Stoichiometry
Applying equations to calculating
quantities
Learning objectives
Use chemical equations to predict quantity
of one substance from given quantity of
another
Determine percentage yield
Identify limiting reactant
The chemical equation
aA + bB = cC + dD
Reactant coefficient ELEMENT or Product
side COMPOUND side
The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter
is neither created nor destroyed
All atoms on left must be same as those on right
Working with equations:
STOICHIOMETRY
Predict how much product is obtained from
given amount of reactant
Predict how much reactant is needed to give
required amount of product
Predict how much of one reactant is
required to give optimum result with given
amount of another reactant
Stoichiometry with equations:
The roadmap
Equations are in moles, but we measure in grams
Three conversions required:
A is given substance (reactant or product); B is target
substance (reactant or product)
1. Must convert grams A to moles A using molar mass
2. Use coefficients in equation to get moles B from moles A
3. Convert moles B to grams B using molar mass
Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
Remember the mole triangle
Mole:mole ratio: the central step
Tells us molar ratio of substances in
balanced chemical equation
xX + yY = cC + dD
Mole:mole ratio (target:given) B:A = b/a
Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
Mole:mole ratio examples
Types of problems:
Moles A → moles B
(A is given; B is target)
xX + yY = cC + dD
Single step
Require mole:mole ratio:
Always target/given (B/A) moles B
=
b mol B
In balanced equation a mol A ≡ b mol B moles A a mol A
Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
Mole:mole ratio problems
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
How many moles of H2O are produced from 5 moles of CH4?
Identify given substance: A = CH4
Identify target substance: B = H2O
Mole:mole ratio is
moles B b mol B
=
moles A a mol A
Identify coefficients: CH4 a = 1; H2O b = 2
moles H 2O 2 mol H 2O
moles CH 4 1 mol CH 4
Moles A → mass
xX + yY = cC + dD
B
Two steps on road map
1. Convert moles A → moles B:
Mole:mole ratio (target/given): moles B b mol B
=
moles A a mol A
2. Convert moles B → mass B using molar mass B
mass B (g) = moles B (mol) x molar mass B (g/mol)
Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
Mole:mass/mass:mole problems
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
What mass of H2O is produced from burning 5 moles CH4?
How many moles of CO2 is produced when 64 g O2 is consumed?
Mass A → mass B
xX + yY = cC + dD
All three steps
1. Mass A → moles A using molar mass A
mass A (g)
moles A (mol) =
molar mass A (g/mol)
2. Moles A → moles B using mole:mole ratio moles B b mol B
=
moles A a mol A
3. Moles B → mass B using molar mass B
mass B (g) = moles B (mol) x molar mass B (g/mol)
Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
2 NaOH + Cl2 = NaOCl + NaCl + H2O
What mass NaOH required to react with 142 g Cl2?
Molar mass Cl2 = 35.5 x 2 = 71.0 g/mol
Molar mass NaOH = 23.00 + 16.00 + 1.01 = 40.01 g/mol
Summary of stoichiometry problems
Maximum of three conversions required
1. Must convert grams A to moles A using molar mass
2. Use coefficients in equation to get moles B from
moles A
3. Convert moles B to grams B using molar mass
Maximum of three pieces of information
required
1. Molar mass of given substance (maybe)
2. Molar mass of target substance (maybe)
3. Balanced chemical equation (always)
Work this example
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
What mass of CO2 is produced by the
complete combustion of 16 g of CH4
Atomic weight H = 1, C = 12, O = 16
44 g
Do stoichiometry exercises
Reaction Yield
The actual yield from a chemical reaction is
normally less than predicted from the
stoichiometry.
Incomplete reaction
Product lost in recovery
Competing side reactions
Percent yield is:
actual yield
% yield=
theoretical yield
Worked example
Actual yield of product is 32.8 g after reaction of 26.3 g of C4H8 with
excess CH3OH to give C5H12O.
What is theoretical yield? Use stoichiometry to get mass of product:
convert mass moles moles mass
Theoretical yield = 41.4 g
Percent yield = 32.8/41.4 x 100 %
Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
What is percent yield if 40 g of CO2 is
produced by the complete combustion of 16
g of CH4?
First calculate theoretical yield as previously
Theoretical yield CO2 = 44 g
Actual yield CO2 = 40 g
actual yield
% yield=
theoretical yield
Percent yield = 40 g/44 g x 100% = 91%
Limiting reactant
Balanced equations involve precisely the
right amounts of each reactant. None is left
over
Real-life situations usually involve an excess
of one reactant
Burning CH4 in excess O2
Reacting Zn with excess HCl
Identifying the limiting reactant
In balanced equations
each reactant will give
the same amount of
products
When one reactant is
limiting (deficient) the
amount of product will
be determined by its
amount
Identifying the limiting reactant
Which reactant gives the least amount of product
CO(g) + 2 H2(g) = CH3OH(g)
Given 3 mol CO and 5 mol H2
3 mol CO → 3 mol CH3OH
(mol:mol ratio CH3OH:CO = 1)
5 mol H2 → 2.5 mol CH3OH
(mol:mol ratio CH3OH:H2 = 0.5)
H2 is limiting
Maximum product = 2.5 mol CH3OH
