Course Title: Introduction to Logic

Ac. Year: _____________ Semester :___________

CHAPTER TWO

PART I: MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS (1POINT EACH)—CHAPTER ONE

INSTRUCTION: READ EACH QUESTION AND PUT THE LETTER OF YOUR

CHOICE ON THE SPACE PROVIDED

1) Which one of the following is correct statement

A. In logic we need a factual claim rather than an inferential claim for logic is a
science of truth.
B. An argument is a group of statement that shed light on the given topic or issue.
C. The conclusion of deductive argument might not be contained in our premise(s).
D. Deductive argument might proceed from the knowledge of samples to the
knowledge of general truth. What matters most is whether our conclusion is
implicitly or explicitly stated or contained in our premises.
E. All are incorrect
2) Among the given choices identify the one which has a peculiar inferential structure
A. If you are a dog, then you are a cat. You are not a cat. Therefore, you are not a dog.
B. If you are a male, then you are not a female. You are a male. Thus, you are not a
male.
C. Mekelle is in America for Mekelle is either in America or Africa, and Mekelle is in
fact not in Africa.
D. All poor are rich and some poor are millionaires. Whence, some rich are
millionaires
E. Your weight is 55 kilos while I am 57 kilos. So we are not equal in weight.

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 3) “The director of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia reports that this days the culture of
saving is tremendously growing special by those who are living in rural areas. And
he also states that recently women and youngster are involving actively in saving
than before. From this you may conclude that saving money is increasing in the
Commercial Bank of Ethiopia most significantly by women, youngsters and rural
people.” This passage is best described as;
A.

B. A valid deductive argument

C. Invalid argument
D. A strong inductive argument
E. A sound deductive argument
F. A sound inductive argument

4) “If global warming continues, then the temperature of the world's oceans will rise.
If ocean temperatures rise, then hurricanes will become more intense. Therefore, if
global warming continues, then hurricanes will become more intense.” This
argument is;
A. Inductive, weak D. Nothing is known about this
B. Inductive, strong argument
C. Deductive, valid E. Deductive, invalid

5) Which one of the following argument is valid argument

A. All humans are Feline. All tigers are Feline. Therefore, all Feline are Tigers.
B. All fruits are testy. Candy is testy. Therefore, candy is a fruit.
C. Either Nathaniel or Daniel wants to date Sophia. Nathaniel does not want to date
Sophia. Therefore, Daniel wants to date Sophia.
D. All Beers are alcoholic drinks. Dashin is alcoholic drink. Therefore, Dashin is a
Beer.
E. All are valid except B.
6) “All Mekelle University first year civil students are journalists. No journalist is an
electrical student. It must be the case that all Mekelle University first year civil
students are not electrical students.” Which one is false about this claim?
A. It is necessarily unsound argument because its structure is invalid
B. It is a valid deductive argument
C. It is a categorical syllogism having a right deductive structure
D. The inferential relation of the premises and the conclusion is determined by the
law of necessity instead of probability
E. None
7) From the following arguments, identify the invalid one;

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 A. All democrats are liberals. No liberals are conservative. Therefore, no democrats
are conservative.
B. Any kind of disaster demands declaration of state of emergence. An earthquake is
a kind of disaster. So, an earthquake demands declaration of state of emergence.
C. If a country is underdeveloped, then it is economically insecure. Greece is
economically insecure. Therefore, Greece is an underdeveloped country.
D. All public servants are politicians. Daniel is a public servant. Therefore, Daniel is
a politician.
E. B and D.
8) A cogent argument requires one of the following pairs:

A. Strength and Validity D. Soundness and Strength

B. Strength and Truth E. All, but not “D”
C. Validity and Truth F. None

9) In the science of logic, “deductively valid argument” means:

A. If the premises are said to be true then the conclusion must be true.
B. Arguments in which both the premises and the conclusion are true.
C. All the reasons are necessarily true in fact.
D. It is impossible for an argument to be valid when all the premises and the
conclusion are false.
E. All except “D”.
10) 1+1=3.
2+1=2. Therefore, 1+1 and 2+1 makes 5.
Which one of the following is incorrect about the above argument?
A. The conclusion of the above argument necessarily follows from the premises so
that the argument is valid
B. Even though it contains false premises and true conclusion, since we evaluate
arguments regardless of the truth values of premises and conclusion, the above
argument can be cogent
C. Since it contains false premises, even though it is valid, it cannot be sound
argument
D. Since there is a logical necessity between the premises and the conclusion the
above argument is best interpreted as deductive argument
E. All are correct
11) If a deductive argument has all false premises and a true conclusion, then we know:
A. The argument is invalid. D. The argument is sound.
B. The argument is valid. E. All of the above.
C. Nothing as such about the
argument's validity.

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 12) All women are mammal. No men are women. Therefore all mammals are men. This
argument is

A. Syllogism D. Cogent
B. Weak inductive E. All
C. Inductive

13) “All Dolphins are fish. Some fish are good swimmers. Therefore, all dolphins are
good swimmers” Which one of the following is not true about the above argument?
A- It’s an invalid deductive argument
B- The argument has the form of a categorical syllogism
C- The argument is clearly unsound
D- The argument is valid though it’s unsound
E- It involves necessity
14) Yesterday I was reading a book entitled ‘Moby Dick’ and there I came across one
very surprising statement which claims that “despite their enormous size almost all
the whales I have seen so far have been one of the most docile and submissive
creatures who do not attack human beings unless agitated by an imminent danger.
So I have come to the generalization that all whales are friendly creatures.” I can
infer from this that whales are not actually dangerous animals. What is the form of
argumentation of this argument?
A. Prediction
B. Argument from Authority
C. Inductive Generalization
D. Argument based on Analogy
E. Causal inference

15) Which of the following combinations is proper?

A. Categorical Syllogism- Inductive
B. Argument based on Arithmetic- determined by the law of necessity
C. Weak Argument- always unsound
D. Invalid Argument- Always Sound
E. Invalid Argument- always uncogent
16) Point out the one that has an inductive form of argumentation
A. Either the world shall be governed by philosophers or there is no salvation for
the world. The world is not ruled by philosophers. Therefore, there is no
salvation for the world
B. If TilahunGessese was a singer then TilahunGessese was famous.
TilahunGessese was a singer. Hence TilahunGessese was famous.
C. The woman accused her boss of being egoist. So it must be the case that she is
accusing him of thinking only for himself and never for others.
D. The Ethiopian population was estimated to be sixty million in the 2008 census.
Many sources tell us that since then it has increased by twenty five percent.

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 Consequently we can conclude that the Ethiopian population is eighty three
million at the moment.
E. The attempt to control Ebola is proving to be a daunting task. This can only be
attributed to the failure of the international community to apprehend the gravity
of the situation.

17) Identify the inductively good argument

A. Few of the men I have seen so far are bold-headed. Probably the next man I see
will have a bold head.
B. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that China’s football team is
demonstrating an amazing performance, much like its economy. Therefore, we
can legitimately expect China’s team to be a world champion in the near future.
C. The flags of all African countries contain the symbol of machete and hammer.
Therefore, it’s very likely that all African countries follow the socialist
ideology.
D. The rate at which people are falling ill these days is much higher than the
previous times. Apparently this is caused by the unprecedented advancement in
the field of medicine.
E. Ethiopia is located in Africa. Liberia is also located in the African continent. In
addition, Ethiopia has never been colonized by a foreign power. Therefore, it’s
likely that Liberia also has never been colonized by a foreign country.

PART II: ARGUMENT EVALUATION (1.5 POINT EACH)

Instruction: Evaluate the following two arguments employing the full techniques
effectively. Don’t forget to follow the right steps!

18) If Americans are Ethiopians, then Eritreans are Canadians. But Eritreans are not
Canadians. Therefore, Americans are not Ethiopians.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
19) Almost all African countries are not economically rich. Ethiopia is an African country.
So it unlikely true that Ethiopia is economically rich.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________

PART III: INFERENTIAL CLAIM IDENTIFICATION (2 POINTS)

Instruction: Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC MODEL QUESTIONSPage 5

inductive or deductive. Indicate the premise/s and the conclusion of the argument. And
determine the nature of the argument as valid, invalid for deductive and strong and weak
for inductive arguments. State your reason for your answer.

20) Paleontologists have unearthed the fossilized bones of huge reptiles, which we have
named Dinosaurs. Hence, since tests indicate that these bones are more than 50 million
years old, Dinosaurs really did roam the earth 50 million years ago.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

PART IV. TRUTH, VALIDITY, SOUNDNESS AND COGENCY. WRITE IN THE

BLANKS BELOW THE WORD "TRUE" OR THE WORD "FALSE" IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE TRUTH OR FALSITY OF THE STATEMENT.
1. _______________All deductive argument with true premises are always valid.
2. _______________All sound deductive arguments are valid.
3. _______________All valid arguments have true premises and a true conclusion.
4. _______________All deductive arguments with true premises and a false conclusion are
invalid.
5. _______________Some invalid arguments have true premises and a true conclusion.
6. _______________All valid deductive arguments are sound.
7. _______________All deductive arguments are valid.
8. _______________All deductive arguments with a false conclusion are invalid.
9. _______________All sound arguments are valid and have all true statements in them.

PART V. SHORT ANSWER.EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING

TERMS ANG GIVE EXAMPLES.

1) Statement: ________________________________________________.

2) Sentence which is not a statement:

____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
3) Deductive argument:
_______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_.
4) Inductive argument: _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.

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 CHAPTER THREE

PART I: MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS (1POINT EACH)—CHAPTER TWO

INSTRUCTION: READ EACH QUESTION AND PUT THE LETTER OF YOUR

CHOICE ON THE SPACE PROVIDED

1) Identify the statement which is correct about definition in logic

A. All terms under lexical definitions are vague and necessarily hold the truth value
B. The role of definiens is always projected to offer extensional description to the
definiendum
C. In both persuasive and stipulative definitions the ultimate objective is to assign
meaning which basically consists of truth
D. Words are said to be “vague” when there are borderline cases where it is impossible
to decide whether they apply, because their meanings do not have sharp boundaries
E. None of the above
2) Which of the following is true?
A. If a given word is a term it necessarily contains an intention or connotation.
B. The meaning of a term is determined by its extension.
C. Logic is free from any sort of language dispute.
D. There is a case for series of terms to have constant value in both of their intention
and extension, so that no increment and decrement are shown up.
E. Even if all terms are words, they may not serve as the subject of a statement.
3) A triangle is “equilateral” if and only if a compass, when placed sequentially on two
vertices and properly adjusted, strikes through the other two vertices. Which technique
definition is used here?

A. Operational definition
B. Extensional technique
C. Synonymous definition
D. Definition by genus and difference
E. All, but not A

4) Definitions which are formulated to resolve disputes by influencing the attitudes or

emotions of readers or hearers are best called ________________ definitions.

A. Lexical C. Stipulative
B. Theoretical D. Précising

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 E. Persuasive F. All

5) One is not true about lexical definition?

A. It simply reports the way in which a term is already used within a language
community.
B. Its core aim is to inform someone else of the accepted meaning of the term, so the
definition is more or less correct depending upon the accuracy with which it captures
that usage.
C. Lexical definitions are the kinds of definitions found in dictionaries
D. Like theoretical definitions, lexical definitions do not attempt to capture the real
meaning of a word and so can be neither correct nor incorrect
E. “A” and “B”

6) Identify the definition which is purely persuasive;

A. “Ocean” means those bodies of salt water with an area greater than five million
square miles
B. “Suicide” means the ruthless self-murdering
C. “Assault” means for legal purpose, a deliberate act resulting in the apprehension of an
immediate harmful of offensive contact
D. “Dinosaur” means an extinct reptile
E. All of the above
7) Which of the following is not correct concerning meaning and order of intension and
extension?
A. “Bachelor,” “Fat bachelor,” and “Fat happy bachelor,” is a list both in order of
increasing extension and decreasing intension
B. The intension of a general term is the set of features which are shared by everything
to which it applies.
C. The denotation of a general term is just the collection of individual things to which it
is correctly applied.
D. While the extension of the word "chair" includes every chair that is (or ever has been
or ever will be), its intension is something like "a piece of furniture designed to be sat
upon by one person at a time
E. None of the above
8) “For Mekelle students are mild, it is true they are gentle.” Identify the right definitional
technique which is used to develop this argument.

A. Enumerative D. Genus and difference

B. Ostensive E. Synonymous
C. Operational

9) “Prime number” means one, three, five, seven, etc. What kind of definition is that?

A. Complete definition by subclass

B. Partial definition by subclass

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC MODEL QUESTIONSPage 8

 C. Partial enumeration
D. Complete definition by genus and difference
E. Etymological definition

10) One of the following is right about connotation and denotation;

A. Increasing intension and decreasing extension are analogous in terms of order and
meaning
B. It is always true that an intension increases from general to specific when there are
series of terms
C. Sometimes there are terms which have no intension and extension what we call
empty-extension terms
D. Both intension and extension have equal determining role in the meaning of all terms
E. Meaning of intension refers member whereas meaning of extension is to mean that
reference

11) One of the following words does lack an extension;

A. Mekelle University President D. Ethiopian Author

B. Ethiopian Present Emperor E. Ethiopia
C. Ethiopian Footballer F. None

12) Among the given alternatives which one is correct?

A. Whenever attributes are added to the intension of a term we say that the intension
increases and the extension decreases.
B. All denotative definitional techniques present a meaning of reference or member like
definition by genus and difference
C. Unlike Stipulative definition, because the definiendum of a lexical definition does
have a prior and independent meaning, its definition is neither true nor false.
D. There are cases in which the extension remains constant when the intension
increases/decreases.
E. Both theoretical and operational definitional techniques are developed to give both
denotative and connotative meanings

13) Identify the definitional technique which is categorically odd here;

A. Satan means the Evil One, or the Devil

B. House means this: lag, or that
C. Error means mistake, or defect
D. Microwave means a very short wave
E. Duplicate means exactly like, or multiply by two
F. Both “A” and “C”

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC MODEL QUESTIONSPage 9

14) Which one is wrong about ostensive definition?
It refers to the examples by means of pointing or D.
A. Etymology by some other gesture
Operational
A serious limitation with this method is that it is E.
B. Demonstration highly sophisticated
Synonymous
It is among the extensional techniques of definingF.a term
C. Enumeration None
D. It is quite important to teach children
E. All of the above
15) “Hexagon” means polygon having six sides. The technique that is used in defining the
term “hexagon” here is _____________________

II. Matching (One Point Each)

A B
1) The class of objects sharing A. Definition by subclass
common characteristics to which B. Intension
the term is correctly applied C. Etymology
2) The larger class in which the D. Definines
species being defined E. Extension
3) The set of attributes or defining
F. Genus
characteristics shared by that
class of objects to which we
apply the term
4) The symbol or group of
symbols
5) The symbol or group of
symbols explaining the meaning
of the definiendum
6) Root meaning a word

III. Description (Six Points)

1. Write the three techniques of denotative definition.
2. Clearly state the three functions of a stpulative definition.

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