A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

ON

“SOIL STABILIZATION BY USING PLASTIC BOTTLE STRIPS”

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

Bachelor of Technology

In

Civil Engineering

Batch (2017-2021)

Submitted To:
ER. SUSHANT GAGAL

Submitted By:
Mohammad Salman Giri (2213/17)
Rutvi (2215/17)
Manpreet Singh (2216/17)
Mohini Bharti (2221/17)
Saddam Hussain (2223/17)
Kramet Ali (2224/17)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

JANGLOTE, KATHUA, JAMMU&KASHMIR
I
We hereby declare that the work presented in this report entitled “SOIL
STABILIZATION BY USING PLASTIC BOTTLE STRIPS” in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of B.Tech in Civil Engineering from
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JANGLOTE,
KATHUA CAMPUS, UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU is an authentic record of our
own work carried out during our degree under the guidance of “ER Sushant
Gagal”. We also affirm that the work reported in this report has not been
submitted by us for award of any other degree or diploma
Group Members
Mohammad Salman Giri (2213/17)

Rutvi (2215/17)

Manpreet Singh (2216/17)

Mohini Bharti (2221/17)

Saddam Hussain (2223/17)

Kramet Ali (2224/17)

Signature of Supervisor

II
This is to certify that the minor project report entitled “SOIL
STABILIZATION BY USING PLASTIC BOTTLE STRIPS” is a bonafide record of
work done by Mohammad Salman Giri (2213/17), Rutvi (2215/17),
Manpreet Singh (2216/17), Mohini Bharti (2221/17), Saddam Hussain
(2223/17), Kramet Ali (2224/17) in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of B.Tech in Civil Engineering from UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JANGLOTE, KATHUA
CAMPUS, UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU during academic year 2021, under the
guidance of Er. Sushant Gagal.

Signature of Guide
Er Sushant Gagal (UIET, KATHUA)

III
I express my sincere gratitude to Er. Sushant Gagal, Lecturer, Department of
Civil Engineering, UIET, Kathua Campus, University of Jammu for his
stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision
throughout the course of present work. It would not have been possible to
complete this project in such short period of time without his ever
encouraging attitude.

I wish to extend my thanks to Professor Meena Sharma, Co-ordinator UIET

for providing infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work
would not have been possible.

I am also thankful to Er. Sandeep Raj, Er. Sarvdaman Sharma and Er. Jatin
Kumar for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions to
improve the quality of this project work.

Especially, I would like to thank my parents for their unconditional love

and support which enabled me to complete this work. And at last but not
the least I would like to thank God for the successful completion of our
project.

IV
Soil stabilization is a process which improves the physical properties of the
soil, such as increasing in shear strength, bearing capacity etc. Which can be
done by the use of controlled compaction or addition of suitable mixtures
like cement, lime, and waste materials like fly ash, phosphor gypsum etc. The
cost of introducing these additives has also increased in recent years which
opened the door widely for the other kinds of soil additives such as plastic,
bamboo etc. This new technique of soil stabilization can be effectively used
to meet the challenges of the society to reduce the quantities of waste,
producing useful stabilization from plastic waste. Use of plastic products
such as polythene bags, bottles etc., is increasing day by day leading to
various environmental concerns.
Therefore, the disposal of plastic wastes without causing any ecological
hazards has become a real challenge. Thus, using plastic as soil stabilizer is
an ecological utilization since there is scarcity of good soil for construction.
This project involves the study on the possible use of waste plastic. If we are
using plastic as stabilizer then, it remove the disposal problem in the
environment as well as increase the density and bearing capacity of the soil.
In the present, study was conducted at the place of Jammu (J&K). Randomly
distributed plastic strips (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) are added to the soil and
strength calculated by California bearing ratio test.

V
 List of Figures

S.No Description Page No

1. General Properties of Soil Used 11

2. Pycnometer Apparatus 17
3. Casagrande Apparatus 17
4. Particle Size Distribution 18
5. CBR Apparatus 20
6. Base Course Soil Sample to be Stabilized 21
7. Plastic Limit Apparatus 25
8. Soil Thread 26
9. Over Dried Thread 26
10. Liquid Limit Graph 28
11. Casagrande Apparatus 28
12. Standard Proctor Test Apparatus 30
13. Graph for Proctor Compaction Test 32
14. Graph of CBR of Soil 34
15. CBR Apparatus 34
16. California Bearing Ratio Test Result Variation 36
17. Waste plastic bottle strips 36

VI
 List ofTables

S.No Description Page No

1. General properties of soil used 11

2. Waste plastic & its resources 22

3. Table for moisture content 24

4. Table for plastic limit 25-26

5. Table for liquid limit 27

6. Consistency limits & plastic index 29

7. Table for standard load values 31

8. Table for standard load values 34

9. C.B.R. test results variation 35

10. Results of soil sample 37

VII
 CONTENTS
TOPIC Page No.

Acknowledgement IV
Abstract V
List Of Tables VI
List Of Figures VII

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 10

1.2 WASTE PLASTIC FIBRE 11

1.3 OBJECTIVES 11

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY NO.1 12

2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY NO.2 12

2.3 LITERATURE SURVEY NO.3 12

2.4 LITERATURE SURVEY NO.4 13

2.5 LITERATURE SURVEY NO.5 13

CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHODOLOGY 15

3.1.1 Additive Method Of Stabilization 16

3.2 MATERIALS USED 20

3.2.1 Soil Sample 20

3.2.2 Waste Plastic Fiber 21

3.3 DATA ON GENERATION OF PLASTIC WASTE 21

AND PLASTIC COMBUSTION

VIII
CHAPTER 4 LABORATORY TESTS
4.1 DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTENT 23
4.2 DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT 24
4.3 DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT 26
4.4 DETERMINATION OF PASTICITY INDEX 28
4.5 DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM MOISTURE 29
CONTENT AND MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY
4.6 DETERMINATION OF CBR VALUES 32

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 RESULT 37
5.2 CONCLUSION 37
5.3 FUTURE SCOPE 37
REFRENCES 38-39

IX
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

Nowadays, plastic industry is booming with more developments in technology

and research fields. The plastic products are produced in agriculture
industries, automobile, electronic and electric materials, household
appliances, etc. The use of plastic bags is also on a rise. The recycling of plastic
is expensive and labor intensive. The incineration of plastics produces harmful
gases also produces gases which trap heat leading to global warming. The
decomposition of plastic is not possible as it is not a putrescible substance.
Landfill methods of plastic disposal affect the environment. The leaching of
plastic due to acidic environment of soil affects the organisms. So, there is a
need to develop new methods to dispose the plastic materials. The plastic has
many characteristics properties like strength, brittle, durability, corrosion
resistant, resistance to chemical attacks, insect attacks, abrasion resistant,
insulating properties, heat resistant. Plastic products have become an integral
part in our daily life as a basic need. It is produced on a massive scale
worldwide and its production crosses 150 million tonnes per year globally. As
per survey conducted by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India
(Times of India, April 30 2015) in 60 cities of India, the quantity of plastic
waste generation is estimated to be 15,342.6 tonnes per day (TPD) which is
approximately 5.6 million per annum (TPA) while more than 6000 tonnes
remain uncollected and littered.
One of the most important reasons found in a survey reflects that the cause of
2005 Mumbai city flood was due to choking of drains by plastic waste
materials thrown indiscriminately by the users. The other issue is that plastic
will last in environment for number of years and hence pollution is remaining
as a problem. When we use the plastic drinking straw which is used once for a
minute and then thrown which remain in existence for 100s of years, that’s
why the new techniques are required for disposal of plastics. For disposing of
plastic waste, we can use plastic waste for stabilization of soil.
Soil stabilization is a process, can be made by adding suitable admixtures such
as cement, lime, fly ash (waste materials) phosphogypsum etc which increases
the shear strength, bearing capacity etc, that leads to improve the physical
properties of soil. Soil Stabilization increases the bearing capacity by adding

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suitable admixtures, plastic bottle strips are used as an admixture. The

utilization of waste plastic materials into a useful material for the stabilization
of the soil. It controls the shrink-swell properties, increases shear strength of
soil, swelling potential should be reduced that leads to increases the durability
and strength. This new technique of using plastic as soil stabilization reduces
the environmental pollution and improves the properties of soil. Some new
techniques used for stabilization of soil by using steel and other admixtures
will be more costly and hence for both economical and pollution reduction of
plastic waste the best way is that use such wastes is for improving engineering
properties.
Therefore, in present study stabilization of soil is reviewed by using locally
available plastic waste products of plastic bottles are used in stabilization of
soil in the form of strips of suitable dimensions. The objective of this was
improving properties of soil in economical way and reducing environmental
pollution, and minimizes the problems of plastic waste disposal.
The soil used in the present investigation was obtained from a site in Jammu
area at about 1.25 m to 1.5 m depth from ground level by making an open
trench. These soil samples were then shifted to laboratory where they were
air dried at room temperature and thereafter soil lumps were powdered. The
sample was then sieved through 425micron sieve before being used for
laboratory purpose. The properties of the soil used in these experiments are
detailed in the table below.
Table 1.1General Properties of soil used

Soil properties Value

Liquid limit (LL) % 33.8

Plastic limit (PL) % 18.2

Plasticity index (PI) % 15.6

Maximum dry density (gm/cc) 1.89

Optimum moisture content % 12.2

CBR value % 4.39

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Soil samples are collected from nearby Jammu City and tested their
geotechnical properties and strength characteristics. The soil type in study is
alluvial soil. It is one of the major soil deposits of India which covers an area
of approximately 3, 00,500 Sq. Km. It is clayey in nature.
Location: Akhnoor Road, Jammu
Reinforcement: waste plastic fiber

1.2 WASTE PLASTIC FIBER

A word plastic is a material which is used to describe the wide range of

synthetic or semi- synthetic materials that are used in a huge amount and in
growing range of applications. We can separate plastics according to the
structure of the monomers that their polymer is made from. The waste
produced from the plastic cannot be easily recycled because of their difficult
chemical composition. Plastic wastes generally include Polyethylene
Terephthalate (PET), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density
Polyethylene (LDPE), Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), Poly Propylene (PP) and
Polystyrene (PS). In this study, PET plastic bottle strips are used to improve
the engineering Properties of soil. Plastic is also not biodegradable which
means that it cannot be broken down into smaller molecules by mother
nature rather it can survive for hundreds of years. Using of plastic waste
bottle in geotechnical construction may reduce the problems faced for its
disposal as their properties are mostly related to natural material. In this
chapter we had mention about how we are using plastic waste bottles, as by
the using of this plastic bottle, stabilization of soil is obtained. For this we had
cut bottles of plain surface whose dimension is almost length 20mm and
width 4mm.
Plastic used in the project is polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

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1.3 OBJECTIVES

 To improve the engineering properties of the soil such as shear strength and
bearing capacity
 To provide the alternative solution for the disposal of plastic waste
 Decreasing cost of soil stabilization by using cheaper material
 Making the waste materials and environmental hazardous material into the
useful material
 Decreasing the plasticity index and increasing the California bearing ratio
(CBR) values.

Fig. 1.1 Soil sample

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY NO. 1

Tarun Kumar, Suryaketan “Behaviour of Soil By Mixing Of Plastic Strips”,

International Research Journal Of Engineering & Technology e-ISSN: 2395-
0056, Vol. 5, Issue 05, May 2018
This study is carried out on the development of the roadways which is very
important and required to be strong enough to support different loads. To
meet these challenges plastic wastes are used in the forms of strips of various
sizes for identifying the required percentage amount of plastic strips and
providing the alternative way for disposing the plastic wastes. To study this
reinforcing effect of mixed plastic strips in soil, a series of standard proctor
and unsoaked CBR tests have been conducted and based on this it is observed
that the maximum dry density of plastic mix soil decreases withincrease of
percentage of plastic strips, and for CBR increases with increase of percentage
of plastic strips within a certain limit.
Based on this conclusion should be drawn is that by increasing the amount of
plastic contents , the value of the MDD decreases whereas the value of OMC
increases. There is increase in CBR value for soil with increasing the
percentage of plastic strips. The maximum CBR value is obtained when the
percentage of the plastic strips is 0.8% of dry weight of soil. Hence 0.8% of
strips having length of 2cm is considered as required amount.

2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY NO. 2

KirankumarPatil, ShrutiNeeralagi “Soil Stabilization Using Plastic Waste”,

International Journal of Advanced Technology in Engineering & Science, ISSN
2348-7550, Vol. 5, Issue No. 07, July 2017
Stabilization of soils is an effective method for improving the properties of
soil. The main objective of any stabilization technique used for increasing the
strength and stiffness of soil, workability and constructability of the soil.
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Plastic such as shopping bags is used for reinforcing the soil for improving the
various properties of soil. Applications of stabilizing of soil are increasing the
shear strength of soil, bearing capacity of foundations and for improving the
natural soil subgrade for construction of highways and airfields. In this they
are used plastic bottle strips and plastic bag strips for stabilization. From this
study conclusion made is there is increase in CBR value of a soil and maximum
CBR is achieved when 0.75% amount of plastic bottle strips are added to the
soil after further addition of the strips there is decrease in the CBR value. In
case of plastic bag strips, it has been observed that 2% of the total weigh of
the soil is the optimum proportion of the strips, we can also state from this
study that strips cut out of plastic bottles are better option than strips of soil
bags, to increase the CBR value of the soil.

2.3 LITERATURE SURVEY NO. 3

Sayli D. Madavi, Divya Patel “Soil Stabilization Using Plastic Waste”

International Journal of Research in Science & Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 2,
March-April 2017
For the construction of any civil engineering structure the foundation is very
important as it supports the structure and to achieve this strength
stabilization of soil is required. Soil stabilization is done by addition of
suitable admixtures like cement, lime, sand, fly ash. It is required to
incorporate the new techniques of soil stabilization which can be effectively
used to meet the challenges of society, to reduce the quantities of the waste
and producing useful material from the nonuseful material which cannot
easily recycled. This study reviews the experimental program conducted for
stabilization of black cotton soil in the Amravati, a Capital of newly formed
Andhra Pradesh state. They performed series of CBR testings to find out
optimum amount of plastic content is required for obtaining maximum CBR
value. It can be concluded that CBR percentage goes on increasing up to 4%
plastic content in the soil and thereon it decreases with increasing the plastic
content. Hence, we can say that 4% of plastic content is the optimum content
of plastic waste in the soil.
Thus, using plastic as a soil stabilizer is an economical and gainful usage
because there is lack of good quality soil for various constructions. These
techniques can be serves the purpose of reducing pollution and meet the
challenges of Amravati, and also to the whole society, producing useful
material from non-useful waste materials.
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2.4 LITERATURE SURVEY NO. 4

Sharan Veer Singh, Mahabir Dixit, “Stabilization of Soil by Using Waste Plastic
Material: A Review”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering & Technology, ISSN(Online) 2319-8753, Vol. 6, Issue 2, February
2017
Infrastructure is a major sector that propels overall development of Indian
economy. For any Structure foundation has the prime importance, the strong
foundation plays very important role. Expansive soils such as black cotton soil
creates problems in foundation and for this stabilization of soil is required.
This paper focus on the soil stabilization by using plastic waste products. The
plastic inclusion can improve the strength thus increasing the soil bearing
capacity of the soil. Use of plastic waste as reinforcement which reduces the
disposal problem of the waste materials. Research has been done in India to
determine the suitability of these waste materials for Indian roads. Based on
these the further study is required to find out the optimum amount of the
percentage of plastic waste content.

2.5 LITERATURE SURVEY NO. 5

A. K. Choudhary, J.N. Jha and K.S. Gill, “A Study on Behaviour of Waste Plastic
Strip Reinforced Soil” Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 15 (1), 51-57
(2010)
IN the present time the performance of paved and unpaved roads is often
poor after every monsoon. Attempts have been made in this study to
demonstrate the potential of reclaimed HDPE as soil reinforcement for
improving engineering properties of the subgrade soil. Strips obtained from
waste plastic with various dimensions were mix randomly with soil and find
out appropriate amount of HDPE strips. They performed tests and interpreted
the data based on the ratio of length to width of the strip. He also mentioned
that as most of the plastic bags are made of high-density polyethylene
material, hence there is a rapid increase in the amount of the plastic material
in the environment.

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It is seen from the curve that the maximum CBR and the secant modulus is
obtained at the aspect ratio of 3 and strip content of 4%. The reinforcement
benefit is directly proportional to the length of the strip content. The
maximum CBR value of reinforced system is equal to the 3 times of
unreinforced system. It is seen from the curve that the thickness of the base
course is reduced by adding the strip content of particular aspect ratio and
CBR value. Thus, from this study the feasibility of reinforcing soil with strips
of HDPE is investigated and the results of this study prove useful as soil
reinforcement in highway application.

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CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS &METHODOLOGY
3.1 METHODOLOGY

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3.1.1 Additive Method of Stabilization

Additive refers to a manufactured commercial product that, when added to the
soil in the proper quantities, will improve the quality of the soil layer.
Types of additive method are: Portland cement, lime, lime-cement-fly ash,
and bitumen, alone or in combination, as additives to stabilize soils.
The selection and determination of the percentage of additives depend upon the soil
classification and the degree of improvement in soil quality desired.
Generally, smaller amounts of additives are required to alter soil properties, such as
gradation workability, and plasticity, than to improve the strength and durability
sufficiently to permit a thickness reduction design. After the additive has been mixed
with the soil spreading and compacting are accomplished by conventional means.

The materials which are considered are soil and plastic with chemical
composition of polypropylene.
The experimental work consists of the following steps:
1. Moisture content
2. Specific gravity of the soil,
3. Determination of soil index properties
(Atterberg’s Limits)
a) Liquid limit by Casagrande’s
apparatus
b) plastic limit
4. Determination of the maximum dry density (MDD) and the corresponding
optimum moisture content (OMC) of the soil by Proctor compaction test
5. Particle size distribution by sieve analysis
6. California Bearing Ratio

1. MOISTURE CONTENT
Soil mass is a porous structure, having void filled with water or air. Moisture
content (W) is defined as the ratio of the mass of water (Wa) in voids to the
mass of soil solids (Ws) expressedas a percentage thus: W=Wa / Ws

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2. SPECFIC GRAVITY

Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of soil solids to the mass of an equal volume
of water. It is an important index property of soils that is closely linked with
mineralogy or chemical composition and also reflects the history of weathering. It is
relatively important as far as the qualitative behavior of the soil is concerned and
useful in soil mineral classification, for example iron minerals have a larger value of
specific gravity than silica. It gives an idea about suitability of the soil as a
construction material; higher value of specific gravity gives more strength for roads
and foundations. It is also used in calculation of void ratio, porosity, degree of
saturation and other soil parameters.

Fig 3.1 Pycnometer apparatus

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3. LIQUID LIMIT BY CASAGRANE'S METHOD

The liquid limit (WL) is the minimum water content at which a part of soil is
grooving tool of standard dimensions, will flow together for a distance of
13mm under the impact of 25 blows in a standard liquid limit apparatus, it is
the water content at which the soil first shows a small shearing resistance as
the water content is reduced.

Fig 3.2 Casagrande apparatus

4. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Soil at any place is composed of particles of a variety of sizes and shapes, sizes
ranging from a few microns to a few centimeters are present sometimes in the
same soil sample. The distribution of particles of different sizes determines
many physical properties of the soil such as its strength, permeability, density
etc. Particle size distribution is found out by two methods, first is sieve
analysis which is done for coarse grained soils only and the other method is
sedimentation analysis used for fine grained soil sample. Both are followed by
plotting the results on a semi-loggraph. The percentage finer N as the ordinate
and the particle diameter i.e. sieve size as the abscissa on a logarithmic scale.
The curve generated from the result gives us an idea of the type and gradation
of the soil. If the curve is higher up or is more towards the left, it means that
the soil has more representation from the finer particles; if it is towards the
right, we can deduce that the soil has more of the coarse grained particles. The
soil may be of two types- well graded or poorly graded (uniformly graded).
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Well graded soils have particles from all the size ranges in a good amount. On
the other hand, it is said to be poorly or uniformly graded if it has particles of

some sizes in excess and deficiency of particles of other sizes. Sometimes the
curve has a flat portion also which means there is an absence of particles of
intermediate size, these soils are also known as gap graded or skip graded. For
analysis of the particle distribution, we sometimes use D10, D30, and D60 etc.
terms which represents a size in mm such that 10%, 30% and 60% of
particles respectively are finer than that size. The size of D10 also called the
effective size or diameter is a very useful data. There is a term called
uniformity coefficient Cu which comes from the ratio of D60 and D10, it gives
a measure of the range of the particle size of the soil sample.

Fig 3.3 Particle size distribution

5. CBR TEST

California bearing ratio (CBR) is an empirical test and widely applied in the
design of flexible pavement over the world. This method was developed during
1928-29 by the California Highway Department. Use of CBR test results for the
design of roads, introduced in the USA during 2nd World War and subsequently
adopted as a standard method of design in other parts of the world, is recently
being discouraged in some advanced countries because of the imperialness of
the method (Brown, 1996). The California bearing ratio (CBR) test is frequently
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used in the assessment of granular materials in base, subbase and subgrade

layers of road and airfield pavements. The CBR test was originally developed by
the California State Highway Department and was thereafter incorporated by
the Army Corps of Engineers for the design of flexible pavements. It has become
so globally popular that it is incorporated in many international standards
ASTM 2000. The significance of the CBR test emerged from the following two
facts, for almost all pavement design charts, unbound materials are basically
characterized in terms of their CBR values when they are compacted in
pavement layers and the CBR value has been correlated with some fundamental
properties of soils, such as plasticity indices, grainsize distribution, bearing
capacity, modulus of subgrade reaction, modulus of resilience, shear strength,
density, and molding moisture content Doshi and Guirguis 1983 Because these
correlations are currently readily available to the practicing engineers who have
gained wide experience with them, the CBR test remains a popular one. Most of
the Indian highways system consists of flexible pavement; there are different
methods of design of flexible pavement. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test
is an empirical method of design of flexible pavement design. It is a load test
applied to the surface and used in soil investigations as an aid to the design of
pavements. The design for new construction should be based on the strength of
the samples prepared at optimum moisture content (OMC) corresponding to
the Proctor Compaction and soaked in water for a period of four days before
testing. In case of existing road requiring strengthening, the soil should be
molded at the field moisture content and soaked for four days before testing. It
has been reported that soaking for four days may be very severe and may be
discarded in some cases, Bindra 1991. This test method is used to evaluate the
potential strength of subgrade, subbase, and base course material for use in
road and airfield pavements. Bindra 1991 reported that design curves (based
on the curve evolved by Road Research Laboratory, U.K) are adopted by Indian
Road Congress (IRC: 37-1970). As per IRC, CBR test should be performed on the
remoulded soil in the laboratory. In-situ tests are not recommended for design
purpose Bindra, 1991. The design of the pavement layers to be laid over
subgrade soil starts off with the estimation of subgrade strength and the volume
of traffic to be carried. The Indian Road Congress (IRC) encodes the exact design
strategies of the pavement layers based on the subgrade strength which is most
commonly expressed in terms of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR). For the
design of pavement, CBR value is invariably considered as one of the important
parameters. With the CBR value of the soil known, the appropriate thickness of
construction required above the soil for different traffic conditions is
determined using the design charts, proposed by IRC. CBR value can be

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measured directly in the laboratory test in accordance with IS:2720 (Part-XVI)

on soil sample procured from the work site. Laboratory test takes at least 4 days
to measure the CBR value for each soil sample under soaked condition. In
addition, the test requires a large quantity of the soil sample and the test
requires skill and experience without which the results may be inaccurate and
misleading.

Fig 3.4 CBR apparatus

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3.2 MATERIALS USED

3.2.1 Soil Sample:
The soil used in the present investigation was obtained from a site in Jammu
area at about 1.25 m to 1.5 m depth from ground level by making an open
drench. These soil samples were then shifted to laboratory where they were
air dried at room temperature and thereafter soil lumps were powdered. The
sample was then sieved through 425 micron sieve before being used for
laboratory purpose.

Location Akhnoor road

Reinforcement waste plastic fiber

Soil samples are collected from nearby Jammu City and tested their
geotechnical properties and strength characteristics. The soil type in study is
alluvial soil. It is one of the major soil deposits of India which covers an area of
approximately 3, 00,500 Sq. Km. It is clayey in nature.

Fig.3.5. Base course soil sample to be stabilized

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3.2.2 Waste Plastic Fiber:

Plastic used in the project was polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
PET is normally termed as Polyethylene Terephthalate and is produced from
petroleum hydrocarbons, through a reaction between ethylene glycol and
Terephthalate acid. Due to its excellent wearing resistance, low coefficient of friction
and high flexural modulus, it is regarded as a good additive for stabilization of soil to
improve the engineering properties of soil. The chemical formula for PET is
(𝐶 𝐻 𝑂 )n
A word plastic is a material which is used to describe the wide range of
synthetic or semi- synthetic materials that are used in a huge amount and in
growing range of applications. We can separate plastics according to the
structure of the monomers that their polymer is made from. The waste
produced from the plastic cannot be easily recycled because of their difficult
chemical composition. Plastic is also not biodegradable which mean that it
cannot be broken down into smaller molecules by mother nature rather it can
survive for hundreds of years. Using of plastic waste bottle in geotechnical
construction may reduce the problems faced for its disposal as their
properties are mostly related to natural material. In this chapter we had
mention about how we are using plastic waste bottles, as by the using of this
plastic bottle stabilization of soil is obtained. For this we had cut bottles of
plain surface whose dimension is almost length 20mm and width 4mm.

3.3 DATA ON GENERATION OF PLASTIC WASTE AND PLASTIC

COMBUSTION:
In 2013 consumption of plastic in India was about 120 lakh tons but it is about
to reach 200 lakh tones by the year 2020 due to growing use of different
forms of commodity. The consumption of plastic in different forms is
increasing by an average of 10% every year. Rate of generation of plastic
wastes in Indian cities ranges between 0.20-0.87 kg/day, depending upon the
size of the city and living standard. Every year about 8 million tons of plastic
waste is dumped in to the world's oceans. Table-3.1 shows different types of
plastic wastes and their sources.

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Table-3.1.Waste plastic and its sources

Waste plastic Origin

Low density Carry bags, sacks, milk pouches, bin lining,
polyethylene cosmetic anddetergent bottles
High density Carry bags, bottle caps, house-hold articles.
polyethylene
(HDPE)
Polyethylene Drinking water bottles etc.
Terephthal
ate(PET)
Polypropylene(PP) Bottles caps and closures, wrappers of detergent,
biscuit and
wafers packets, microwave trays for meal etc.
Polystyrene(PS) Yoghurt pots, clear egg packs, bottle caps. Foamed
polystyrene:
food trays, egg boxes, disposal cups, protective
packaging etc.
Polyvinyl chloride(PVC) Mineral water bottles, credit cards, toys, pipes,
and electrical
fittings, furniture, folders and pens, medical
disposables etc.

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CHAPTER 4
LABORATORY TESTS
The laboratory studies were carried out to determine the properties of soil as
well as the properties of soil mixed with plastic strips. Following tests were
carried out to determine the properties of soil and soil mixed with plastic
strips:
 Determination of water content
 Determination of plastic limit
 Determination of liquid limit
 Determination of plasticity index
 Determination of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density
 Determination of CBR values

4.1 TO DETERMINE THE WATER CONTENT

OBJECTIVE
For determination of water content of sample
APPARATUS
 A thermostatically controlled oven, capable of maintaining a
temperature between 105 °Cand 110 °C.
 A balance readable and accurate to 0.01 g.
 Numbered aluminum weighing tins with close fitting numbered lids. A
suitable size is 75mmdiameter and 25 mm deep.
 A desiccator containing anhydrous self-indicating silica gel. A suitable
size is 250 mmdiameter.
PROCEDURE
 Clean and dry the container along with lid and weigh to 0.01 g (W1).
 Take a sample of moist soil in the container.
 Weigh the container along with lid and sample to 0.01 g (W2).
 Remove the lid and place the tin with contents and lid in the oven and
dry between 105 °Cand 110 °C.
 Remove the tin with contents from the oven, replace the lid and place the
whole container inthe desiccator to cool.
 Weigh the tin and contents to 0.01 g (W3).
CALCULATIONS
Calculate the moisture content of the soil as a percentage of the dry soil weight
MC(%) = (M2 – M3) ( M3 – M1 ) × 10
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Table 4.1 Table for moisture content

Determination No.
S.No. Observations and Calculations 1 2 3
Observations
1 Container No. 1 2 3
2 Mass of empty container(gm),M1 20 18 20
3 Mass of container + wet 59.37 60.12 61
soil(gm),M2
4 Mass of container + dry 55.3 54.97 56.27
soil(gm),M3

Calculations

5 Mass of water(gm), Mw= M2 – M3 4.07 5.15 4.73

6 Mass of solids(gm), Ms= M3 – M1 35.3 36.97 36.27
7 Moisture content(%)= 11.52 13.93 13.04
(5)/(6)x100
Results:
Water content of sample = 12.83%

4.2 TO DETERMINE THE PLASTIC LIMIT

OBJECTIVE
For determination of plastic limit of the sample
APPARATUS
 Porcelain evaporating dish about 12cm in diameter.
 Flat glass plate 10mm thick and about 45cm square or longer.
 Spatula flexible with the blade about 8cm long and 2cm in wide.
 Ground glass plate 20 x 15 cm.
 Airtight containers.
 Balance of capacity 500grams and sensitivity 0. 01gram.
 Thermostatically controlled oven with capacity up to 250 oC.
 Rod 3mm in diameter and about 10cm long.
PROCEDURE
 Take representative soil sample of approximately 20g from the portion
of the materialpassing 425 micron IS sieve and mix thoroughly with
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distilled water in evaporating dish till the soil mass becomes plastic
enough to be easily molded with fingers.
 In the case of clayey soils, leave the soil mass to stand for 24 hours to
ensure uniform distribution of moisture throughout the soil.
 Form a ball with about 8 grams of this soil mass and roll between the
fingers and the glass plate with just sufficient pressure to roll the mass
into a thread of uniform diameter throughout its length.
 The rate of rolling shall be between 80 and 90 strokes / minute
counting the stroke as one complete motion of the hand forward and
back to the starting position again.
 Continue the rolling till the thread crumbles exactly at 3mm diameter.
 If the soil thread doesn‟t crumble exactly at 3mm. Knead the soil
together to a uniform massand roll it again.
 Continue this process of alternate rolling and kneading until the
thread crumbles under thepressure exactly at 3mm diameter.
 Collect the pieces of crumbled soil thread in an airtight container and
determine its moisturecontent.
 Plastic limit test.
 Determine the plastic limit for at least two points of the soil passing 425
micron IS sieve.

PRECAUTIONS
At no time shall an attempt be made to produce failure at exactly 3mm
diameter by allowing the thread to reach 3mm then reducing the rate of
rolling or pressure or both and continuing the rolling without further
deformation until the thread falls apart.

Fig 4.1 Plastic Limit Apparatus

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CALCULATIONS

Sample no. 1 2 3
Weight of container 19 19.5 20
Weight of container + wet 23.22 23.13 24.59
soil
Weight of container + dry 22.97 22.34 23.93
soil
Weight of water 0.25 0.79 0.66
Weight of dry soil 3.97 2.84 3.93
Moisture content 6.29% 27.81% 16.79%

Table 4.2 Table for plastic limit

Results:
Plastic limit = 16.96%

Fig4.2. Soil thread Fig 4.3. Oven dried thread

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4.3 TO DETERMINE THE LIQUID LIMIT

OBJECTIVE
For determination of the liquid limit of soil using casagrande apparatus.
EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS
 Oven
 Balance (0.01g accuracy)
 Sieve [425 micron]
 Casagrande apparatus
PROCEDURE
 About 120 gm. of air dried soil from thoroughly mixed portion of
material passing 425 micron IS sieve is obtained.
 Distilled water is mixed to the soil thus obtained in a mixing disc to form
uniform paste. The paste shall have a consistency that would require 30
to 35 drops of cup to cause closer of standard groove for sufficient
length.
 A portion of the paste is placed in the cup of casagrande device and
spread into portion with few strokes of spatula.
 It is trimmed to a depth of 1 cm. at the point of maximum thickness and
excess of soil is returned to the dish.
 The soil in the cup is divided by the firm strokes of the grooving tool
along the diameter through the centre line of the follower so that clean
sharp groove of proper dimension is formed.
 Then the cup is dropped by turning crank at the rate of two revolutions
per second until two halves of the soil cake come in contact with each
other for a length of about 12 mm. by flow only.
 The number of blows required to cause the groove close for about 12 mm. is
recorded.
 A representative portion of soil is taken from the cup for water content
determination.
 The test is repeated with different moisture contents at least 3 times
for blows between 10and 40.

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CALCULATION
Table 4.3 Table for liquid limit

Determination no. 1 2 3
Container no. 1 2 3
Weight of container 18 18 19
Weight of container + wet soil 32.52 31.5 33
Weight of container + dry soil 28.5 28 30
Weight of water 4.02 3.418 4.187
Weight of dry soil 10.5 10 11
Moisture content 38.31 34.18 38.07
No. of blows 33 27 23

Result:
Liquid limit =36.20%

A „flow curve‟ is to be plotted on a semi-logarithmic graph representing

water content inarithmetic scale and the number of drops on logarithmic
scale.
 The flow curve is a straight line drawn as nearly as possible through four points
 The moisture content corresponding to 25 blows as read from curquid
limit of that soil.

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Fig 4.4: Liquid limit graph

SAFETY & PRECAUTIONS

 Soil used for liquid limit determination should not be oven dried prior to
testing.
 In LL test the groove should be closed by the flow of soil and not by
slippage between the soil and the cup
 After mixing the water to the soil sample , sufficient time should be given
to permeate the water throughout out the soil mass
 Wet soil taken in the container for moisture content determination
should not be left open in the air, the container with soil sample should
either be placed in desiccators or immediately be weighed.

Fig 4.5.casagrande apparatus

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4.4 TO DETERMINE THE PLASTICITY INDEX

DEFINITION
The plasticity index of a soil is the numerical difference between its liquid limit and
its plastic limit, and is a dimensionless number. Both the liquid and plastic limits are
moisture contents.
CALCULATIONS
Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit -
Plastic LimitPI = LL - PL
COMMENTS
Report the calculated difference as the plasticity index.
There are certain circumstances under which the plasticity index cannot be
determined.
 When either the liquid limit or plastic limit cannot be determined, report
the plasticity index as NP (non-plastic)
 When the soil is extremely sandy, the plastic limit test shall be done before
the liquid limit test. If the plastic limit cannot be determined, then report
the plasticity index as NP (non- plastic).
 When the plastic limit is equal to or greater than the liquid limit, report the
plasticity index asNP (non-plastic).
The plasticity index gives an indication of among other things, the reduction in
moisture content required to convert a soil from a liquid to a semisolid state.
It gives the range in moisture at which a soil is in a plastic state. The plasticity
index may be considered as a measure of the cohesion possessed by a soil.
For soil sample
Table 4.4 Consistency limits and Plastic index

Sample Moisture Plastic limit Liquid limit Plasticity

proportion content (%) (%) index (%)
(%)
Soil 12.83 16.96 30.97 14.01

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4.5 TO DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY AND OPTIMUMMOISTURE

CONTENT
STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST
OBJECTIVE
To determine the required amount of water to be used when compacting the
soil in the field and the resulting degree of denseness, which can be expected
from compaction at optimum moisture content.
APPARATUS
 Cylindrical metal mould shall be of 100mm diameter and 1000cm3 volume
and shall confirmto IS: 10074 – 1982.
 Balance of capacity 500grams and sensitivity 0.01gram.
 Balance of capacity 15Kg and sensitivity one gram.
 Thermostatically controlled oven with capacity up to 250 oC.
 Airtight containers.
 
 Steel straight edge about 30cm in length and having one beveled edge.
 4.75mm, 19mm and 37.5mm IS sieves confirming to IS 460 (Part 1).
 Mixing tools such as tray or pan, spoon, trowel and spatula or suitable
mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with additions
of water.
 Heavy compaction rammer of mass 2.6 kg having a free fall of 310 mm.

PROCEDURE
 Take a representative sample of air dried soil of about 5 kg passing through
19mm IS sieve and mix thoroughly with a suitable amount of water
depending on the type of soil, generally 4% to6 %.
 For soils susceptible to crushing during compaction take different samples
for every determination and for soils not susceptible to crushing during
compaction use the same sample for all the determinations.
 Weigh the 1000cc capacity mould with base plate attached (M1).
 Place the mould on a solid base such as a concrete floor or plinth and
compact the moist soil into the mould in 3 layers of approximately equal
mass, each layer being given 25 blows with the rammer dropped from a
height of 310mm above the soil.
 Distribute the blows uniformly on each layer.

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 The amount of soil used shall be sufficient to fill the mould

leaving not more than about 6mm to be struck off when the
extension is removed.
 Remove the extension and carefully level the compacted soil to
the top of mouldby means of straight edge.
 Weigh the mould and the soil to the nearest gram (M2).
 Remove the compacted soil from the mould and place on the mixing tray.
 Collect a representative sample from the soil in the tray and keep in the
oven for24 hours todetermine the moisture content (W).



Fig 4.6 Standard Proctor Test Apparatus

CALCULATIONS
 Calculate the bulk density „w‟ in g / cm3 of each compacted specimen from the
equation,
w = (M2– M1) / Vm
Where,
M1 = Weight of mould with base plate.
M2 = Weight of mould with
compacted soil.Vm = Volume of
mould in cm3.
 Calculate the dry density „d‟ in g/cm3
from the equation,d = w / (1+W/100)
Where,

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w = Bulk density

W = % of moisture content

REPORT
 Plot the values obtained for each determination on a graph
representing moisturecontent on x-axis and dry density on y-
axis.
 Draw a smooth curve through the resulting points and
determine the position ofthe maximum dry density in the
curve.
 Report the dry density corresponding to the maximum point to the nearest
0.01.

PRECAUTION
With clays of high plasticity or where hand mixing is employed, it may be
difficult to distribute the moisture uniformly throughout the air dried soil by
mixing alone, so it may be necessary to preserve the mixed sample in a sealed
container for a minimum period of about 16 hours before conducting the test.

Table 4.5 Table for Standard proctor test

Observations 1 2 3
Weight of empty mould 2072 2072 2072
Volume of mould (V) 1000 1000 1000
Weight of mould +base plate 4133 4133 4133
(Wm)
Weight of mould + base plate 5807 5992 6013
+
compacted soil (Wc)
Weight of compacted soil 1674 1859 1880
(W)W = Wc - Wm
Weight of container 19.5 19 18
Weight of container + wet soil 50.5 62.77 53.13
Weight of container + dry soil 47 58 50
Weight of dry soil 27.5 39 32
Weight of water 3.5 4.77 3.13
Moisture content(w) 12.7 12.2 9.78
Dry density 0.75 0.65 0.51

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Results:

Optimum moisture content = 11.56%

Maximum dry density = 1.76 g/cm³

Fig 4.7: Graph for Proctor compaction test

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4.6 TO DETERMINE THE CBR VALUES

THEORY: California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is defined as the ratio expressed in
percentage of force per unit area required for penetrating a soil mass with a
circular plunger of 50 mm diameter at the rate of 1.25 mm/min to that
required for corresponding penetration in a standard material. Tests are
performed out on natural or compacted soils in water soaked or un-soaked
conditions and the results so obtained are compared with the curves of
standard test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 CBR mould with detachable perforated base plate
 Spacer disc with a removable handle (to be placed inside the mould)
 Collar of 50mm high
 Penetration plunger of 50 mm diameter
 One annular and a few slotted surcharge masses 2.5 kg each
 Rammer (2.6 kg with 310mm drop for standard proctor results) and
(4.89 kg with 450mmdrop for modified proctor results)
 Straight cutting edge
 Loading machine of 50 KN capacity fitted with a calibrated proving ring
to which plungerhas to be attached
 Penetration measuring dial gauge of 0.01mm accuracy
 Soaking tank
 Swelling gauge consisting of perforated plate with adjustable extension stem

MOULD SPECIFICATION:

Diameter of the mould = 150 mm

Height of the mould = 175 mm
Height of the CBR specimen = 125 mm
Soil specification:
Particle size = should pass through 19mm sieve. Soil particles of size greater
than 19mm shouldbe replaced by particles of size between 4.75mm and
19mm
PROCEDURE:
 Take the weight of empty mould

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 Keep the spacer disc on the base plate and a filter paper on the disc
and fix the mould to thebase plate with the disc inside the mould and
the attach the collar over the mould.
 Add water to the specimen and compact it in accordance to Standard
proctor test or modifiedproctor test.
 After compaction, remove the collar and level the surface using cutting edge.
 Detach the base pate and remove the spacer disc.
 Take the weight of mould + compacted specimen and determine the
bulk density of thespecimen.
 Take sample for moisture content determination and hence find the dry
density.
 Place filter paper on the perforated base plate.
 Fix the mould upside down to the base plate so that surface of the
specimen which was downwards in contact with spacer disc during
compaction is now turned upwards on which the penetration test is to
be performed (for un-soaked condition).
 For soaked condition, fix adjustable stem and perforated plate on the
compacted soil specimen in the mould along with 2.5kg surcharge load.
 Place the above set up in the soaking tank for four days (ignore this step
in case of un-soakedCBR).
 After four days, measure the swell reading and find % swell with the
help of dial gaugereading.
 Remove the mould from the tank and allow water to drain.
 Then place the specimen under the penetration piston and place total
surcharge load of 4kg(2.5kg during soaking + 1.5 kg during testing).
 The load and deformation gauges shall then be set to zero.
 Load shall be applied to the plunger into the soil at the rate of 1.25 mm per
minute.
 Reading of the load shall be taken at different penetrations.
 Remove the plunger and determine the water content of the soil.
 Plot load versus
deformation curve.

CALCULATIONS:
Expansion ratio:
Where,
df = final dial gauge reading in mm(after
96 hrs),

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ds= initial dial gauge reading in mm, and

h = initial height of the specimen in mm

California bearing Ratio (CBR):

CBR = PT/PS × 100
Where,
PT = corrected unit (or total) test load corresponding to the chosen
penetration from the loadpenetration curve
PS = unit (or total) standard load for the same depth of penetration as for PT
taken from the table below

Table 4.6 Table for standard load values

Penetration Unit Standard Load Total Standard

depth(mm)(1) (kg/cm2)(2) Load(kgf)(3)
2.5 70 1370
5.0 105 2055

Fig 4.8: Graph of CBR of soil

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Generally, the CBR value at 2.5 mm penetration will be greater than that at 5
mm penetration and in such a case, the former shall be taken as the CBR value
for design purposes. If the CBR value corresponding to a penetration of 5 mm
exceeds that for 2.5 mm, the test shall be repeated. If identical results follow, the
CBR corresponding to 5 mm penetration shall be taken for design.

Fig 4.9- CBR apparatus

SPECIFICATIONS:
SUB-GRADE:
The CBR values for sub-grade should range from 2% to 10%. Preferably it
should be greater than 2%. If the CBR value is less than 2%, a soil capping
layer of 150mm thickness, having CBR value greater than or equal to 10%
should be provided between sub-grade and sub-base. The sub- grade should
be compacted to 97% of maximum dry density achieved with heavy (modified
proctor) compaction as well as the dry density obtained should not be less
than1.75gm/cc for Expressways, National Highways, State Highways, Major
District Roads and other heavily trafficked roads. In other cases the sub-grade
should be compacted to at least 97% of the standard proctor density.

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SUB-BASE:
The sub base soil should have liquid limit less than 25% and plasticity index
less than 6%. For cumulative traffic up to 2msa (million standard axles), the
CBR value should not be less than 20%. For cumulative traffic greater than 2
msa (million standard axles), the CBR value should not be less than 30%.

OBSERVATIONS:
Table 4.7: California bearing ratio test results variation

Test CBR 2.5mm CBR 5mm

Soil without adding 4.39 4.04
plastic
Soil with 0.5% plastic 3.27 3.67
Soil with 1% plastic 4.94 4.23
Soil with 1.5% plastic 3.869 3.27
Soil with 2% plastic 2.97 2.97

Fig 4.10: California bearing ratio test result variation

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Fig 4.11: Waste plastic bottle strips

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CHAPTER 5

RESULTS & CONCLUSION

5.1 RESULT

Table 5.1 Results of soil sample

Soil properties Value
Liquid limit (LL) % 30.97
Plastic limit (PL) % 16.96
Plasticity index (PI) % 14.01
Maximum dry density (gm/cc) 1.76
Optimum moisture content % 11.56
CBR value % 4.94
5.2 CONCLUSION
The project is mainly focused on the performance of plastic waste as a soil stabilization
stabiliz
material. The engineering properties of the soil can be improved to a very large extent by
proper mixing of the plastic strips with soil in required proportions
ing waste polyethylene material for soil stabilization can be considered as eco-friendly
eco

the liquid limit and

increasingthe plastic limit, as a result of this the plasticity index is decreasing which will be
decreasing the settlements in soil

c xing percentage is exceeding 1% the CBR values are getting reduced

mi

the addition of the plastic which leads to effective compaction and also increasing the cohesion
-useful waste
and free of cost

5.3 FUTURE SCOPE

ment, marble polish waste, Fly ash, sand and quarry

dust.

used for construction of subgrade and pavements.

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REFERENCES
1. S. A. Naeini and S. M. Sadjadi, (2008),” Effect of Waste Polymer Materials on
ShearStrength of Unsaturated Clays”, EJGE Journal, Vol 13, Bund k,(1-12).
2. Yetimoglu, T., Inanir, M., Inanir, O.E., 2005. A study on bearing capacity of
randomly distributed fiber-reinforced sand fills overlying soft clay. Geotextiles
and Geomembranes 23 (2),174–183.
3. Chaosheng Tang, Bin Shi, Wei Gao, Fengjun Chen, Yi Cai, 2006. Strength and
mechanical behavior of short polypropylene fiber reinforced and cement
stabilized clayey soil. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 25 (2007) 194– 202.
4. Mahmood R. Abdi, Ali Parsapajouh, and Mohammad A. Arjomand,(2008),”
Effects of Random Fiber Inclusion on Consolidation, Hydraulic Conductivity,
Swelling, Shrinkage Limit and Desiccation Cracking of Clays”, International
Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 4, (284-292).
5. Consoli, N. C., Prietto, P. D. M. and Ulbrich, L. A. (1999). „„The behavior of a
fibre reinforced cemented soil.‟‟ Ground Improvement, London, 3(1), 21–30.
6. IS 2720 – part (xiii) 1980-87
7. The need for soil stabilization, April 9, 2011 by Ana [online]
Available at:
<http://www.contracostalandscaping.com/the-need-for-soil-
stabilization/>
8. Methods of soil stabilization, December 24, 2010
[online] Available at: <
http://www.engineeringtraining.tpub.com/14070/css/14070_424.htm >
9. Prof. Krishna Reddy, UIC, 2008, Engineering Properties of Soils Based
on
LaboratoryTesting.
10. Understanding the Basics of Soil Stabilization: An Overview of Materials
and Techniques[online] Available at: <http://www.cat.com >
11. Punmia B.C. 2007, “Soil Mechanics & Foundations” Laxmi Publications.
12. Prof. Krishna Reddy, UIC, 2008, Engineering Properties of Soils Based
on LaboratoryTesting.
13. Understanding the Basics of Soil Stabilization: An Overview of Materials
and Techniques[online] Available at: <http://www.cat.com >

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14. Punmia B.C. 2007, “Soil Mechanics & Foundations” Laxmi

Publications 572
Dr.Babitharani.H, Ashwini D G, Pavansiva kumar.Ch, Sindhu Shankar, Dimple
Bahri, Koushik.B.
International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research IJETSR
www.ijetsr.comISSN 2394 – 3386 Volume 4, Issue 9 September 2017 .
15. YadavParit, MeenaKuldeep Kumar, (2011)” A comparative study in soil
plasticity of Hallarea and lecture complex area of NIT Rourkela” B.tech thesis,
NIT,Rourkela.
16. IS: 2720(Part-2), 1973 Methods of Test for Soils. Determination of water
content.
17. IS 2720(III/SEC-I): 1980 Methods of Test for Soils. Determination of specific
gravity.
18. IS 2720(VII):1980 Methods of Test for Soils. Determination of water
content dry densityrelation using light compaction.
19. IS 2720(X):1991 Methods of Test for Soils. Determination of unconfined
compression test.
20. IS 2720(IV):1985 Methods of Test for Soils. Determination of grain size analysis.

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