NAME

ROLL NO 18102015-013,O21,019,015,004

DEPARTMENT MBA(3.5)5TH

SUBMITTED TO DR WASIM AKRAM

TOPIC SPSS REPORT

Reliability test

Variable Name Cronbach's Alpha

Entrepreneurial Orientation .925
Knowledge barrier .940
Knowledge filter .885
Commercialization .908

Interpretation:
CRONBACH ALPHA is commonly used to measure the reliability analysis measure .70 is acceptable and higher number like .80 and .90 are
much preferable according to NUNALLY AND BERNSTEN(1994). Entrepreneurial orientation variable's items are reliable because its
cronbach's alpha value is 0.925 which is higher than 0.7. Knowledge barrier variable's items are reliable because its cronbach's alpha value is
 0.940 which is higher than 0.7.Knowledge filter variable's items are reliable because its cronbach's alpha value is 0.885 which is higher than
0.7 . Communication variable's items are reliable because its cronbach's alpha value is 0.908 which is higher than 0.7

Central tendency of variables

Variable Name Mean Median Mode
Ent_or 3.5605 3.6667 4.00
Knowledge barrier 4.0246 4.0000 4.00
Knowledge filter 2.5799 2.5000 2.33
Commercialization 3.7560 3.7778 4.00

Interpretation :
A central tendency is central value for a probability distribution. It may also called center or location of the sample data. The mean, median, mode of
entrepreneurial orientation is nearly equal in which the mean is 3.5605, median is 3.6667 and the mode is 4, and the mean, median, mode of knowledge
barrier is also nearly equal in which the mean is 4.0246 and the median is 4 and the mode is also 4 , and mean, median, mode of knowledge filter are
nearly equal in which the mean is 2.5799 the median is 2.5 and the mode is 2.33. The mean, median, mode of commercialization is also nearly equal in
which the mean is 3.7560 the median is 3.7778 and the mode is 4, which agrees with our decision that the data are relatively normally distributed.

The dispersion of variables

Variables Standard Variance Range Maximum Minimum

deviation
En_ or .7716 .596 4 5 1
Kb .63208 .400 3.8 5 1.20
Kf .69235 .479 4 5 1
Comm .59580 .355 4 5 1

Interpretation
 Dispersion is the degree to which data is distributed around this central tendency, and is represented by range, deviation, variance, standard
deviation and standard error. The values of standard deviation of entrepreneurial orientation is .7716and kb is .63208 kf is .69235 and
commercialization is .59580.variance of entrepreneurial orientation is .596, kb is .400, kf is .479 and commercialization is .355. Range of
entrepreneurial orientation is 4, kb is 3.8, kf is 4 and commercialization is 4. All the data is nearly equal so we can say that the data is normally
distributed.

Assessing Normality

Descriptive Statistics(Ent_or)

N Minimum Maximum Skewness Kurtosis

Statisti Statisti Std. Statisti
c Statistic Statistic c Error c Std. Error
entrepreneurial behavior is a central principal 317 1 5 -.399 .137 -.276 .273
in my university
researchers are dynamic in my university 317 1 5 -.391 .137 -.301 .273
innovation is emphasized in my university 317 1 5 -.583 .137 .237 .273
researchers are willing to take risks in my 317 1 5 -.884 .137 1.056 .273
university
willingness to continues progress is the join 317 1 5 -.256 .137 -.494 .273
foundation in my university
researchers are eager at being always first to 317 1 5 -.542 .137 .082 .273
market
Valid N (list wise) 317

Interpretation:
The table of entrepreneurial orientation that includes six items shows the values of skewness and kurtosis statistics for all items that fall within the
ranges of -2 to +2 (kline,2016). Thus, it was evident that all items are normally distributed. All the data is normally distributed

En_or
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid 1.00 2 .6 .6 .6
1.50 1 .3 .3 .9
1.83 5 1.6 1.6 2.5
2.00 9 2.8 2.8 5.4
2.17 5 1.6 1.6 6.9
2.33 7 2.2 2.2 9.1
2.50 7 2.2 2.2 11.4
2.67 4 1.3 1.3 12.6
2.83 13 4.1 4.1 16.7
3.00 28 8.8 8.8 25.6
3.17 21 6.6 6.6 32.2
3.33 25 7.9 7.9 40.1
3.50 19 6.0 6.0 46.1
3.67 21 6.6 6.6 52.7
3.83 36 11.4 11.4 64.0
4.00 58 18.3 18.3 82.3
4.17 12 3.8 3.8 86.1
4.33 9 2.8 2.8 89.0
4.50 4 1.3 1.3 90.2
4.67 6 1.9 1.9 92.1
4.83 9 2.8 2.8 95.0
5.00 16 5.0 5.0 100.0
Total 317 100.0 100.0

Interpretation
Interpretation This table shows the frequency of the item of
In this diagram we can see that the curve in the diagram which covers almost all the data, this entrepreneurial orientation which can be used in
curve is known as bell curve. So we can say that the data is normally distributed. The normal
the graph(histogram).The total frequency is 317
distributed is often called the bell curve because the graph of its probability density look like bell
which can be used in the histogram.
it also know as called GAUSSAIN distribution after the GERMAN mathematician (CARL
GAUSS) who first described it.

Descriptive statistics (kb)

N Minimum Maximum Skewness Kurtosis

Std. Std.
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Error Statistic Error

i trust my industrial partners to treat ma 317 2 5 -.714 .137 1.032 .273

fairly
i trust that confidential information shared 317 1 5 -.734 .137 1.472 .273
with my industrial partners about my
research results will be kept strictly private
research commercialization motivates me 317 1 5 -.583 .137 .920 .273
to disclose my findings or inventions
my research activities are totally linked with 317 1 5 -.533 .137 .829 .273
market requirements
involvement in technology transfer activities 317 1 5 -.563 .137 1.047 .273
create awareness of market requirements

Valid N (listwise) 317

Interpretation
The table knowledge barrier that includes five items shows the
values of skewness and kurtosis statistics for all items that fall
within the ranges of -2 to +2 (kline,2016). Thus, it was evident that
all items are normally distributed. All the data is normally
distributed

kn_br
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid 1.20 1 .3 .3 .3
2.00 2 .6 .6 .9
2.20 3 .9 .9 1.9
2.60 2 .6 .6 2.5
2.80 3 .9 .9 3.5
3.00 21 6.6 6.6 10.1
3.20 12 3.8 3.8 13.9
3.40 10 3.2 3.2 17.0
3.60 14 4.4 4.4 21.5
3.80 15 4.7 4.7 26.2
4.00 123 38.8 38.8 65.0
4.20 24 7.6 7.6 72.6
4.40 20 6.3 6.3 78.9
4.60 14 4.4 4.4 83.3
4.80 13 4.1 4.1 87.4
5.00 40 12.6 12.6 100.0
Total 317 100.0 100.0

Interpretation
This table shows the frequency of the items of knowledge barrier which can be used in the graph(histogram).The total frequency is 317 which can be
used in the histogram.

Interpretation
In this diagram we can see that the curve in the diagram which covers almost all the data, this curve is known as bell curve. So we can say that the
data is normally distributed. The normal distributed is often called the bell curve because the graph of its probability density look like bell it also
know as called GAUSSAIN distribution after the GERMAN mathematician (CARL GAUSS) who first described it.
Descriptive Statistics(kf)
N Minimum Maximum Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
a career as an entreprenuer 317 1 5 -.944 .137 2.254 .273
is totally attractive to me
if i had the oppertunity and 317 1 5 .883 .137 .325 .273
resources, i would love to
start a business
being an entreprenuer would 317 1 5 .732 .137 -.018 .273
give me great satisfaction
being an entreprenuer 317 1 5 .942 .137 1.031 .273
implies more advantages
than disadvantages
starting a firm and keeping it 317 1 5 .749 .137 .222 .273
viable would be easy for me
im able to control the creation 317 1 5 .901 .137 .835 .273
process of a new business
Valid N (listwise) 317

Interpretation
The table of knowledge filter that includes six items shows the values of skewness and kurtosis statistics for all items that fall within the ranges of
-2 to +2 (kline,2016). Thus, it was evident that all items are normally distributed. All the data is normally distributed .

kn_fl
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Vali 1.00 1 .3 .3 .3
d 1.17 1 .3 .3 .6
1.33 8 2.5 2.5 3.2
1.50 15 4.7 4.7 7.9
1.67 8 2.5 2.5 10.4
1.83 10 3.2 3.2 13.6
2.00 11 3.5 3.5 17.0
2.17 26 8.2 8.2 25.2
2.33 73 23.0 23.0 48.3
2.50 43 13.6 13.6 61.8
2.67 29 9.1 9.1 71.0
2.83 15 4.7 4.7 75.7
3.00 9 2.8 2.8 78.5
3.17 16 5.0 5.0 83.6
3.33 9 2.8 2.8 86.4
3.50 6 1.9 1.9 88.3
3.67 12 3.8 3.8 92.1
3.83 8 2.5 2.5 94.6
4.00 10 3.2 3.2 97.8
4.17 2 .6 .6 98.4
4.33 2 .6 .6 99.1
4.50 1 .3 .3 99.4
5.00 2 .6 .6 100.0
Total 317 100.0 100.0

Interpretation
This table shows the frequency of the items of knowledge barrier which can be used in the graph(histogram).The total frequency is 317 which can
be used in the histogram
.

Interpretation
In the diagram of knowledge filter we can see that the curve in the diagram which covers almost all the
data, this curve is known as bell curve. So we can say that the data is normally distributed. The normal
distributed is often called the bell curve because the graph of its probability density look like bell it also
know as called GAUSSAIN distribution after the GERMAN mathematician (CARL GAUSS) who first
described it.

Descriptive Statistics(comm)
N Minimum Maximum Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
researchers are involved in 317 1 5 -.863 .137 1.877 .273
patent activities
researchers are involved in 317 1 5 -.548 .137 .469 .273
copyrights
researchers are involved in 317 1 5 -.869 .137 1.628 .273
trade secrets
researchers are involved in 317 1 5 -.594 .137 .765 .273
joint research agreement
researchers are involved in 317 1 5 -.697 .137 .835 .273
contract research agreements
researchers are involved in 317 1 5 -.705 .137 1.023 .273
consulting activities
researchers are involved in 317 1 5 -.771 .137 .919 .273
start-ups formation
performance or growth of 317 1 5 -.511 .137 .732 .273
start-ups is better at university
level
chances of start-ups success 317 1 5 -.011 .137 -.564 .273
are high with university
involvement
Valid N (list wise) 317

Interpretation

The table of commercialization that includes nine items shows the values of skewness and kurtosis statistics for all items that fall within the ranges
of -2 to +2 (kline,2016). Thus, it was evident that all items are normally distributed. All the data is normally distributed
Commercialization
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid 1.00 1 .3 .3 .3
1.22 1 .3 .3 .6
2.00 3 .9 .9 1.6
2.22 1 .3 .3 1.9
2.33 2 .6 .6 2.5
2.44 2 .6 .6 3.2
2.56 1 .3 .3 3.5
2.67 3 .9 .9 4.4
2.78 5 1.6 1.6 6.0
2.89 4 1.3 1.3 7.3
3.00 8 2.5 2.5 9.8
3.11 12 3.8 3.8 13.6
3.22 12 3.8 3.8 17.4
3.33 16 5.0 5.0 22.4
3.44 17 5.4 5.4 27.8
3.56 20 6.3 6.3 34.1
3.67 25 7.9 7.9 42.0
3.78 31 9.8 9.8 51.7
3.89 35 11.0 11.0 62.8
4.00 42 13.2 13.2 76.0
4.11 14 4.4 4.4 80.4
4.22 17 5.4 5.4 85.8
4.33 9 2.8 2.8 88.6
4.44 8 2.5 2.5 91.2
4.56 6 1.9 1.9 93.1
4.67 2 .6 .6 93.7
4.78 7 2.2 2.2 95.9
4.89 2 .6 .6 96.5
5.00 11 3.5 3.5 100.0
Total 317 100.0 100.0

Interpretation
This table shows the frequency of the items of commercialization which can be used in the graph(histogram).The total frequency is 317 which can
be used in the histogram.
Interpretation
In the diagram of commercialization we can see that the curve in the diagram which covers almost all the data, this curve known as bell curve. So
we can say that the data is normally distributed. The normal distributed is often called the bell curve because the graph of its probability density look
like bell it also know as called GAUSSAIN distribution after the GERMAN mathematician (CARL GAUSS) who first described it.

Factor analysis

KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .924
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 6515.508
Df 325
Sig. .000

Interpretation
To decide the appropriateness of the information for factor analysis, the data from the KMO and Bartlett's were inspected. The range for KMO is
from 0 to 1 as suggested by (Hair et al , 2010; Tabachnick and Fidell,2013). The value of KMO must be above than 0.6 and the value of Bartlett's
test significant must be 0.05 or less. This table shows that the value of KMO is .924 which is higher than 0.6 and sig .000 which is lower than 0.05
so we can say that data is appropriate.

Total Variance Explained

Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Component % of
Total Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative %
Variance
1 10.162 39.083 39.083 10.162 39.083 39.083 5.332 20.507 20.507
2 3.389 13.035 52.118 3.389 13.035 52.118 4.662 17.931 38.438
3 2.708 10.417 62.535 2.708 10.417 62.535 4.421 17.002 55.440
4 2.135 8.210 70.745 2.135 8.210 70.745 3.979 15.305 70.745
5 0.868 3.340 74.085            
6 0.641 2.465 76.550            
7 0.594 2.286 78.836            
8 0.527 2.026 80.862            
9 0.504 1.939 82.801            
10 0.438 1.685 84.486            
11 0.431 1.656 86.142            
12 0.394 1.515 87.657            
13 0.370 1.422 89.079            
14 0.316 1.217 90.296            
15 0.310 1.193 91.489            
16 0.303 1.164 92.653            
17 0.282 1.085 93.738            
18 0.257 0.989 94.726            
19 0.229 0.879 95.606            
20 0.212 0.815 96.420            
21 0.199 0.765 97.186            
22 0.195 0.748 97.934            
23 0.164 0.630 98.564            
24 0.145 0.557 99.121            
25 0.132 0.509 99.630            
26 0.096 0.370 100.000            
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Interpretation
To determine how many components(factors) to extract, we need to consider pieces of information provided in the output. Using Kaiser's criterion(Kaiser,1958)
we are interested only in components that have an eigenvalues of 1 or more. To determine how many components meet this criterion, we need to look in the total
variance explained table. In this table only four components recorded eigenvalues above 1(10.162) 2(3.389) 3(2.708) 4(2.135). First component explain a total of
39.083 percent of variance , and second component explain a 13.035 percent of variance , third component explain 10.417 percent of variance , fourth
component explain the 8.210 percent of variance .

Component Matrixa
Component
 1 2 3 4
EO01 .620
EO02 .641
EO03 .696
EO04 .672
EO05 .580
EO06 .602
KB01 .681
KB02 .770
KB03 .740
KB04 .678
KB05 .749
KF02 .420
KF03 .409
KF04 .438
KF05 .431
KF06 .407
COM01 .645
COM02 .547
COM03 .685
COM04 .697
COM05 .657
COM06 .723
COM07 .682
COM08 .683
COM09 .493
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
a. 4 components extracted.

Interpretation
Component matrix this show the unrotated loadings of each of the items on the two components. The table contains loading which are the correlations between
the items and the component. Because these are correlations possible value range from -1to +1 on the format we used the option blank (.4) which tell spss not
to print any of the correlation that are .4 are less this make the output easier to read by removing the cluster of low correlation that are probably not meaningful
anyway. We remove some items which are less than 0.4 and which are negative in this table. we remove all the values of entrepreneurial orientation from
component 3 due to cross loading, because these are lower than the values of component 1. we remove all the values of knowledge barrier that fall in
component 4 because they are less than 0.4. We cut the 1st item of kf And then we remove the values of knowledge filter from component 2 due to cross
loading, because we prefer component 1 because all the values fall in component 1. And in commercialization we remove the value of COMM from component 4
due to cross loading this values is less than value of component 1's value, we prefer the component 1.

Non parametric test

Assumption (chi square)

1. Variables are must be nominal.

2. All expected count must be equal or greater than 1
3. 80 percent of expected count must be greater than 5.

Chi Square

Description * Gender Cross tabulation

Expected Count
Gender
Male Female Total
Description Professor 35.7 36.3 72.0
associate professor 43.6 44.4 88.0
assistant professor 48.0 49.0 97.0
Lecturer 29.7 30.3 60.0
Total 157.0 160.0 317.0
Interpretation
All the assumption are met,( variables are gender and designation, which are nominal, all expected count greater than 1, and 80 percent of expected
count greater than 5).

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value Df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 7.953 3 .047
Likelihood Ratio 8.017 3 .046
Linear-by-Linear Association 1.121 1 .290
N of Valid Cases 317
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 29.72.

Interpretation
This table is used to check the relationship between variables. The significant value of chi square is 0.047 which lower than the 0.05, so we can say
that null hypothesis reject and there is a relationship between designation and gender

Symmetric Measures
Approximate
Value Significance
Nominal by Nominal Phi .158 .047
Cramer's V .158 .047
N of Valid Cases 317

Interpretation
This table is used to check the strength of relationship, if the rank is less than 9 then we will choose phi's value and if the rank is greater than 9 we
will choose Cramer's value. Rank is equal to row multiply column. In this table the rank is lower than 9 so we choose phi's value which is .158 so the
strength is weak.

Kendall's tau b (Assumptions)

1. Data should be ordinal
2. Each variable should have 5 or more than 5 categories.
3. Normally these variables have not normality.

Correlations
Educational
Age group level
Kendall's tau_b Age group Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .372**
Sig. (2-tailed) . .000
N 317 317
**
Educational level Correlation Coefficient .372 1.000
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .
N 317 317
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Interpretation
All the assumption are met, (variables are age and educational institution which are ordinal variables Each variable have 5 categories, significant
value of kendall's tau-b's age group and educational level is .000 which is less than 0.05 so we can say that null hypothesis rejected and alternative
hypothesis accepted , so there is a relationship between age and educational level.

Spearman's (Assumption )
1. Data should be ordinal.
2. Relationship between these two variables should be monotonically non- linear(curve shape)
3. Each variable's data should be at least scale (3 or 4 categories)
 Correlations
Educational
Age group level
Spearman's rho Age group Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .401**
Sig. (2-tailed) . .000
N 317 317
**
Educational level Correlation Coefficient .401 1.000
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .
N 317 317
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Interpretation
All the assumption are met,(variables are age and educational level which are ordinal variables) significant value of spearmen's age group and educational level
is .000 which is less than 0.05 so we can say that null hypothesis rejected and alternative hypothesis accepted , so there is a relationship between age and
educational level.

Parametric test

Pearson correlation (Assumption)

1. Variable must be scale.
2. Data must be normally distributed .
3. There must be a linear relationship between both scale variables.
4. Data must be free from any outlier.

Assumption 2

These two graphs shows that the data is normally distributed because all the data is under the bell shaped curve and there is no outlier.

Assumption 3
When we less linear equation from the quadratic equation (0.207-0.195) we have 0.012 which is less than 0.05 so we can say that there is a
relationship between EO and COMM.

Correlations
En_or Comm
En_or Pearson Correlation 1 .442**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 317 317
**
comm Pearson Correlation .442 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 317 317
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Interpretation
All the assumptions are met (the variables are EO and COMM which are scale variable, data is normally distributed , and there is a relationship
between EO and COMM)the significance value of both variables is less than 0.05 so we can say that null hypothesis rejected and alternative
hypothesis accepted. And the strength of both variables is .442 which shows the strength is moderate.

Simple regression

Assumption
1. Only one independent variable exist .
2. Dependent variable must be normally distributed
3. There must be a linear relationship exist between variables.
4. Data must be independent.
 Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 2.541 .142 17.884 .000
En_or .341 .039 .442 8.747 .000
a. Dependent Variable: comm.

Interpretation
This is used to check the relationship between variables. The significant value is less than 0.05 so we can say that there is a relationship between EO and COMM

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 21.921 1 21.921 76.511 .000b
Residual 90.250 315 .287
Total 112.171 316
a. Dependent Variable: comm
b. Predictors: (Constant), En_or

Interpretation
ANOVA is used to measure the goodness of fit of the model. The significant value is less
than 0.05 so we can say that the model is good fit.

Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Square Estimate
a
1 .442 .195 .193 .53526
a. Predictors: (Constant), En_or

Interpretation
R square value shows the percentage change in dependent variable due to independent variable. 19.5 percentage change occur. R value shows the strength of
relationship between these variables which is .442 that shows that the relationship is moderate.

Multiple regression
Assumption
1. Dependent variable must be normally distributed(scale variable)
2. At least one independent variable must be normally distributed.
3. Each independent variable must has linear relationship with dependent variable.
4. Independent variable must not be correlated with each other.

Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 1.357 .183 7.412 .000
En_or .164 .040 .213 4.091 .000
kn_br .401 .050 .425 7.961 .000
kn_fl .078 .042 .091 1.846 .066
a. Dependent Variable: comm
Interpretation
In this table KF has no relationship with commercialization. KB and EO has a relationship with commercialization.

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 40.479 3 13.493 58.908 .000b
Residual 71.693 313 .229
Total 112.171 316
a. Dependent Variable: comm
b. Predictors: (Constant), kn_fl, En_or, kn_br

Interpretation
ANOVA is used to measure the goodness of fit of the model. The significant value is less
than 0.05 so we can say that the model is good fit.

Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Square Estimate
a
1 .601 .361 .355 .47859
a. Predictors: (Constant), kn_fl, En_or, kn_br

Interpretation
R square value shows the percentage change in dependent variable due to independent variable. 36.1 percentage change occur. R value shows the strength of
relationship between these variables which is .601 that shows that the relationship is moderate.

Regression line formulas

Simple regression
y=a +bx+ e

Y=2.541+.341(1)+.53526

y=3.437

Multiple Regression
y=a+ b(1)+c(2)+d(3)+e

y=1.357+.164(1)+.401(2)+.78(3)+.4785

y=1.357+.164+.802+2.34+.4785

y=5.1415