Morphometric Analysis of Drainage Basin through GIS: A

Case Study from South Western part of Rangareddy

District, Telangana State, India
Sreedhar Kuntamalla1, Madhusudhan Nalla2 , Praveen Raj Saxena3
1,2,3
Research Scholar, Department of Applied Geochemistry,
University College of Science,
Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, (India)

ABSTRACT
In this study an attempt has been made to understand the morphometric characteristics of the Pargi river basin
with an aim to compute the detailed morpho tectonic parameters and their bearing on the hydrogeological
condition of the region. The analysis revealed that the drainage basin is characterized by dendritic to
subdendritic drainage pattern. The development of stream segments in the basin area is more or less affected by
rainfall. The total number as well as total length of stream segments is maximum in first order streams and
decreases as the stream order increases. The bifurcation ratio (Rb) between different successive orders is
almost constant revealing the partial structural control. The stream frequency (Sf) value of 2.99 exhibits positive
correlation with the drainage density value of 2.17. The drainage density (Dd) indicates clearly that the region
has permeable subsoil and relatively dense vegetation cover. Calculated Circularity Ratio (Rc) value of 0.44
and Elongation Ratio (Re) value of 0.20 indicates that the drainage basin is elongated in shape, has low
discharge of runoff and relatively permeable subsoil condition. The value of Form Factor (Rf) 0.40, represents a
flatter peak of flow for longer duration. Flood flows of such elongated basins are easier to manage than of the
circular basin. Hence from the study it is clear that the morphometric analysis based on GIS technique is very
useful to understand the prevailing geo-hydrological characteristics and for watershed planning and
management.
Key Words: Areal parameters, drainage basin, drainage morphometry, GIS and linear
parameters.

I. INTRODUCTION
In countries like India, where the population pressure is continuously increasing land and water resources are
limited and their wide utilization is imperative. Drainage basins, catchments and sub-catchments are the
fundamental units for administrative purposes to conserve natural resources. Morphometry is the measurement
and mathematical analysis of the configuration of the earth’s surface, shape and dimension of its landforms [1];

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[2]; [3]. The morphometric analysis is done successfully through measurement of linear, aerial, relief, gradient
of channel network and contributing ground slope of the basin [4]; [5]; [6].
Drainage basin morphology reflects various geological and geomorphological processes over time is a widely
acknowledged principle of morphometry, as indicated by various morphometric studies [7]; [8], [9]; [10]; [11];
[12]; [13]; [14]; [15]; [16]; [17]; [18]). It is well established that the influence of drainage morphometry is very
significant in understanding the landform processes, soil physical properties and erosional characteristics. The
remote sensing technique is the effective method for morphometric analysis as the satellite images provide a
synoptic view of a large extent and is very useful in the analysis of drainage basin morphometry. The fast
emerging spatial information technology, remote sensing, GIS, and GPS have effective tools to overcome most
of the problems of land and water resources planning and management rather than conventional methods of data
process [19]. The present study aims at using the remote sensing and GIS technology to compute various
parameters of morphometric characteristics of the study area, a tributary of the river Krishna.

II. STUDY AREA

The study area is located in South-Western part of the Rangareddy district at a distance of 90 Kms from
Hyderabad, covering an area of 381 km2. Exists between 17o 05ꞌ to 17 o 28ꞌ North latitudes and 77o 76 ꞌ to
77o 99 ꞌ East longitudes and falls in the Survey of India Toposheet no. 56G/16 and 56F/16 (Fig.1). Average
annual rainfall is about 833 mm. The minimum and maximum temperatures range from 15.1 to 40.9°C [20].

Fig.1. Location map of the study area

2.1.Geology of the area
The study area is characterized by a diverse geological record ranging in age from Pre-Cambrian to Recent. The
Archaean crystalline rocks occupy major part of the study area comprising older metamorphic rocks, peninsular

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gneissic complex (PGC) and younger intrusive rocks. Intrusive of dolerite dyke are visible in the SSW part of
the study area. The basaltic flows of the Deccan Traps cover the granitites in the NE and a part in NW part
(Fig.2).

Fig.2. Geological map of the study area [21]

III. METHODOLOGY
The study area is delineated from rectified, mosaiced SOI topographic maps with no. 56G/16 and 56F/16 on the
scale 1:50,000 with the help of GIS software. Morphometric analysis of a drainage system requires the
delineation of all the existing streams. Digitization of the drainage basin was carried out for morphometric
analysis in GIS environment. The attributes were assigned to create the digital data base for drainage layer of the
river basin. To evaluate the drainage basin morphometry, various parameters like stream number, stream order,
stream length, stream length ratio, bifurcation ratio, basin length, basin area, relief ratio, elongation ratio,
drainage density, stream frequency, form factor and circulatory ratio, etc., have been analysed using the standard
mathematical formulae given in Table 1.

Table 1. Morphometric parameters with formulae

S. No. Parameters Formula Reference
1 Stream Order (Sμ) Hierarchical rank [9]
2 Stream Length (Lμ) Length of the stream [7]
3 Mean Stream Length (Lsm) Lsm = Lμ/Nμ [9]
4 Stream Length Ratio (RL) RL= Lsm / Lsm-1 [7]

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 5 Bifurcation Ration (Rb) Rb = Nμ / Nμ +1 [22]
6 Mean Bifurcation Ratio (Rbm) Rbm = Average of bifurcation ratios of all orders [9]
7 Drainage Density (Dd) Dd = Lμ/A [23]
Dt = Nμ /P Where, Nμ = No. of streams in a given order
8 Drainage texture (Dt) [24] & [7]
and P = Perimeter (Kms)
9 Stream Frequency (Fs) Fs = Nμ/A [7]
Re= √A /π / Lb Where, A= Area of the Basin (Km2)
10 Elongation ratio (Re) [22]
Lb=Maximum Basin length (Km)

Rc = 4πA/ P2 Where, A = Basin Area (Km2) and P=

Perimeter of the basin (Km) Or Rc = A/ Ac Where, A =
11 Circularity Ratio (Rc) [25]
Basin Area (Km2) and Ac = area of a circle having the
same perimeter as the basin

Rf = A/Lb2 Where, A = Area of the basin and Lb =

12 Form Factor Ratio (Rf) [23]
(Maximum) basin length
13 Length of Overland Flow (Lg) Lg=(1/D)*2 Km Where, D=Drainage density (Km/Km2) [7]
14 Relief (R) R=H-h [26]
15 Relief ratio (Rr) Rr = R/L [27]

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The morphometric parameters of Pargi stream have been calculated and the results are given in the Table 2. The
total drainage area of the study area basin is 381 km2. The drainage pattern is dendritic in nature and it is
influenced by the general topography, geology and rainfall condition of the area. Based on the stream order, the
watershed basin is classified as fifth-order basin to interpret the morphodynamic parameters as listed in Table 1
([23], [7]; [24]; [22], [27]; [26]; [9]; [28]; [29]).

Table 2. Linear Morphometric Parameters of the Drainage Basin

Mean Cumulative
Stream Stream Stream Drainage Mean
Stream Mean Drainage
Stream No. of Length Length frequnecy Density Bifurcation Bifurcation
Length Stream Area
Order Streams (Lµ) Ratio (Sf) (Dd) Ratio (Rb) Ratio
(Lsm) Length (Sq.km)
(km) (RL) (Sq.km) (Sq.km) (Rbm)
(km) (Lsm)

1 864 452.54 0.52 0.52 1.71 2.27 1.19 4.11

4.15 381
2 210 188.58 0.90 1.42 2.48 0.55 0.49 4.5

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3 47 104.74 2.23 3.65 1.96 0.12 0.27 3.4

4 14 61.06 4.36 8.01 1.55 0.04 0.16 4.7

5 3 20.32 6.77 14.78 0.01 0.05 -

1138 827.2 2.99 2.17 381

Table 3. Other Linear Morphometric Parameters of the Drainage Basin

S .No. Parameter Calculated Value

1 Length of Overland Flow (Lg) 0.92 km

2 Basin Perimeter (P) 104.38 km

3 Basin Length (Lb) 21.15 km

Table 4. Areal Morphometric Parameters of the drainage network of the Drainage Basin

S .No. Parameter Calculated Value

1 Drainage Texture (Dt) 10.90-0.03
2 Form Factor Ratio (Rf) 0.85
3 Elongation Ratio (Re) 0.29
4 Circularity Ratio (Rc) 0.44
5 Relief Ratio (Rr) 8.13

4.1. Linear Morphometric Parameters

Linear aspects of the basins are related to the channel patterns of the drainage network wherein the topological
characteristics of the stream segments in terms of open links of the network system are analyzed. The
morphometric investigation of the linear parameters of the basins includes stream order (Sμ), Stream number
(Nμ), Stream Length (Lμ), Mean Stream Length (Lsm), Stream Length Ratio (RL), Bifurcation Ration (Rb),
Mean Bifurcation Ratio (Rbm), Drainage Density (Dd), Drainage texture (Dt), Stream Frequency (Sf),
Elongation ratio (Re), Circularity Ratio (Rc), Form Factor Ratio (Rf), Length of Overland Flow (Lg), Relief (R)
and Relief ratio (Rr). Some of the important linear aspects have been computed as shown in (Table 2 and 3).

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4.2. Stream order (Sμ)
Stream ordering is the first step of quantitative analysis of the watershed. In the present study, ranking of
streams has been carried out based on the method proposed by [9]. The stream orders are classified up to fifth
orders in the study area. Details of stream order of several tributaries of Krishna River and their sub-watershed
area are shown in the (Fig. 1; Table 2). The maximum stream order frequency is observed in case of first-order
streams and then for second order. Hence, it is noticed that there is a decrease in stream frequency as the stream
order increases and vice versa.

4.3. Stream number (Nμ)

The total of order wise stream segments is known as stream number. As per [7] law of stream numbers of
different orders and the total number of streams in the basin are counted and calculated in GIS platforms. During
calculation it is identified that the number of streams gradually decreases as the stream order increases; the
variation in stream order and size of tributary basins is largely depends on physiographical, geomorphological
and geological condition of the region. 1138 stream lines were recognized in the whole basin, out of which
75.92 % (864) is 1st order, 18.45 % (210) 2nd order, 4.13 % (47) 3rd order, 1.23 % (14) 4th order and 0.26 % (3)
comprises 5th order stream (Table 2).

4.4. Stream length (Lμ)

In the present work, it was found that the stream segment lengths decreased with the increase in the stream
order. It is evident that the result of order-wise stream length of the study area is shown in Table 2. The total
stream length of the study area was 827.20 Km which includes 452.54 Km in 1st order, 188.58 Km in 2nd order,
104.74 Km in 3rd order, 61.06 in 4th order and 20.32 Km in 5th order respectively (Table 2). The Deviation
may indicate flowing of streams from high altitude, variation in lithology or by high relief /moderately steep
slopes [30].

4.5. Mean stream length (Lsm)

Mean stream length (Lsm) reveals the characteristic size of components of a drainage network and its
contributing surfaces [9]. It has been computed by dividing the total stream length of order ‘μ’ by the number of
stream segments in the order (Table 3). In the study area, it is noted that Lsm varies from 0.52 to 6.77 km (Table
2) and its value for any given order is greater than that of the lower order and less than that of its next higher
order in the whole drainage basin. [9] indicated that the (Lsm) is a characteristic property related to the size of
drainage network and its associated surfaces.

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4.6. Stream Length Ratio (RL)
The stream length ratio can be defined as the ratio of the mean stream length of a given order to the mean stream
length of next lower order and having important relationship with surface flow and discharge and erosion stage
of the basin [7]. It is noticed that the RL between successive stream orders of the basin vary due to differences
in slope and topographic conditions [28]. The values of RL vary haphazardly from 1.55 to 2.48 (Table 2). Since
the study area stream basin shows changes in RL from one order to another, this change might be attributed to
variation in slope and topography, indicating the late youth stage of geomorphic development in the streams of
the basin ([30]; [31]).

4.7. Bifurcation ratio (Rb)

Bifurcation ratio is related to the branching pattern of a drainage network and is defined as the ratio between the
total numbers of stream segments of one order to that of the next higher order in a drainage basin [22]. It is a
dimensionless property and shows only a small variation for different regions with different environments
except where powerful geological control dominates (Strahler, 1964).Values of Rb typically range from the
theoretical minimum of 3 to 5 for basins in which the geologic structures do not distort the drainage pattern [9].
The lower values of Rb are characteristics of the watersheds or drainage basins, which have suffered less
structural disturbances and the drainage pattern has not been distorted because of the structural disturbances [9];
[5]. From the (Table 2), it is clear that the bifurcation ratio values of the study area drainage basin vary from 3.4
to 4.7 with the mean bifurcation ratio of 4.15. The highest Rb (4.7) is found between 4th and 5th order which
indicates corresponding highest overland flow and discharge due to hilly less permeable rock formation
associated with high slope configuration. The mean bifurcation ratio, which is the average of bifurcation ratios
of all orders, is 4.15. This relatively lower value of mean bifurcation ratio suggests the geological heterogeneity,
higher permeability and lesser structural control in the area.

4.8. Drainage density (Dd)

The drainage density is an expression of the closeness or spacing of channels [23]. The significance of drainage
density is recognized as a factor determining the time travel by water [22]. The measurement of Dd is a useful
numerical measure of landscape dissection and runoff potential [12]. On the one hand, the Dd is a result of
interacting factors controlling the surface runoff; on the other hand, it is itself influencing the output of water
and sediment from the drainage basin [32]. Dd is known to vary with climate and vegetation, soil, rock
properties, relief and landscape evolution processes ([33]; [16]; [34]). The drainage density less than 2 indicates
very coarse, between 2 and 4 as coarse, between 4 and 6 as moderate, between 6 and 8 as fine and greater than 8
as very fine drainage texture [35]. In the present study, it was found that the drainage density values 2.17
km/km2 (Table 2) are variable and suggests that the study area falls into coarse texture category and indicates
good permeability of sub-surface material in the study area except the first order streams and relatively dense
vegetation cover and medium relief [36].
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4.9. Drainage texture (Dt)
The drainage texture is considered as one of the important concept of geomorphology which shows the relative
spacing of the drainage lines [12]. The drainage texture values are 8.28 (1st order streams), 2.01 (2nd order
streams), 0.45 (3rd order streams), 0.13 (4th order streams) and 0.03 (5th order streams) (Table 4). Low
drainage density leads to coarse drainage texture while high drainage density leads to fine drainage texture that
in turn depends on the infiltration capacity of the mantle rock or bed rock [37].

4.10. Stream frequency (Sf)

Stream frequency (Sf) is the total number of stream segments of all orders per unit area [23]. [38] stated that low
values of stream frequency Sf indicate presence of a permeable subsurface material and low relief. The channel
segment numbers for unit areas are difficult to be enumerated [39], but an attempt has been made to count
stream frequency in the study area of drainage basin. The stream frequency value of the basin is 2.99 km/ km 2
(Table 2).

4.11. Elongation ratio (Re)

Elongation ratio (Re) is defined as the ratio of diameter of a circle having the same area as of the basin and
maximum basin length [22]. It is a measure of the shape of the river basin and it depends on the climatic and
geologic types. A circular basin is more efficient in runoff discharge than an elongated basin [30]. The value Re
in the study area was found to be 0.29 (Table 4) indicating relatively moderate relief of the terrain and elongated
shape of the drainage basin. Higher values of elongation ratio show high infiltration capacity and low runoff,
whereas lower Re values which are characterized by high susceptibility to erosion and sediment load [38].

4.12. Circularity ratio (Rc)

Circularity ratio is the ratio of the area of the basins to the area of circle having the same circumference as the
perimeter of the basin [25]. Rc as a significant ratio that indicates the dendritic stage of a watershed. This is
mainly due to the diversity of slope and relief pattern of the basin. The circulator ratio is mainly concerned with
the length and frequency of streams, geological structures, land use/land cover, climate, relief and slope of the
basin. It is a significant ratio that indicates the dendritic stage of a watershed. Low, medium and high values of
Rc indicate the young, mature, and old stages of the life cycle of the tributary watershed [40]. Rc value of the
basin is 0.44 (Table 4) which indicate that the drainage basin is more or less elongated and is characterized by
medium to low relief. Such drainage systems are partially controlled by the structural disturbances [41].

4.13. Form factor ratio (Rf)

Horton (1932) stated form factor as the ratio of the area of the basin and square of the basin length. The value of
form factor would always be greater than 0.78 for perfectly circular basin. Smaller the value of form factor,

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more elongated will be the basin. The form factor value of the basin is low, 0.85 (Table 4) which represents
elongated shape. The elongated basin with low form factor indicates that the basin will have a flatter peak of
flow for longer duration. Flood flows of such elongated basins are easier to manage than of the circular basin
[42].

4.14. Length of overland flow (Lg)

Length of overland flow is defined as the length of flow path, projected to the horizontal, non channel flow from
point on the drainage divide to a point on the adjacent stream channel [9]. Horton, for the sake of convenience,
had taken it to be roughly equal to half the reciprocal of the drainage density. Overland flow is significantly
affected by infiltration (exfiltration) and percolation through the soil, both varying in time and space. In this
study, the length of overland flow of the study area drainage basin is 1.09 kilometers (Table 3), which shows
low surface runoff in the study area.

4.15. Relief (R)

Relief is the difference in elevation between any two reference points. Relief measure of a region indicates the
potential energy of a drainage system. A region having a high relief can transfer high energy into the drainage
system. Maximum relief within a region is naturally the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest
points.

4.16. Relief ratio (Rr)

The difference in the elevation of the highest and lowest points in a watershed is its total relief, whereas the ratio
of basin relief to basin length (horizontal distance along the longest dimension of the basin parallel to the
principal drainage line) is Relief Ratio (Rh) [22]. It is used to measure the overall steepness of a river basin and
is an indicator of intensity of erosion processes operating on the slopes of the basin. Normally, it has inverse
correlation with drainage area and size of drainage basin. For the present study it obtains 8.13 shown in (Table
4).

V. CONCLUSION
Morphometric analysis of drainage system is prerequisite to any hydrological study. Thus, determination of
stream networks’ behaviour and their interrelation with each other is of great importance in many water
resources studies. The study reveals that GIS based approach in evaluation of drainage morphometric
parameters at river basin level is more appropriate than the conventional methods. GIS based approach
facilitates analysis of different morphometric parameters and to explore the relationship between the drainage
morphometry and properties of landforms, soils and eroded lands. Based on the drainage orders the study area
basin has been classified as fifth order basin. The mean Rb indicates that the drainage pattern is not much

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influenced by geological structures. Drainage density (Dd) and stream frequency (Fs) are the most useful
criterion for the morphometric classification of drainage basins which certainly control the runoff pattern,
sediment yield and other hydrological parameters of the drainage basin. The Dd of the basin reveals that the
nature of subsurface strata is permeable. This is a characteristic feature of coarse drainage as the density values
are less than 5.0 reveals that the drainage areas of the basin are passing through an early mature stage of the
fluvial geomorphic cycle. Lower order streams mostly dominate the basin. The development of stream segments
in the basin area is more or less affected by rainfall. Rc, Rf and Re show the elongated shape of the basin have
low discharge of runoff and medium relief of the terrain. It is noticed that stream segments up to 3rd order
traverse parts of the high altitudinal zones, which are characterized by steep slopes, while the 4 th and 5th order
stream segments occur in comparatively flat lands wherein maximum infiltration of runoff occurs; these are
important locations for constructing check dams. Hence from the study it is clear that GIS technique is a
competent tool in morphometric analysis (for geo-hydrological studies). These studies are very useful for
planning and drainage basin management.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to University Grants Commission (BSR), New Delhi for pursing this program and for
providing financial support and also thankful to the Editor of the journal for his kind support and
encouragement.

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