DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

 The column which carries a purely axial load is termed as axially loaded
column. It is also called concentrically loaded column.
 Wherever columns and beams are rigidly connected, the columns will be
subjected to bending moments. Even when the beams are simply supported
over the columns, at times, bending moments are developed in columns due
to partial fixity. When the effect of all the beams connected to the column
results in zero net bending moment, the column will be acted upon by only
 axial load with no moment. Such columns are called as “ Axially loaded
columns”.

Here column C1 is designed as axially loaded column.

1. Axially loaded columns are also called as internal column.

2. Beam on the all four sides will be uniform in length.

3. The moment produced on column along X axis and Y axis will be equal then
the net moment on the column will be zero on both axis.

4. The moment will be balanced on all four sides of column.Hence moment will
be neglected and the column will be designed for axial load only.
In any structure the columns under the following situations are treated as Axially
loaded columns.

Case (i):

In the fig above, the column C1 is connected to beams B1,B2, B3 and B4 as shown.
If the bending moments on the column due to beams B1 and B3 are equal then
there will be no net moment on the column along Y – Y axis. Similarly, if the bending
moments on the column due to beam B2 and B4 are equal, then the net moment
along X – X axis will also be zero. Therefore the column will be acted upon by only
axial load with no moment, such columns are designed as axially loaded columns.

Case (ii):

In the fig the column C1 is connected to beams B1 and B2 as shown. If the

bending moments on the column due to beams B1 and B2 are equal, then there will
be no net moment. Such columns are designed as axially loaded columns.

DESIGN PROCEDURE:

Given :

Ultimate or factored load Pu

Concrete Mix fck, Steel Grade fy

Unsupported length l

Effective length along X leffx, Effective length along Y axis leffy

Method of design:

1.Determine the size of column by assuming percentage of steel say 2%.

Pu= ( 0.4 fck Ac+ 0.67 fy Asc ) - ---- (1)

Asc=0.02 Ag

By assuming rectangular or square section find out the size of column from eqn 1.

2. Check whether the column is short or long column.

3. Calculate minimum eccentricity and check whether it is less than 0.05D.

emini.X= l/500 + D/30

emini.Y= l/500 + b/30 where D, b are depth and width of column.

Check emini.X < 0.05D and emini.Y < 0.05 b.

If emini is less than 0.05D, then the column has to be designed as a short column as
per eqn 1.

5.design of longitudinal reinforcement .

Asc= 2/100 x b x D

5. Design of transverse reinforcement

Minimum dia is greater of ¼ of larger dia of column bar or 6mm.

As per IS13920 clause 26.5.3.2 (c2) dia of lateral ties shall not be less than 8 mm.

Adopt lateral ties as 8mm dia.

Pitch is least of the following :

1.least lateral dimension of column.

2.16 times dia of smallest longitudinal dia of column bar.

3. 300 mm.

To design the column section for the given Ultimate Load

Example 1

Data given :

Ultimate Load Pu = 3000 KN

Unsupported length of Column = l = 3000 mm

End condition : Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at the
bottom (fixed joint), Effectively restrained against rotation but not held in position at
top (roller joint)

Effective length of Column lef = 1.20 l =1.2 x 3000=3600 mm

Concrete Grade = M25

Steel Grade = Fe415

Design (what to be obtained ) :

Method 1: Assume percentage of steel say 2% and find column section.

Step 1: Estimate size of column.

Assume percentage of steel (pt) =2.0%

Pu= ( 0.4 fck Ac+ 0.67 fy Asc ) - ---- (1)

3000 x103 =0.40 x 25 x(Ag -0.02 Ag) +0.67 x 415 x 0.02 Ag

Ag= 195299.78 mm2

Assuming square column

Side of column b = √195299.78 =441.9mm

Provide 450 x 450 mm square section.

Step 2: Determine whether the column is short or long

Effective length leffX = k l =1.20x 3000=3600 mm (Top roller and bottom fixed)

Leffx /D = 3600/450 =8.0 < 12 Hence short column.

Step 3: Check for minimum eccentricity :

emini x = l/500 + D/30 = 3000/500 + 450/30 =21 mm >20mm

Check if minimum eccentricity is < 0.05D

Therefore minimum eccentricity (21mm) is < 0.05 D (ie 22.5mm)

The column can be designed as a axially loaded short column using eqn 1.

Steo 4: Estimate Longitudinal reinforcement

Asc= 2/100 x (450 x 450) =4050 mm2

Provide 4 nos 32 dia + 4 nos 20 dia (Ast provided =4473.36 mm2 > 4050 mm2
Step 5: Estimate Transverse reinforcement

Dia of Ties is greater of following : ¼ x 32 =8 mm or 6mm

Provide 8 mm dia ties.

Pitch is least of the following :

1) Least lateral dimension of column 450 mm

2) 16 x 20= 320 mm

3) 300 mm

Provide 8 mm dia lateral ties at 300 mm c/c.

Distance between corner bars of one face =450-40-40-32/2=354 mm

48 x times lateral dia ties =48 x 8 =384 mm

354mm < 384 mm

Hence one no of open tie for internal bar is sufficient.

Note : If the distance between corner bars is more than 48 times lateral ties

One more closed ties shall be adopted.

Step 6: Detailing

Method 2: Assuming Column section and to find steel reinforcement

Data given :

Ultimate Load Pu = 2000 KN

Unsupported length of Column = l = 3000 mm

End condition : Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at the
bottom (fixed joint), Effectively restrained against rotation but not held in position at
top (roller joint)

Effective length of Column lef = 1.20 l =1.2 x 3000=3600 mm

Concrete Grade = M25

Steel Grade = Fe415

Design (what to be obtained ) :

Assuming Column section as 300 x 500mm and to find steel reinforcement.

Ag = 300 x 500 =150000 mm2

Step 1: Determine whether the column is short or long

Effective length leffX = k l =1.20x 3000=3600 mm (Top roller and bottom fixed)

Leffx /D = 3600/500 =7.2 < 12

Leffy /b = 3600/300 =12.0 =12 Hence short column.

Step 2: Check for minimum eccentricity :

emini x = l/500 + D/30 = 3000/500 + 500/30 =22.67 mm >20mm

Check if minimum eccentricity is < 0.05D

eminix = 22.67 mm is < 0.05 D =0.05 x 500 = 25mm

emini y = l/500 + b/30 = 3000/500 + 300/30 =16 mm <20mm

Check if minimum eccentricity is < 0.05b

eminiY =20mm is > 0.05 b =0.05 x 300 = 15 mm

The column in Y axis can be designed for moment due to minimum eccentricity

Mux= Pu x eminiy = 2000 x 20/1000 = 40KNm

Step 3: Estimate longitudinal reinforcement

The column has to be designed for axial load with uniaxial bending about X axis.

d’= effective cover

=clear cover+ dia of lateral ties (8mm dia)+ Dia of column main bar/2 (25mm)
=40+8 + 25/2= 60.5

d’/D =60.5/500 =0.121 Refer Chart d’/D= 0.15

Pu/fck bD =3000 x 103/ (25 x 300 x 500)=0.80

Mux/ fck b D2 = 40 x 106/ (25 x 300 x 5002) =0.02

Refering chart 45 of Design aid

p/ fck from Chart =0.12

pt= 0.12 x 25 =3.0%

Ast=3/100 x (300 x 500) = 4500 mm2

Provide 8 nos 28 dia bars (Ast provided = 4920mm2 > 4500mm2

Step 4: Estimate Transverse reinforcement

Dia of Ties is greater of following : ¼ x 28 =7 mm or 6mm

As per IS13920, minimum dia of ties=8mm

Provide 8 mm dia ties.

Pitch is least of the following :

1) Least lateral dimension of column 300 mm

2) 16 x 28= 448 mm

3) 300 mm

Provide 8 mm dia lateral ties at 300 mm c/c.

Distance between corner bars of one face =300-40-40-28/2=234 mm

48 x times lateral dia ties =48 x 8 =384 mm

234mm < 384 mm

Hence one no of open tie for internal bar is sufficient.

Note : If the distance between corner bars is more than 48 times lateral ties

One more closed ties shall be adopted.

Step 5: Detailing
Example 2:

Data given:

Factored load Pu : 2250KN

Column size : 300 x 400 mm

Unsupported length : 3.0m

Edge condition: Both ends fixed

Concrete grade M20

Steel Grade Fe415

Design :

Step 1: Check for short column

Unsupported length l=3.0m

Edge condition: Both ends fixed

leffx=K l =0.65 x3.0=1.95 m

leffy =0.65 l= 1.95 m

check for slenderness leffx/D=1.95/0.40=4.875 < 12

leffy/b= 1.95/0.30=6.50 <12

Hence the column is short column.

Step 2 : Check for minimum eccentricity

eminix= l/500 + D/30 = 3000/500 + 400/30=19.33mm

eminix=20 mm

Chrck eminix < 0.05 D

0.05D=0.05 x400=20mm eminix < 0.05D .

eminiy=l/500 +b/30 = 3000/500 + 300/30=16 mm

eminiy= 20mm

Check eminiy < 0.05 b 0.05 x 300 =15mm

eminiy > 0.05b 20mm > 15mm

Hence clause 39.3 can not be used for this axial loaded column. As minimum
eccentricity is more than 0.05 b, so moment will act on the column along with axial
load.

Pu=2250 KN Muy= Pu x eminiy = 2250 x 20/1000=45 KNm

The column has to be designed for axil load with uniaxial moment about minor axis.

Step 3: Design of longitudinal reinforcement

Here the bending axis along Y

Take D= 300 mm b=400 mm

Pu/fck bD = 2250 x 103 /20 x 300 x 400=0.938

Muy/ fck b D2 =45 x 106 /20 x 400 x 3002 =0.063

d’=40 +8+32/2 =64mm

d’/D=64/300 = 0.213 Refer chard d’/D=0.20

Referring chart 34 by providing reinforcement equally on two sides

p/fck=0.20 fck=20 p=0.20 x 20=4.0 %

Minimum steel =0.8 % of c/s

Maximum steel =6.0% of c/s

Asc= 4/100 x (300 x 400) =4800 mm2

Provide 6 nos 32 mm dia on either side of bending axis.

Asc provided = 6 x 804=4824 mm2 > 4800 mm2

Check for spacing berween two bars :

Spacing of bars in long direction = [400-2 x (40+8)- (3 x 32) ] /2 = 70mm <300

mm
Spacing of bars in shorter direction = [300 – 2 x (40 + 8) – (2 x 32)] /1 = 172 mm
<300 mm Ok.

Step 4: Design of lateral ties

Dia of lateral ties is greater of following

=1/4 x 32 = 8mm or 6mm whichever is greater.

Adopt 8 mm dia ties.

Spacing is least of following :

1) Least lateral dimension =300mm

2) 16 x 32=512 mm

3) 300 mm

Provide 8 mm dia lateral ties at 300 mm centre to centre.

Distance between corner bars of one face

Along long side =400-40-40-32/2=304 mm

Along short side =300-40-40-32/2=204 mm

48 x times lateral dia ties =48 x 8 =384 mm

As distance between corner bars are less than 48 x dia of lateral ties,

open tie for internal bar is sufficient.

Step 5: Detailing

METHOD 2 : USING CHART 25 OF SP – 16

Assume column section as 450 x 450 mm. Ag = 2025 cm2

For Pu = 2000 KN & Ag = 2025 cm2 &

Pu = 2000 x 103 = 9.88 N/ mm2

Ag 450 x 450

Pt from Chart 25 of SP – 16 = 0.95 %

2
Ast = 0.95 x 600 x 400 = 2288 mm

100
2
Provide 8 Nos. 20 Φ RTS all round the column (Ast = 2512 mm )

METHOD 3 : TABLE C1 EQUIVALENT TO CHART 25 OF SP – 16

3
Pu = 2000 x 10 = 0.40

Ag fck 450 x 450 x 25

From Table C1 for M25 Pt = 0.90 + (1.0 – 0.90) x ( 0.50- 0.496)

(0.507 – 0.496)

= 0.90 + 0.036 = 0.936 %

2
Ast = 0.936 x 600 x 400 = 2246.40 mm

100
2
Provide 8 Nos. 20 Φ RTS all round the column (Ast = 2512 mm )

The design can be done by pre assuming either the cross section of

column B and D or the percentage of steel to determine the other. Thus the column
can be designed by making use of the above eqn (1).
 The above eqn. accounts for minimum eccentricity of (i) 20 mm (ii) ( l/500 +
D/30) whichever is larger but not to exceeding 0.05 times lateral dimension of the
column.

In case of short columns with helical reinforcements are used instead of laterals,
the strength value given by eqn. may be multiplied by 1.05, provided in such case
the ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core shall not
be less than

0.36 ( Ag - 1) fck

Ac fy

Where Ag = gross area of the section of column

Ac= area of the core of helically reinforced column measured to the outside
diameter of the helix.