YouTube :- New Indian Era Email :- tprashant044@gmail.
com
By- Prashant
“Lenses”
“Lenses”
✓ The lens which has two spherical surfaces which are puffed up outwards is called a
convex or double convex lens.
✓ The lens with both surfaces spherical on the inside is called a concave or double
concave lens.
“Centre of curvature (C)” :
✓ The centres of spheres whose parts form surfaces of the lenses are called centres of
curvatures of the lenses.
Radius of curvature (R) :
✓ The radii (R1 and R2) of the spheres whose parts form surfaces of the lenses are
called the radii of curvature of the lens.
Principal axis :
✓ The imaginary line passing through both centres of curvature is called the principal
axis of the lens.
Optical centre (O) :
✓ The point inside a lens on the principal axis, through which light rays pass without
changing their path is called the optical centre of a lens.
Principal focus (F) :
✓ When light rays parallel to the principal axis are incident on a convex lens, they
converge to a point on the principal axis.
“Concave Lens” “ Convex Lens”
YouTube :- New Indian Era Email :-
[email protected]By- Prashant
“Images formed by convex lenses”
✓ Rule 1: When the incident ray is parallel to the principal axis, the refracted ray
passes through the principal focus
✓ Rule 2: When the incident ray passes through the principal focus, the refracted ray is
parallel to the principal axis.
✓ Rule 3: When the incident ray passes through the optical centre of the lens, it passes
without changing its direction.
“Images formed by convex lenses for different positions of the object”
“Images formed by concave lenses”
✓ When the incident ray is parallel to the principal axis, the refracted ray when
extended backwards, passes through the focus.
✓ When the incident ray passes through the focus, the refracted ray is parallel to the
principal axis.
YouTube :- New Indian Era Email :-
[email protected]By- Prashant
“Sign convention”
“Lens formula”
✓ The formula showing the relation between distance of the object (u), the distance of
the image (v) and the focal length (f) is called the lens formula.
“Magnification (M)”
✓ The magnification due to a lens is the ratio of the height of the image (h2) to the
height of the object (h1).
“Power of a lens”
✓ The capacity of a lens to converge or diverge incident rays is called its power (P).
✓ The unit of the power of a lens is Dioptre (D).
“Combination of lenses”
✓ If two lenses with focal lengths f1 and f2 are kept in contact with each other, the
combination has an effective focal length
YouTube :- New Indian Era Email :- [email protected]
By- Prashant
“Human eye”
✓ There is a very thin transparent cover ( membrane) on the human eye. This is called
cornea. Light enters the eye through it. Maximum amount of incident light is
refracted inside the eye at the outer surface of the cornea.
✓ There is a dark, fleshy screen behind the cornea. This is called the Iris. The colour of
the Iris is different for different people.
✓ There is a small hole of changing diameter at the centre of the Iris which is called the
pupil. The pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye. If the light falling on
the eye is too bright, pupil contracts while if the light is dim, it widens.
✓ On the surface of the iris, there is bulge of transparent layers. There is a double
convex transparent crystalline lens, just behind the pupil.
✓ This screen is made of light sensitive cells and is called the retina. These cells get
excited when light falls on them and generate electric signals.
✓ These signals are conveyed to the brain through optic nerve. Later, the brain
analyses these signals and converts them in such a way that we perceive the objects
as they actually are.
“Defects of Vision”
✓ 1. Nearsightedness/ Myopia :- The curvature of the cornea and the eye lens
increases.The muscles near the lens can not relax so that the converging power of the
lens remains large. The eyeball elongates so that the distance between the lens and
the retina increases.
✓ 2. Farsightedness or hypermetropia:- Curvature of the cornea and the eye lens
decreases so that, the converging power of the lens becomes less. Due to the
flattening of the eye ball the distance between the lens and retina decreases.
✓ 3. Presbyopia:- the focusing power of the eye lens decreases with age. The muscles
near the lens lose their ability to change the focal length of the lens. The near point of
the lens shifts farther from the eye. Because of this old people cannot see nearby
objects clearly.
YouTube :- New Indian Era Email :- [email protected]
By- Prashant
“Use of concave lenses”
✓ a. Medical equipments, scanner, CD player – These instuments use laser light. For
proper working of these equipments concave lenses are used.
✓ b. The peep hole in door- This is a small safety device which helps us see a large area
outside the door. This uses one or more concave lenses.
✓ c. Spectacles- Concave lenses are used in spectacles to correct nearsightedness.
✓ d. Torch- Concave lens is used to spread widely the light produced by a small bulb
inside a torch.
✓ e. Camera, telescope and microscope- These instruments mainly use convex lenses.
To get good quality images a concave lens is used in front of the eyepiece or inside it.
“Use of convex lenses”
✓ a. Simple microscope : A convex lens with small focal length produces a virtual, erect
and bigger image of an object as shown in the figure. Such a lens is called simple
microscope
✓ b. Compound microscope: Simple microscope is used to observe small sized objects.
But minute objects like blood cells, cells of plants and animals and minute living
beings like bacteria cannot be magnified sufficiently by simple microscope.
Compound microscopes are used to study these objects.
✓ c. Telescope: Telescope is used to see distant objects clearly in their magnified form.
The telescopes used to observe astronomical sources like the stars and the planets
are called astronomical telescopes.
✓ d. Optical instrument: Convex lenses are used in various other optical instruments like
camera, projector, spectrograph etc.
Best Of Luck:-
