amplifier with RE at its emitter junction?
The input impedance of a differential amplifier with RE at its emitter junction is :
9. What should be the value of AC, the common mode gain and Ad the difference mode gain
for an ideal differential amplifier?
The common mode gain of an ideal differential amplifier is 0. The difference mode gain of an
ideal differential amplifier is very high () .
10. Explain why constant current source biasing is preferred for differential amplifier.
The constant current source biasing is preferred for differential amplifier inorder to increase the
input resistance and to make the common mode gain zero.
11. Distinguish between common mod signal and differential mode signal.
If the same input is applied to both the inputs, the operation is called common mode signal. It is
the average value of the input signals.
12. If the two opposite polarity input signals are applied, the operation is referred to as difference
mode. The difference between the input voltages in called difference mode signal.
13. What is the classification of power amplifier?
Class A ,class B, class C, class AB & class D.
14. Explain the difference between voltage and power amplifier.
Voltage Amplifier: The input given to the transistor is in millivolts. The transistor used is a small
signal transistor. Power Amplifier: The input given to the transistor is in volts. The transistor used
is a power transistor.
15. Explain why power amplifier is also known as large signal amplifier.
Since the output obtained from the power amplifier is very large, it is known as large signal
amplifier.
16. How do you bias the class A amplifier? List the advantage of class A amplifiers.
(NOV/DEC 2013)
In class A mode, the output current flows through the entire period of input cycle and the Q point
is chosen at the midpoint of AC load line and biased. An amplifier is a circuit which can be used
to increase the magnitude of the input current or voltage at the output by means of energy drawn
from an external source.
ADVANTAGES OF CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER.
Lower distortion
Higher suppression of ripple and noise from the power supply
Lower output impedance
Better DC stability
Suppression of interference from the loudspeaker connection
27. What are the features of class – C power amplifier? (APR/MAY 2011)
The output current flows only during a part of the positive half cycle of the input signal. This
condition is achieved by biasing the transistor below cut off.
The output signal does not Resemble the input Signal because it consists of narrow pulses
The class – C amplifiers is the most efficient power amplifier and its overall efficiency, under
certain conditions, may approach even 100%
28. What is meant by cross over distortion? (NOV/DEC 2010), (NOV/DEC 2011),
(MAY/JUNE 2012), (MAY/JUNE 2013, APR/MAY 2018)
In Class – B amplifier, both the transistors are at cut off region that is bias voltage is zero. So
input signal voltage should exceed the barrier voltage to make the transistor conduct until the
input signal exceeds 0.7V for Si and 0.3V for Ge, otherwise the transistor cannot conduct. So
there is a time interval between the positive and the negative alterations of the input signal when
neither transistor is conducting. The resulting distortion in the output signal is cross over
distortion.
33. Write down the values of maximum possible power conversion efficiency for
Class A direct coupled
Class A transformer coupled
For class A direct coupled η = 25%
For class A transformer coupled η = 50%
34. State Bisection theorem
This is called Bisection theorem can be applied to any symmetrical network. Emitter
coupled differential amplifier is symmetrical network.
35. What do you mean by tuned amplifiers?
The amplifiers which amplify only selected range of frequencies (narrow
band of frequencies) with the help of tuned circuits (parallel LC circuit) are called tuned
amplifiers.
36. What are the various types of tuned amplifiers?
Small signal tuned amplifiers
Single tuned amplifiers
Capacitive coupled
Inductively coupled (or) Transformer coupled
Double tuned amplifiers
Stagger tuned amplifiers
Large signal tuned amplifiers
37. Give the expressions for the resonance frequency and impedance of the tuned circuit.
f = 1 / 2π√ LC & Z R = L/CR
38. What is the response of tuned amplifiers?
The response of tuned amplifier is maximum at resonant frequency and it
falls sharply for frequencies below and above the resonant frequency.
39. When tuned circuit is like resistive, capacitive and inductive?
At resonance, circuit is like resistive.
For frequencies above resonance, circuit is like capacitive.
For frequencies below resonance, circuit is like inductive.
40. What are the various components of coil losses?
Copper loss
Eddy current loss
Hysteresis loss
41. Define Q factor of resonant circuit.
It is the ratio of reactance to resistance.
It also can be defined as the measure of efficiency with which inductor
can store the energy.
Q=2п *(Maximum Energy Stored per cycle / Energy dissipated per cycle)
42. What is dissipation factor?
It is defined as 1/Q.
It can be referred to as the total loss within a component.
43. Define unloaded and loaded Q of tuned circuit.
The unloaded Q or QU is the ratio of stored energy to dissipated energy
in a reactor or resonator.
The loaded Q or QL of a resonator is determined by how tightly the
resonator is coupled to its terminations.
44. Why quality factor is kept as high as possible in tuned circuits?
When Q is high, bandwidth is low and we get better selectivity. Hence Q is kept as high as
possible in tuned circuits. When Q is high inductor losses are less.
45. List various types of cascaded Small signal tuned amplifiers.
Single tuned amplifiers.
Double tuned amplifiers.
Stagger tuned amplifiers.
46. How single tuned amplifiers are classified?
Capacitance coupled single tuned amplifier.
Transformer coupled or inductively coupled single tuned amplifier.
47. What are single tuned amplifiers?
Single tuned amplifiers use one parallel resonant circuit as the load impedance in each stage and
all the tuned circuits are tuned to the same frequency.
48. What are double tuned amplifiers?
Double tuned amplifiers use two inductively coupled tuned circuits per stage, both the tuned
circuits being tuned to the same frequency.
49. What are stagger tuned amplifiers?
Stagger tuned amplifiers use a number of single tuned stages in cascade,
the successive tuned circuits being tuned to slightly different frequencies. (OR)
It is a circuit in which two single tuned cascaded amplifiers having certain bandwidth are taken
and their resonant frequencies are adjusted that they are separated by an amount equal to the
bandwidth of each stage. Since resonant frequencies are displaced it is called stagger tuned
amplifier.
50. What is the effect of cascading single tuned amplifiers on bandwidth?
Bandwidth reduces due to cascading single tuned amplifiers.
51. List the advantages and disadvantages of tuned amplifiers.
Advantages:
They amplify defined frequencies.
Signal to Noise ratio at output is good.
They are well suited for radio transmitters and receivers.
The band of frequencies over which amplification is required can be
varied.
Disadvantages:
Since they use inductors and capacitors as tuning elements, the circuit is
bulky and costly.
If the band of frequency is increased, design becomes complex.
They are not suitable to amplify audio frequencies.
52. What are the advantages of double tuned amplifier over single tuned amplifier?
It provides larger 3 dB bandwidth than the single tuned amplifier and hence provides the larger
gain-bandwidth product.
It provides gain versus frequency curve having steeper sides and flatter top.
53. What the advantages are of stagger tuned amplifier?
The advantage of stagger tuned amplifier is to have better flat, wideband characteristics.
54. Mention the applications of class C tuned amplifier.
Class C amplifiers are used primarily in high-power, high-frequency applications such as Radio-
frequency transmitters.
In these applications, the high frequency pulses handled by the amplifier
are not themselves the signal, but constitute what is called the Carrier for
the signal.
Amplitude modulation is one such example.
The principal advantage of class-C amplifier is that it has a higher
efficiency than the other amplifiers.
55. What is Neutralization?
The technique used for the elimination of potential oscillations is called neutralization. (OR) The
effect of collector to base capacitance of the transistor is neutralized by introducing a signal that
cancels the signal coupled through collector base capacitance. This process is called
neutralization.
56. What is the use of Neutralization? (NOV/DEC 2015)
BJT and FET are potentially unstable over some frequency range due to the feedback parameter
present in them.
If the feedback can be cancelled by an additional feedback signal that is equal in
amplitude and opposite in sign, the transistor becomes unilateral from input to output the
oscillations completely stop.
This is achieved by Neutralization.
57. What are the different types of neutralization?
Hazeltine neutralization
Rice neutralization
Neutrodyne neutralization.
58. What is rice neutralization?
It uses center tapped coil in the base circuit. The signal voltages at the end of tuned base coil are
equal and out of phase.
59. Write down the need of cascading the amplifiers. (Nov 2014)(APR/MAY 2015)
Cascading means connecting the output of one amplifier to the input of another to form a
multistage amplifier. The overall gain of cascaded amplifiers depends on that of each stage and
the total number of stages. The purpose of cascading amplifiers is to reach the desired signal
power with a minimum amount of distortion, by providing equal overall gain characteristics to all
frequencies in the signal.
60. Draw the ideal tuned circuit and write the expression for its resonant frequency.
(APR/MAY 2015)
PART-B
UNIT 4
1. With neat sketch explain two stage cascaded amplifier and derive its overall Av,Ai,Ri and Ro
NOV/DEC 2014
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.510-516]
2. Draw the circuit of emitter coupled BJT differential amplifier, and derive expressions for
differential gain, common mode gain and CMRR.( NOV/DEC 2014, APR/MAY 2015,
NOV/DEC 2015, NOV/DEC 2016, NOV/DEC 2017,APR/MAY 2018)
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.510-516]
3. What is Neutralization ?Explain any two method in brief( APR/MAY 2015,NOV/DEC 2016,
APR/MAY 2018)[NOTES]
4. (i)Draw the circuit diagram of a push pull amplifier and explain its working in detail. APR/MAY
2015
(ii) Derive the equation for efficiency of a class B power amplifier. APR/MAY 2015, NOV/DEC
2015, NOV/DEC 2013
(iii) Explain the operation of complementary symmetry push pull amplifiers state its advantages
and disadvantages.
(iv) Explain the working of Class A Power amplifier and derive the expression for the power
output, efficiency, NOV/DEC 2013, APR/MAY 2017
(v) Explain the working of Class C Power amplifier and derive the expression for the power
output, efficiency APR/MAY 2017, NOV/DEC 2017
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.807-833,877-882]
(vi) Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of any three classes of power amplifier
NOV/DEC 2017
5. With the neat circuit, explain and derive the gain and bandwidth of a single tuned amplifier with
its frequency response. NOV/DEC 2015
[David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits” page no.524-530]
6. Draw the circuit of FET input stages, and derive expressions for differential gain, common mode
gain and CMRR APR/MAY 2017 [David A. Bell ,”Electronic Devices and Circuits”
page no.524-530]
UNIT V
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS
PART-A
1. Define positive feedback?
If the feedback signal is in phase with input signal, then the net effect of the feedback will
increase the input signal given to the amplifier. This type of feedback is said to be positive or
regenerative feedback.
2. Define negative feedback?
If the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal then the input voltage applied to the
basic amplifier is decreased and correspondingly the output is decreased. This type of feedback is
known as negative or degenerative feedback.
3. Define sensitivity?
Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of percentage change in voltage gain with feedback to the
percentage change in voltage gain without feedback.
4. Define Desensitivity D?
Desensitivity is defined as the reciprocal of sensitivity. It indicates the factor by which the
voltage gain has been reduced due to feedback network.
Desensitivity factor (D) = 1+A β.
Where
A = Amplifier gain.
β = Feedback factor.
5. What are the types of feedback?(NOV/DEC-2013, APR/MAY 2018)
i. Voltage-series feedback
ii. Voltage-shunt feedback
iii. Current-series feedback
iv. Current-shunt feedback
6. Define feedback?
A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined with the
normal input signal. This is known as feedback.
7. Give an example for voltage-series feedback.
The Common collector or Emitter follower amplifier is an example for voltage series feedback.
8. Give the properties of negative feedback.
i. Negative feedback reduces the gain
ii. Distortion is very much reduced
9. Distinguish between series and shunt feedback.
S.No Series Feedback Shunt Feedback
(i) In series feedback amplifier, In shunt feedback amplifiers, the
the feedback signal is connected in feedback signal is connected in
series with the input signal. parallel with the input signal.
12. What is Voltage shunt feedback? (or) What is transresistance amplifier?
In voltage shunt feedback amplifier the sampled signal is a voltage and the feedback
signal(Which is fed in shunt)is a current.
Vo
R m (or) Vo R m . I i
Vi
Where
Rm = Amplifier gain.
Vo = Output voltage.
Ii = Input current.
13. What is voltage series feedback amplifier? (or)What is voltage amplifier?
In a voltage series feedback amplifier the sampled signal is a voltage and feedback signal(Which
is fed in series) is also a voltage.
Vo
A
Vi
Where
A = Amplifier gain.
Vo = Output voltage.
Vi = Input voltage.
14. What is current -shunt feedback amplifier? (or) What is current amplifier?
In a current shunt feedback amplifier, the sampled signal is a current and the feedback
signal(Which is fed in shunt) is a current.
Io
A (or) I o A. I i
Ii
Where
A = Amplifier gain.
Io = Output current.
Ii = Input current.
15. Write the expression for gain with feedback for positive and negative feedback.
For positive feedback:
A
A f
1 A
For negative feedback:
A
A f
1 A
Where,
Af = Amplifier gain with feedback.
A = Amplifier gain without feedback.
β = Feedback factor.
16. Give an example for current-series feedback amplifier. (or) Give an example for
Transconductance amplifier.
The common emitter amplifier with Re in the emitter lead and FET common source amplifier
stage with source resistor R are the best expel for current series feedback circuit.
17. Give an example for Voltage shunt feedback? (or) Give an example for transresistance
amplifier?
The collector feedback biased common emitter amplifier is an example of voltage – shunt
feedback circuit.
18. Give an example for voltage series feedback. (or) Give an example for voltage amplifier.
The common collector (or) emitter follower is an example of voltage series feedback.
19. Distinguish between series and shunt feedback amplifiers.
Series feedback:
(i). In series feedback amplifier the feedback signal is connected in series with the input
signal.
(ii). It increases the input resistance.
Shunt feedback:
(i). In shunt feedback amplifier the feedback signal is connected in shunt with the input signal.
(ii). It decreases the input resistance.
20. What are the advantages of negative feedback? (NOV/DEC2010), (MAY/JUNE 2012),
(NOV/DEC 2015)
Gain stability
Noise reduction
Reduction in nonlinear distortion
Bandwidth can be increased
Increase in input impedence
Decrease in output impedence
21. What are the drawbacks of negative feedback?(NOV/DEC2009), (NOV/DEC 2011)(APR/
MAY 2015)
There are two disadvantages of negative feedback (i)the overall gain is reduced almost in direct
proportion to the benefits, and it is often necessary to compensate for the decrease in gain by
adding an extra amplifier stage;(ii)the circuit may tend to oscillate, in which case careful design is
required to overcome this problem. Negative feedback is also known as degenerative feedback
because it degenerates (or reduces)the output signal.
22. What is the nature of input and output resistance in negative feedback.
(1) Voltage series feedback:
Input impedance:
Zif = Zi / (1+A β)
Output impedance:
Zof = Zo / (1+A β)
(2) Voltage shunt feedback:
Input impedance:
Rif = Ri * (1+A β)
Output impedance:
Zof = Zo * (1+ A β)
(3) Current series feedback:
Input impedance:
Rif = Zi / (1+A β)
Output impedance:
Zof = Zo / (1+A β)
(4) Current shunt feedback:
Input impedance:
Rif = Ri / (1+A β)
Output impedance:
Rof = Ro / (1+A β)
31. State the frequency for RC phase shift oscillator. APR/MAY 2018
The frequency of oscillation of RC-phase shift oscillator is
F=1/2RC (4k+6)
Where k=2.639.
UNIT 5