Static Data Member & Member Function,

Array of Objects
KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL
TECHNOLOGY

School Of Computer Engineering

Mr. Abhaya Kumar Sahoo

Assistant Professor [II]
School of Computer Engineering,
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT),
Deemed to be University,Odisha

3 Credit Lecture Note 09

Chapter Contents
2

 Static Data member

 Static Member Function.
Specifying Class
3

 We can define class members static using static keyword.

 When we declare a member of a class as static it means no matter how many
objects of the class are created, there is only one copy of the static member.
 A static member is shared by all objects of the class.
 All static data is initialized to zero when the first object is created, if no other
initialization is present.
 We can't put it in the class definition but it can be initialized outside the class
using the scope resolution operator :: to identify which class it belongs to.
 It is visible only within the class, but its life time is the entire program.
 Only one copy of that member is created for the entire class and is shared
by all the objects of that class, no matter how many objects are created.
Example
4
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; int item::count;
class item int main()
{ {
static int count; item a ,b,c;// count initialised to
int number; zero
public: a.getcount();
void getdata(int a) b.getcount();
{ c.getcount();
number=a;
a.getdata(100);
count ++;
b.getdata(200);
}
c.getdata(300);
void getcount()
cout<< “After reading ”<<endl
{
cout<<”Count=”<< count<<endl; a.getcount();
} b.getcount();
}; c.getcount();
}
Static Member Function
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 A static member function can have access to only other static members
(Function and variable) declared in the same class.
 A static member function can be called using the class name (instead of its
objects) as follows:
 Syntax :
class-name:: function-name;
Example
6
#include <iostream> static void showcount()
using namespace std; {
cout<<”Count=”<< count;
class test }
{ };//end of class
int code; int test::count;
int main
static int count; {
public: test t1,t2;
void setcode( ) t1.setcode();
t2.setcode();
{ test::showcount();
code=++count;
} test t3;
t3.setcode();
void showcode() test::showcount();
{ t1.showcode();
cout<<”object no=”<< code<<endl; t2.showcode();
t3.showcode();
}
}
Array of Objects in C++
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Example: Array of Objects in C++
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#include <iostream>
#include <string> int main()
using namespace std;
{
Student st[5];
class Student
for( int i=0; i<5; i++ )
{ string name;
{
int marks;
cout << "Student " << i + 1 << endl;
public: void getName()
st[i].getName();
{ st[i].getMarks();
cout << "Enter name" << endl; }
cin>>name; for( int i=0; i<5; i++ )
} {
void getMarks(){ cout << "Student " << i + 1 << endl;
cout << "Enter marks" << endl; st[i].displayInfo();
cin >> marks; }
} return 0;
void displayInfo() }
{
cout << "Name : " << name << endl;
cout << "Marks : " << marks << endl;
}
};
Object as Function arguments
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 A copy of the entire object is passed to the function.
 Only the address of the object is transfered to the function.

 To pass an object as an argument we write the object name as the argument

while calling the function the same way we do it for other variables.

Syntax:
function_name(object_name);
Object as Function arguments
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Object as Function arguments-Pass by Value
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Object as Function arguments-Pass by Address
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Example: Object as Function arguments
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C++ Friend function
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 If a function is defined as a friend function in C++, then the protected and
private data of a class can be accessed using the function.
 By using the keyword friend compiler knows the given function is a friend
function.
 For accessing the data, the declaration of a friend function should be done
inside the body of a class starting with the keyword friend.
 Declaration of friend function in C++:
class class_name
{
friend data_type function_name(argument/s); // syntax of friend
function.
};
Characteristics of a Friend function:
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 The function is not in the scope of the class to which it has been declared as a
friend.
 It cannot be called using the object as it is not in the scope of that class.
 It can be invoked like a normal function without using the object.
 It cannot access the member names directly and has to use an object name and
dot membership operator with the member name.
 It can be declared either in the private or the public part.
 The function defination does not use either the keyword friend or the scope
operator :: .
 A function can be declared as a friend in any number of classes.
 A friend function, although not a member function , has full rights to the private
members of the class.
Characteristics of a Friend function:
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#include <iostream>
float mean( sample s)
#include <string>
{
using namespace std;
return float(s.a+s.b)/2.0;
class Sample
}
{ int main()
int a,b; {
sample x;
public: x.setvalue();
void setvalue() cout<< “Mean value=”<<mean(x);
{ return 0
a=25,b=40; }
}
friend float mean(sample s)
};
Member function one class can be friend function
of another class:
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 Syntax:
class X
{
....
int fun1();
....
};
class Y
{
....
friend int X::fun1();
....
};
Member function one class can be friend function
of another class:
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std; class ABC{
int data;
class ABC;
public:
class XYZ
void setvalue(int value)
{ {
int data; data=value;
public: }
void setvalue(int value) friend void add(XYZ,ABC)
{ };
data=value; void add (XYZ obj1, ABC obj2 )
{
}
cout<<”sum=”<<obj1.data+obj2.data;
friend void add(XYZ,ABC)
}
}; int main(){
XYZ X; ABC A;
X.setvalue(5);
A.setvalue(10); add(X,A); }
19