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02 Parallel Resonance

Parallel resonance occurs when the imaginary parts of the circuit's admittance are equal to zero, resulting in a purely resistive impedance. At resonance: - The power factor is unity and reactive power is zero. - The impedance reaches its maximum value and the current is at its minimum. - The current between the branches (inductor and capacitor) is in phase but 180 degrees out of phase with each other. - The circuit exhibits properties of both an inductor (below resonance frequency) and capacitor (above resonance frequency).
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
115 views105 pages

02 Parallel Resonance

Parallel resonance occurs when the imaginary parts of the circuit's admittance are equal to zero, resulting in a purely resistive impedance. At resonance: - The power factor is unity and reactive power is zero. - The impedance reaches its maximum value and the current is at its minimum. - The current between the branches (inductor and capacitor) is in phase but 180 degrees out of phase with each other. - The circuit exhibits properties of both an inductor (below resonance frequency) and capacitor (above resonance frequency).
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Parallel Resonance

Prepared by
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan
Associate Professor, Department of EEE
American International University – Bangladesh (AIUB)
 Net susceptance is zero that means imaginary part of admittance is zero.
 Power factor is unity.
 Reactive factor is zero.
 Net reactive power is zero.
 Power and apparent power are equal.
 Admittance is purely conductive (i.e. the net susceptance which is the
imaginary part of net admittance is zero) in nature and the value of admittance
is minimum. Consequently, the impedance is purely resistive and the value of
impedance is maximum.
 The current is minimum.
 The impedance of the parallel resonant circuit is inductive below resonant
frequency while capacitive above resonant frequency.
2
 Parallel resonance circuit is also known as current resonance or current
magnification or current amplification because current between the
branches is many times the line current.
 Parallel resonance circuit is also known rejecter circuit or anti-resonance
circuit because at resonance frequency, the line current is minimum or it
almost rejects it whereas the current at resonance in a series is the
maximum.
 Parallel resonance circuit is generally called a tank circuit because of the
fact that the circuit stores energy in the magnetic field of the inductor (coil
or reactor) in the electric field of the capacitor (condenser). The stored
energy is transferred back and forth between the capacitor and inductor and
vice-versa.

3
4
Admittance:
YT  YT Y  G  j  BC  BL  G
1
BC  2fC  C BL 
1

1
R 2fL L
YT  G 2  ( BC  BL ) 2 1  BC  BL 
Y  tan  
 G
Impedance:
1 1 1 1
ZT   ZT  Z  ZT  
YT G  j  BC  BL  YT G 2  ( BC  BL ) 2

1  BL  BC 
 Z  Y  tan  
 G 5
V
I R  VG0  I R  R I R  VG   R  v
R
V
I L  VBL   90  I L  L I L  VBL   L   v  90
XL
V
I C  VBC 90  I L C I C  VBC  C   v  90
XC
V V
I  VYT   Ii I  YT V  i   v  Y   v   Z
ZT ZT
YT Y
IR  I  I R  R IR  T I  R  Y  i
G0 G
YT YT
IL  I  I L  L IL  I  L  Y  i  90
BL   90 BL
YT YT
IC  I  I L C IC  I C  Y  i  90
BC 90 BC

V  IZT  V v V  IZT  v   Z  i


6
Resonance is occurred when the net susceptance of admittance is zero. That
means: BC  BL  0

Condition for series resonance: BL  BC


At resonance condition the inductive reactance equals to capacitive reactance.
1 1 V V
Y pr  G Z pr   R I  VZ pr  
Y pr G Z pr R
Y pr  G [Minimum ] Z pr  R [Maximum] V
I  [Minimum ]
R
Since BL=BC: I L  IC IR  I
At parallel resonance frequency the magnitude of current through the
inductor and capacitor are equal but 180o out of phase.
40
10 200
35
Impedance [ohm]

8 30 150

25

V [Volt]
I [A]
6
20 100

4 15
50
10
2
5
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]
Frequency [Hz]

At  < pr, BC<BL that means the circuit under resonance frequency is
inductive.
At  > pr, BL>BC that means the circuit above resonance frequency is
capacitive.
At  = pr, BL=BC that means the circuit at resonance frequency is purely
resistive.
Let, fpr is the resonance frequency and pr is the angular frequency at
resonance condition. Thus at resonance condition
1 1 1
 pr  2f pr f pr   pr BC   pr C  2f pr C BL  
2  pr L 2f pr L
1
Since BL=BC:  pr C 
 pr L

2 1
 pr 
LC

1
 pr   sr
LC

1
f pr   f sr
2 LC 9
The frequency at which the voltage (or impedance) is (1/2) or 0.707 times or 70.7 % of its
maximum value is called the cut-off frequency.
Vmax Z max R 1 2
V pc  Z pc   Y pc  
2 2 2 Z pc R
2
1  1  2
Admittance at cut-off frequency:   cC   
R2  c L  R

1  1 2 1  pl 1  1  1 2 1 
 ph      f ph        
2 RC  2 RC  LC 2 2  2 RC  2 RC  LC 
 
2 1  pl 1  1  1 2 1 
   
1 1 f pl      
 pl     
2 RC  2 RC  LC 2 2  2 RC  2 RC  LC 
  10
1
 pr   2pr 
1  ph   pr   2pr   2pr  pl   pr   2pr   2pr
2 RC LC

 pl  ph 1    2   2 
f pl  
1     2   2  f ph  
 pr pr pr  2 2  pr pr pr 

2 2 

1 1
If
1

1
then  pl   pr   ph   pr 
2 RC LC 2 RC 2 RC
1
f pl  f pr  1
4RC f ph  f pr 
4RC

 pr 1
BW  f ph  f pl  
 2RC
11
 pr   ph pl f pr  f ph f pl

QL QC V 2 / X L V 2 / XC R R
Q pr   Q pr    
P P V2/R V2/R X L XC

R R LC C
Q pr    pr RC  R
 pr L L L

Q pr 1  pr f pr
RC  BW  
 pr 2 Q pr Q pr
12
Q pr 
QL QC
 V 2 / X L V 2 / X C I L IC
P P Q pr    
2
V /R 2
V /R I I

I C  Q pr I I L  Q pr I

Since the current pass through the inductor or capacitor branches is the quality
factor times of supply current, the parallel resonance circuit is also called
current magnification circuit.

13
Example
A current source of 10 mA is connected with an ideal parallel circuit having R = 10 k, L =
1 mH, and C = 1 F. Calculate (i) the resonance frequency, (ii) the admittance and
impedance at resonance condition, (iii) the voltage and power at resonance condition, (iv)
the currents pass through the resistance, inductance and capacitance at resonance condition,
(v) the lower and higher cut-off frequency, (vi) the admittance and impedance at cut-off
frequency, (vii) the voltage and power at cut-off frequency, (viii) the band-width, (ix) the
quality factor.

Solution: Given: I  10.0 103 A R  10.0 103  L  1.0 103 H

C  1.0 106 F

1 1
f pr    5.03 103 Hz  5.03 kHz
2 LC 2 1.0 103 1.0 106

14
 1.0 10 4
The admittance and impedance at resonance are: 1 1
Y pr   S
R 10.0 103
Z pr  R  10.0 103   10 k
The voltage and power at resonance condition are:
V pr  Vmax  IZ pr  10.0 103 10.0 103   10 0 V
2
V pr 1002
Ppr  Pmax   1 W
R 10.0 103
The currents pass through the resistance, inductance and capacitance at resonance condition
are:
 1.0 10 4 S
1 1
G 
R 10.0 103
1 1 1
BL     0.0316 S
 pr L 2f pr L 2  5.03 103 1.0 103
BC   pr C  2f pr C  2  5.03 103 1.0 106  0.0316 S
I R  V pr G  100 1.0 10 4  0.01 A I L  V pr BL  100  0.0316  3.16 A

I C  V pr BC  100  0.0316  3.16 A

The lower and higher cut-off frequency are:


1 1
 pr    50
2 RC 2 10 103 1.0 106
 pr  2f pr  2  5.03 103  31622.7766 rad/s
 pl   pr   2pr   2pr  50  502  (31622.7766)  31572.8161 rad/s

 ph   pr   2pr   2pr  50  502  (31622.7766)  31672.8161 rad/s


 pl 31572.8161
f pl    5024.9698 Hz
2 2
 ph 31672.8161
f ph    5040.8852 Hz
2 2
The admittance and impedance at cut-off frequency are:
Yc  2G  2 1.0 10 4  1.4142 10 4 S
R 10.0 103
Zc     7.071 k
2 2
The voltage and power at cut-off frequency are:
Vc  IZ c  10.0 103  7.07 103   70.71 V
Vc2 70.712
Pc    0.5 W
R 10.0 103
1
The bandwidth is: BW   f ph  f pl  5040.8852  5024.9698  15.9155 Hz
2RC
R C 1.0  10 6
The quality factor is: Q pr  R  10 103   316.2278
X L(at resonance) L 1.0 10  3
Ideal Parallel Resonance

18
Ideal Parallel Resonance
Impedance in minimum. Admittance in minimum.
Current maximum. Current minimum.
XL=XC Z=R BL=BC Y=G
VL=VC VR=V IL=IC IR=I
1 1 1 1
sr  ; f sr   pr  ; f pr 
LC 2 LC LC 2 LC
2 1 2 1
sl          
R R 1 1
 pl   
2L  2L  LC 2 RC  2 RC  LC

 R 2 1 1  1 2 1
sh 
R
     ph     
2L  2L  LC 2 RC  2 RC  LC
19
Ideal Parallel Resonance
 1 
sl 1  R R 2 1   pl 2
   f pl  
1
   1   1 
f sl        
2 2  2 L  2L  LC  2 2  2 RC  2 RC  LC 
   
sh 1 R 2 1   ph 1  1 
2 1 
 
    
R 1
f sh    f ph       
2 2  2L  2L  LC  2 2  2 RC  2 RC  LC 
   
R R 1 1
sl  sr  sh  sr   pl   pr   ph   pr 
2L 2L 2 RC 2 RC
R R 1 1
f sl  f sr  f sh  f sr  f pl  f pr  f ph  f pr 
4L 4L 4RC 4RC

sr  shsl f sr  f sh f sl  pr   ph pl f pr  f ph f pl

R 1
BW  f sh  f sl  BW  f ph  f pl 
2L 2RC 20
Ideal Parallel Resonance
X L XC VL VC R R
Qsr   Qsr   Q pr   Q pr 
I L IC

R R V V X L XC I I
1 L f sr C f pr
Qsr  BW  Q pr  R BW 
R C Qsr L Q pr
Voltage magnification of Current magnification of
amplification circuit. amplification circuit.
Acceptor or tune circuit. Rejector or tank or tune circuit.
Allow to pass a specific frequency Allow to stop a specific frequency
Below resonance frequency, behave Below resonance frequency, behave
as capacitive circuit as inductive circuit
Above resonance frequency, behave Above resonance frequency, behave
as inductive circuit as capacictive circuit 21
Practical Inductor and Capacitor

22
RL: This resistance represents the loss
due to the wire and magnetic core.

L: This is an ideal inductor.

23
Impedance : Z  Z RL  RL  jX L

1 1
Admittance : Y  YRL  
Z RL RL  jX L
RL  jX L RL  jX L RL XL
YRL    j (2.1.1)
RL  jX L RL  jX L  R 2  X 2 R 2  X 2 R 2  X 2
L L L L L L
YRL  GLP  jBLP (2.1.2)
24
Comparing Eq. (2.1.1) with Eq. (2.1.2), we have the equivalent conductance and inductive
susceptance as follows:
RL XL
GLP  (2.1.3) BLP  (2.1.4)
2 2
RL  X L 2  X2
RL L

RL XL
Let,
2  R2  X 2
ZL Thus GLP  BLP 
L L 2 2
ZL
ZL

The resistance and inductive reactance can be obtained as follows:

2  X 2 Z2 2  X2
RL 2
ZL
RL 1 L
RLP 
1
 L  L (2.1.5) X LP    (2.1.6)
GLP RL RL BLP XL XL

25
Example 2.1
For the following circuit: (i) find the equivalent conductance and inductive susceptance for
the following RL series circuit, (ii) Draw the equivalent parallel circuit by showing the
conductance and inductive susceptance, and (iii) Draw the equivalent parallel circuit by
showing the equivalent resistance and inductive reactance.
Solution: RL= 10 ; and XL= 30 .
2  X 2  102  302  1000 
Z L  RL L
The conductance and susceptance of parallel circuit is obtained as:
XL 30
RL 10 BLP    0.03 S
GLP    0.01 S 2  X 2 102  302
2  X2 RL
RL L 102  302 L

2 2 2  302
2  X2
RL 102  302 RL  X L 10
RLP  L   100  X LP    33.33 
RL 10 XL 30
26
Alternative Way
Solution: Here, RL= 10 ; and XL= 30 . Thus the impedance of series circuit is given by:
Z  10  j 30 
1 1
The admittance is obtained as: Y   GLP  jBLP   0.01  j 0.03 S
Z 10  j 30
 GLP  0.01 S

and BLP  0.03 S

1 1
RLP    100 
GLP 0.01

1 1
X LP    33.33 
BLP 0.03
27
RC: This resistance represents the
loss due to the dielectric materials.

C: This is an ideal capacitor.

28
Impedance : Z  Z RC  RC  jX C

1 1
Admittance : Y  YRC  
Z RC RC  jX C
RC  jX C R  jX C RC XC
YRC   C  j (2.2.1)
RC  jX C RC  jX C  R 2  X 2 R 2  X 2 R 2  X2
C C C C C C
YRC  GCP  jBCP (2.2.2)
29
Comparing Eq. (2.2.1) with Eq. (2.2.2), we have the equivalent conductance and capacitive
susceptance as follows:
RC XC
GCP  (2.2.3) BCP  (2.2.4)
2  X2 2  X2
RC
RC C C

2  R2  X 2 R XC
Let, ZC C C Thus GCP  C BCP 
ZC2 2
ZC

The resistance and capacitive reactance can be obtained as follows:

R 2  X 2 Z2 2  X 2 Z2
1 R
RCP   C C  C (2.2.5) X CP 
1
 C C  C (2.2.6)
GCP RC RC BCP XC XC

30
Example 2.2
For the following circuit: (i) find the equivalent conductance and capacitive susceptance for
the following RC series circuit, (ii) Draw the equivalent parallel circuit by showing the
conductance and capacitive susceptance, and (iii) Draw the equivalent parallel circuit by
showing the equivalent resistance and capacitive reactance.
Solution: RC= 20 ; and XC= 40 . 2  X 2  202  402  2000 
ZC  RC C

The conductance and susceptance of parallel circuit is obtained as:


RC 20 XC 40
GCP    0.01 S BCP    0.02 S
2 2 2 2 2  X 2 202  402
RC  X C 20  40 RC C

2  402 2 2 2  402
2 2
RC  X C 20 RC  X C 20
RCP    100  X CP    50 
RC 20 XC 40
31
Alternative Way:
Solution: Here, RC= 20 ; and XC= 40 . Thus the impedance of series circuit is given by:
Z  20  j 40 
1 1
The admittance is obtained as: Y   GCP  jBCP   0.01  j 0.02 S
Z 20  j 30
 GCP  0.01 S

and BCP  0.02 S

1 1
RCP    100 
GCP 0.01

1 1
X CP    50 
BCP 0.02
32
Parallel Combination of RL Series
Branch and RC Series Branch

33
Practical Capacitor

Practical Inductor

34
Z L  RL  jX L

ZC  RC  jX C

1 1 1
YL   GLP  jBLP  j
ZL RLP X LP

1 1 1
YC   GCP  jBCP  j
ZC RCP X CP

35
Total admittance:
 1 1  1 1
Y  YL  YC  GLP  GCP   jBLP  jBCP      j j
 RLP RCP  X LP X CP
1 1 1
Let, GP  GLP  GCP and   thus
RP RLP RLP

1 1 1
Y  GP  jBLP  jBCP  j j
RP X LP X CP

36
V
IL   VYL
ZL
V
IC   VYC
ZC

V G GLP
I RL   VGLP  LP I L  IL
RLP YL GLP  jBLP
V  jBLP  jBLP
I XL    jVBLP  IL  IL
jX LP YL GLP  jBLP

V G GCP
I RC   VGCP  CP I C  IC
RCP YC GCP  jBCP
V jBCP jBCP
I XC   jVBCP   IC   IC
 jX CP YC GCP  jBCP
37
2  X2
Z L  RL 2  X2
ZC  RC
L C
1 XL 1  XC 
 L  tan   C   tan  
 RL   C
R
V
IL  I RL  I L cos L I XL  I L sin  L
ZL

V I RC  I C cosC I XC  I C sin C
IC 
ZC

I RP  I RL  I RC  I L cos L  I C cosC

38
Example 2.3
For the following circuit: (i) find the conductance and susceptance of each branch, (ii) find
the total conductance and susceptance, (iii) Draw the equivalent parallel circuit by showing
the conductance and capacitive susceptance, and (iv) Draw the equivalent parallel circuit by
showing the equivalent resistance and capacitive reactance.

Z L  6  j8  1 1
YL    0.06  j 0.08 S
Z L 6  j8
GLP  0.06 S BLP  0.08 S
1 1
ZC  3  j 4  YC    0.12  j 0.16 S
ZC 3  j 4
GCP  0.12 S BCP  0.16 S
1 1 1 1
RLP    16.67  RCP    8.33 
GLP 0.06 GCP 0.12
1 1 1 1
X LP    12.5  X CP    6.25 
BLP 0.08 BCP 0.16 39
GP  GLP  GCP  0.06  0.12  0.18 S
1 1
RP    5.556 
GP 0.18

40
Example 2.3.1
Three series branches which impedances are Z1=10+j0 ohms, Z2= 20+j20 ohms and Z3=30-
j40 ohms are connected in parallel across a 60 Hz voltage the magnitude of which is 40
volts. Calculate (i) the conductance and susceptance of each branch, (ii) the total
conductance and susceptance.
Z1  10  j 0  Z 2  20  j 20  Z3  30  j 40 
1 1
Y1    0.1  j 0.0 S G1  0.1 S; B1  0.0 S
Z1 10  j 0

1 1 G2  0.025 S; B2  0.025 S
Y2    0.025  j 0.025 S
Z 2 20  j 20
1 1 G3  0.012 S; B3  0.016 S
Y3    0.012  j 0.016 S
Z3 30  j 40

YT  Y1  Y2  Y3  0.137  j 0.009 S GT  0.137 S; BT  0.009 S


41
The total admittance of a practical parallel inductor and capacitor circuit is given by:
Y  YL  YC  GLP  GCP   j  BCP  BLP 
 1 1   1 1 
Y  YL  YC      j   
 RLP RCP   X CP X LP 
The practical parallel inductor and capacitor circuit will be resonance if the imaginary part of
admittance is zero that means: 1 1
BCP  BLP  0  0
X CP X LP
The condition for resonance of a practical parallel inductor and capacitor circuit is given by:
XL XC
BLP  BCP (2.4.1)  (2.4.2)
RL2  X 2 R2  X 2
L C C

2  X2
RL 2  X2
RC
X LP  X CP (2.4.3) L  C (2.4.4)
XL XC 43
At Resonance Condition
 1 1 
Y pr  GLP  GCP    
 RLP RCP 
1
1 1  1 1 
Z pr      
Y pr GLP  GCP  RLP RCP 

I XL  I XC  I L sin  L  I C sin C

V
I  I RP   I L cos L  I C cosC
RP

44
Dynamic Impedance:
At resonance condition, the impedance of a parallel circuit is called Dynamic Impedance.
The dynamic impedance for the practical parallel L and C circuit is given by:
1 1
Z d  Z pr  RP  (2.4.5)  1 1 
GLP  GCP Z d  Z pr  RP     (2.4.6)
 RLP RCP 
1
  Z 2Z 2
 RL RC  L C
Zd   
Z 2 Z 2  R Z 2  R Z2
 L C L C C L

1
Dynamic Admittance: Yd 
Zd
At resonance condition the magnitude of currents are given by:
V V
I XL  VBLP  I XC  VBCP  I  VYd 
V
X LP X CP Zd
45
Example 2.4
A RL series circuit having the resistive value is 5 ohm and the inductance value is 0.6 mH is
connected in parallel with a RC series circuit having the resistance value is 4 ohm and the
capacitance is variable. If the applied source is 100 V with 5000 rad/s, Calculate (i) the value
of capacitance for the resonance, (ii) the dynamic impedance, (iii) the total current at
resonance condition.

Solution: Given, RL= 5 ; and L= 0.6 mH, RC= 4 ; V= 100 V and =5000 rad/s.
X L  L  5000  0.6 103  3 
1 1
Z L  5  j 3  YL    0.1471  j 0.0882 S
Z L 5  j3

GLP  0.1471 S BLP  0.0882 S


For capacitive branch:
RC 4 XC XC
GCP   BCP  
ZC  4  jX C  2  X 2 16  X 2
RC 2  X 2 16  X 2
RC
C C C C46
XC
At resonance condition: BCP  BLP thus  BLP
2  X2
RC C
2 2 1
RC  X C  XC 2
XC 
1 2 0
X C  RC 2
XC 
1
X C  42  0
BLP BLP 0.0882

2  11.3379 X  16  0
XC 11.3379  (11.3379) 2  4 16 1
C XC   9.68  or 1.65 
2
1 1
For XC=9.68 : C   20.66 F
X C 5000  9.68
1 1
ZC  4  j9.68  YC    0.0365  j 0.882 S
ZC 4  j 9.68
1 1
GCP  0.0365 S Z d  Z pr  RP    5.4466 
GLP  GCP 0.1471  0.0365
V 100
I   18.36 A
Z d 5.4466 47
1 1
For XC=1.65 : C   121 F
X C 5000 1.65

1 1
ZC  4  j1.65  YC    0.2135  j 0.882 S
ZC 4  j1.65
GCP  0.2135 S

1 1
Z d  Z pr  RP    2.7732 
GLP  GCP 0.1471  0.2135

V 100
I   36.06 A
Z d 2.7732

48
Example 2.5
A RL series circuit having the resistive value is 5 ohm and the inductive reactance is 3 ohm is
connected in parallel with a RC series circuit having the variable resistance (RC) and the
capacitive reactance is 9.7 ohm. If the applied source is 100 V with 5000 rad/s, Calculate (i)
the value of capacitive branch resistance (RC) for the resonance, (ii) the dynamic impedance.

Solution: Given, RL= 5 ; and XL= 3 ohm, XC= 9.7 ; V= 100 V and =5000 rad/s.
1 1
Z L  5  j 3  YL    0.1471  j 0.0882 S
Z L 5  j3
GLP  0.1471 S
BLP  0.0882 S

At resonance condition: X CP  X LP

2  X 2 R2  X 2
RC 2  9.7 2
C  L L RC 52  32 2  94.09  109.9
  11.33 RC
XC XL 9.7 3
49
2  109.9  94.09  15.81
RC RC  109.9  94.09  15.81  3.98 

1 1
ZC  3.98  j 9.7  YC    0.0362  j 0.0882 S
ZC 3.98  j 9.7

At resonance condition: Y  YL  YC  0.1471  0.0362  0.1833 S

1 1
Dynamic impedance: Zd    5.455 
Y 0.1833

50
Example 2.6
A RL series circuit having the resistive value is 2 ohm and the inductance is variable is
connected in parallel with a RC series circuit having the resistive value is 5 ohm and the
reactance of capacitor is 10 ohm. If the applied source angular frequency is 500 rad/s,
calculate the value of inductance for the resonance.

Solution: Given, RL= 2 ; and RC= 5 ; XC= 10 ; V= 100 V and =500 rad/s.
1 1
ZC  5  j10  YC    0.04  j 0.08 S
ZC 5  j10
GCP  0.04 S BCP  0.08 S

For inductive branch:


RL 2 XL XL
GLP   BLP  
Z L  2  jX L  2  X2
RL 2
4 XL 2  X2 4 X2
RL
L L L51
XL
At resonance condition: BCP  BLP thus  BCP
2 2
RL  X L
2 2 1
RL  X L  XL 2
XL 
1 2 0
X L  RL 2
XL 
1
X L  22  0
BCP BCP 0.08

2  12.5 X  4  0
XL 12.5  (12.5) 2  4  4 1
L XL   12.1714  or 0.3286 
2
XL 12.1714
For XL=12.1714 : L   24.3 mH
 500

XL 0.3286
For XL=0.3286 : L   0.65728 mH
 500

52
Homework 2.1
Problem 1: Two impedances Z1 = 25 - j1 ohm and Z2 = 100 + jXL ohm are connected in
parallel across a voltage source. Find the value of XL which will produce resonance.
Ans: XL = 609.59 ohm or 16.4043 ohm
Problem 2: A RL series circuit having the resistance (R) is variable and the inductance value
is 1 mH is connected with a 20 F capacitor. If the resonance is occurred at 300 Hz,
calculate the value of R.
Ans: R = 6.82 ohm
Problem 3: Two impedances Z1 = RL + j10 ohm and Z2 = 10 – j5 ohm are connected in
parallel across a voltage source. Find the value of RL which will produce resonance.
Ans: RL = 12.25 ohm
Problem 4: Two impedances Z1 = 8 + j6 ohm and Z2 = 8 – jXC ohm are connected in parallel
across a voltage source which angular frequency is 5000 rad/s. Find the value of XC and the
value of capacitance which will produce resonance.
Ans: XC = 10.67 or 6 ohm, and C= 18.75 or 33.33 F.

53
Let frp and pr are the parallel resonance frequency and angular frequency at the condition of
resonance. The condition of parallel resonance can be written as follows:
XC XL
BCP  BLP  R 2 X  X 2 X  R2 X  X X 2
2  X 2 R2  X 2
RC L C L C C L L C
C L L

2 1 2 2 1 2 1
RL   pr L  RC  pr L   pr L
 pr C  pr C  2pr C 2

2 2 2 2 2 L
Multiplying by we have: RL   pr L  RC  pr LC 
C

R 2  L / C  R 2  L / C 
1
After some computation we have:  pr  L  sr L (2.5.1)
LC R 2   L / C  R 2  L / C 
C C 54
R 2  L / C  R 2  L / C 
1 L L
From Eq. (2.5.1): f pr   f sr (2.5.2)
2 LC R 2   L / C  R 2  L / C 
C C
The frequency will be real if any one of the following condition is satisfied:
(i ) RL2   L / C  and RC2  L / C  or

(ii ) RL2   L / C  and 2  L / C 


RC

If RL=RC Eqs. (2.5.1) and (2.5.2) are given by:

1
 pr   sr (2.5.3)
LC

1
f pr   f sr (2.5.4)
2 LC
55
Effect on Currents, Impedance and Power Factor by Varying Frequency

1
f sr 
2 LC
1
  60.0014 Hz
20 1
2 
377 7540

RL2   L / C   375
2   L / C   399
RC

 375
f pr  60.0014  58.1689 Hz
 399
56
At resonance:
 Impedance is maximum
 Current is minimum
 Power factor is maximum and value is 1

Since impedance is maximum and current is minimum the parallel


resonance circuit is called Rejector Circuit.

The parallel resonance circuit is used to Block some specified frequency.

57
The parallel resonance circuit is also known as current magnification circuit
since it is used to magnify the current. The quality factor of parallel circuit is the current
magnification of the circuit at resonance. So the quality factor for practical parallel
resonance circuit can be given by:

I XL V / X LP Zd
Q pr    (2.6.1)
I V / Zd X LP

I XC V / X CP Zd
Q pr    (2.6.2)
I V / Zd X CP

58
Example 2.7
For the following circuit, calculate (i) the resonance frequency, (ii) the total current, the
inductive branch current, the capacitive branch currents, quality factor and bandwidth at
resonance condition.
1 1
f sr    74.2 Hz
2 LC 2 24.3 103  200 106

RL2   L / C 
f pr  f sr  82.41 Hz
2  L / C 
RC

X L  2f pr L  11.91 

1
XC   9.66 
2f pr C
59
Z L  2  j11.91  V 100
IL    1.37  j8.16 A
Z L 2  j11.91

ZC  5  j 9.66  IC 
V

100
 4.23  j8.16 
ZC 5  j 9.66
Z L ZC V 100
Zd   17.87  j 0  I   5.6 A
Z L  ZC Z d 17.87  j 0

I RL  1.37 A I RC  4.23 A I XL  I XC  8.16 A

I 8.16
Q pr  LX   1.46
I 5.6
f pr 82.41
BW    56.44 Hz
Q pr 1.46
60
Homework 2.2
Problem 1: For the following circuits, calculate (i) the resonance frequency, (ii) the total
current, the inductive branch current, the capacitive branch current and quality factor at
resonance condition.

(a) (b)

61
Resonance phenomenon forms the basis of many
circuits used in wire and wireless communication
systems. They are specially adapted to selective circuits
used for filters and oscillators (repetitive wave
generator). A parallel combination of inductor and
capacitor can work as band eliminator or rector,
suppressor or wave trap. A wave trap is connected in
series with antenna and receiver as shown in the
following figure. By proper design the dynamic
impedance at resonance frequency can be made about 10
times the impedance at frequencies ±20 kHz away from
resonant frequency within the standard broadcast band.
Thus wave trap acts as a band suppressor or eliminator
or rejecter.
63
The circuit which is used for band eliminator or rector, suppressor or wave trap is shown
in the following figure.

This circuit is same as a practical parallel inductor and capacitor circuit accept here RC=0
here. 1  1 1 
Y  YL  YC  GLP  j  BC  BLP    j   
RLP  X C X LP 
The wave trap circuit will be resonance if the imaginary part of admittance is zero that
means: 1 1
BC  BLP  0  0
X C X LP 64
The resonance condition for wave trap circuit is given by:
XL XL
BLP  BC (2.7.1)  XC (2.7.2)  XC (2.7.3)
2  X2
RL 2
ZL
L

2  X2 2
ZL
RL
X LP  X C (2.7.4) L  XC (2.7.5)  XC (2.7.6)
XL XL
2X X  L L
ZL L C (2.7.7) ZL  X L XC 
C C
1 1 1
Y pr  GLP  Z pr    RLP
RLP Y pr GLP

I XL  I XC  I L sin  L  I C
V
I  I RL   I L cos L
RLP 65
Resonance Frequency for a Wave Trap Circuit

1 RL2   L / C  1 RL2C RL2C


 pr   1  sr 1  (2.7.5)
LC  L / C  LC L L

1 RL2C RL2C
f pr  1  f sr 1  (2.7.6)
2 LC L L

Dynamic Impedance and Currents of a Wave Trap Circuit


2  X2
RL 2
ZL
1 L L
Z d  Z pr  RLP     (2.7.7)
GLP RL RL RL C
V
I I XL 
V V
Zd IC 
X LP XC
66
Quality Factor of a Wave Trap Circuit
2
ZL
I I Z Z X X X
Q pr  XL  C  d  d   L C  L (2.7.8)
I I X LP X C RL X C RL X C RL

Z d  Q pr X LP  Q pr X C

Special Case of a Wave Trap Circuit


If RL0 then Qpr>>1 thus:
1 1
 pr   sr (2.7.9) f pr   f sr (2.7.10)
LC 2 LC
X L  pr L 1 L
Q pr    (2.7.11)
RL RL RL C
67
Example 2.8
A practical resonant circuit consists of a coil, having a resistance of 150 Ω and 0.24 H, in parallel with a
lossless capacitor of capacitance 3 F. (a) Find the resonance frequency. (b) Find the impedance and current at
resonance condition. (c) Find the impedance and current if the frequency is half of resonance frequency. (d)
Find the impedance and current if the frequency is double of resonance frequency.
2C
RL
(a) f pr  1 1
2 LC L
(150) 2  3 106
 1 1  159.02 Hz
2 0.243106 0.24
1
(b) X L  2 159.02  0.24  239.8  XC   333.6 
2 159.02  3 106
Z L  150  j 239.8  ZC   j 333.6  YL  1 / Z L  0.0019  j 0.003 S
YC  1 / ZC  j 0.003 S YT  YL  YC  0.0019 S ZT  1 / YT  1 / 0.0019  533.35 

IT  V / ZT  200 / 533.35  0.375 A 68


159.02
(c) f   79.545 Hz X L  2  79.545  0.24  119.951 
2
XC 
1
 666.94  Z L  150  j119.951 
2  79.545  3 106
ZC   j 666.94  YL  1 / Z L  0.0041  j 0.0033 S YC  1 / ZC  j 0.0015 S
YT  YL  YC  0.0041  j 0.0018 S ZT  1 / YT  207.4  j89.38  22623.3 

IT  V / ZT  200 / 22623.3  0.885  23.3 A

(d) f  159.02  2  318.18 Hz X L  2  318.18  0.24  480 


1 Z L  150  j 480 
XC   166.73 
2  318.18  3 106
ZC   j166.73  YL  1 / Z L  0.0006  j 0.0019 S YC  1 / ZC  j 0.006 S
YT  YL  YC  0.0006  j 0.0041 S ZT  1 / YT  34.6  j 238.9  241.4  82 
IT  V / ZT  200 / 241.423.3  0.8382 A 69
From the results of (b), (c) and (d) the followings can be concluded:
 The impedance at resonance is maximum
 The current at resonance is minimum
 Below the resonance frequency the circuit behaves as an inductive circuit
 Above the resonance frequency the circuit behaves as a capacitive circuit

70
Example 2.9
A practical resonant circuit consists of a coil, having a resistance of 15 Ω and 0.05 H, in parallel with a RC
series circuit of resistance 20 Ω and capacitance 100 F is connected across 212 V. (a) Find the resonance
frequency. (b) Find the impedance, currents, quality factor and bandwidth at resonance condition.

f sr 
1

1
 71.18 Hz RL2   L / C 
2 LC f pr  f sr  42.92 Hz
2 0.05 100 106 2  L / C 
RC
X L  2f pr L  13.48  XC 
1
 37.08 
2f pr C
1
Z1  30  j13.48  Y1   0.028  j 0.0125 S
30  j13.48
1
Z 2  40  j 37.08  Y2   0.0134  j 0.0125 S
40  j 37.08
1
YT  Y1  Y2   0.0412 S
30  j13.48
71
1
YT  Y1  Y2   0.0412 S
30  j13.48
1
Zd   17.87 
YT
V
I1  VY1  5.88  j 2.64 A I 2  VY2  2.85  j 2.64 A I  11.86 A
Zd

I 2.64
Q pr  1X   0.2226
I 11.86

f pr42.92
BW    192.699 Hz
Q pr 0.2226

72
Homework 2.3
Problem 1: For the following circuits: (a) Find the resonance frequency. (b) Find the
impedance, currents, quality factor and bandwidth at resonance condition.

(a) (b)
Problem 2: Two impedances: ZL=RL+j0.24 and ZC=RC+j[1/(3×10-6)] are connected in
parallel with a voltage source of 200 V. Determine the resonant frequency, the source current
and the input impedance for the following cases:
Case I: RL=150 ohm RC=100 ohm Case II: RL=150 ohm RC=0 ohm
Case III: RL=0 ohm RC=100 ohm Case IV: RL=0 ohm RC=0 ohm
73
Problem 3: The following circuit impedance are given at resonance condition. (a) Find the
impedance and current at resonance condition. (b) Find the impedance and current if the
frequency is half of resonance frequency. (c) Find the impedance and current if the
frequency is double of resonance frequency.

XL
Q pr 
RL

Z d  Q pr X LP  Q pr X C

74
Capacitor and Supply Voltage and
Frequency are Fixed
The magnitude of inductive and capacitive branches current are given by:
V V
IL  IC 
2  X2
RL R 2  X2
L C C
The angle of inductive and capacitive branches impedance
are given by:

XL 1  XC 
 L  tan  1  C   tan  
 L
R  C
R

Since the capacitor and supply voltage and frequency are fixed, the fixed quantities are:
IC, C.
The quantities which are varies with the variation of inductor are: IL, L.

Now, the drawing of locus of inductive branch current and total current is going to
discuss.
By considering the supply voltage V as a reference the vector of capacitive branch IC
(which is fixed) can be drawn as following figure.

IC
IC
C V
I IL IC
Let, L=0 then XL=0 (short-circuit), thus inductive branch RC
current is given by: I  V L  0 V RL
L
RL C
IC

C V V/RL
L=0
Let, L= then XL=  (open-circuit), thus inductive branch I IL IC
current is zero that means: IL  0 L  0 RC
IC RL
V
C
C V V/RL
L=
L=0
If XL=RL then the current and angle of inductor branch current are: I IL IC
V
IC IL   L  45 RL
2 RL RC
V
C V V/RL XL=RL C
L=
L=45o L=0

V/2RL XL=RL
By changing the value of L and draw the vector of IL it look like as
following Figure:

IC

C V V/RL
L=
L=0

Increased L
By connecting the all end points of vectors of IL it will make a
semicircle which diameter is V/RL and radius is V/2RL. This
semicircle is called the locus (or path) of IL.
IC

C V V/RL
L=
L=0

Locus of IL
In order to draw the locus of total current I=IC+IL, first draw a
parallel line reference at the end point of IC vector.

IC

C V V/RL
L=
L=0

V
2 RL
Locus of IL
Now just shift the locus of IL at the end of IC vector. The new
semicircle represents the locus of I.

IC

Iminimum V/RL
Locus of I
L=
V L=0

Locus of IL
Three cases is possible here.

Case I (V/2RL) > (ICsinC)

IC
I C sin C
Locus of I
C V V
2 RL
Case II (V/2RL) = (ICsinC)

IC
Locus of I
I C sin C V
2 RL

C V
Case III (V/2RL)< (ICsinC)

IC
Locus of I
V
I C sin C 2 RL

C
V
Inductor and Supply Voltage and
Frequency are Fixed
The magnitude of inductive and capacitive branches current are given by:
V V
IL  IC 
2  X2
RL R 2  X2
L C C I IC
IL
RL RC
The angle of inductive and capacitive branches impedance
V
are given by:
L C
XL 1  XC 
 L  tan  1  C   tan  
 L
R  C
R

Since the inductor and supply voltage and frequency are fixed, the fixed quantities are: IL,
L.
The quantities which are varies with the variation of capacitor are: IC, C.

Now, the drawing of locus of inductive branch current and total current is going to
discuss.
By considering the supply voltage V as a reference the vector of inductive branch IC
(which is fixed) can be drawn as following figure.

V
L

I IL IC
IL
RL RC
Let, C=0 then XC= (open-circuit), thus capacitive branch V
current is given by: C  0
IC  0 L

V
C=0
L

IL
Let, C= then XC= 0 (short-circuit), thus capacitive branch I IL IC
current is as follows: V
IC  C  0 RL
RC V RC
C=
L V V/RC L
IL
If XC=RC then the current and angle of capacitor branch current I IL IC
are: V
IC  C  45 RL
2RC RC
V/2RC XC=RC V
L XC=RC

C=-45o V V/RC
C=0
L C=

IL
By changing the value of C and draw the vector of IC it look like as
following Figure:

Increased C

C=0 C=
L V V/RC

IL
By connecting the all end points of vectors of IC it will make a semicircle
which diameter is V/RC and radius is V/2RC. This semicircle is called the locus
(or path) of IC.

Locus of IC

C=0 C=
L V V/RC

IL
In order to draw the locus of total current I=IC+IL, first draw a
parallel line reference at the end point of IL vector.

V
2 RC Locus of IC

C=0 C=
L V V/RC
IL
Locus of IC

Locus of I
V V/RC
IL Iminimum
C=
C=0

Now just shift the locus of IC at the end of IL vector. The new
semicircle represents the locus of I.
Three cases is possible here.

Case I (V/2RC) > (ILsinL)

V Locus of I
2 RC
L V
I L sin  L
IL
L V

V Locus of I
I L sin  L 2 RC
IL

Case II (V/2RC) = (ILsinL)


V
L

Locus of I
V
I L sin  L
2 RC

IL

Case III (V/2RC)< (ILsinL)


Homework 2.4
Problem 1: Draw the locus of total current by varying the inductor for a
parallel circuit where two impedances Z1 = RL + jXL and Z2 = RC - jXC are
connected in parallel and then conclude the comments regarding the resonance
points.

Problem 2: Draw the locus of total current by varying the capacitor for a
parallel circuit where two impedances Z1 = RL + jXL and Z2 = RC - jXC are
connected in parallel and then conclude the comments regarding the resonance
points.

97
Under Resonance:
 Applied ac voltage and resulting ac current are in phase.
 The power factor is unity as a result the real power and apparent power are
equal.
 The net susceptance is zero as a result the net reactive power is also zero.
 The impedance below resonance frequency is inductive while above the
resonance frequency it is capacitive in nature.
 The impedance is resistive.
 The impedance is maximum.
 The current is minimum.
 Current pass through the inductor and the capacitor are equal and 180o
degree out of phase.
Under Resonance:
 The energy stored by inductor and capacitor is equal value.
 The parallel resonant circuit acts as current magnification or amplifier
with the quality factor i.e. Qpr acting as amplification of the magnification
factor.
 Since the circuit rejects current at resonance, the parallel resonance circuit
is also called rejector or anti-resonance circuit.
 The quality factor of the circuit decides selectivity of the circuit. Its
required value must be very large enough. It decides how much the
resonant circuit is selective.
 Parallel resonance circuit blocks a specific band of frequency.
 Series resonance circuit is also called tank circuit.
 Since the impedance is minimum and the current is maximum,
the series resonance circuit is used to pass a specific band of
frequency.
 Since the impedance is maximum and the current is minimum,
the parallel resonance circuit is used to block a specific band of
frequency.
Example 2.10
A series-parallel circuit is shown in the following figure. Calculate (i) the capacitor for
resonance, (ii) the Q-factor, (iii) the dynamic impedance, (iv) the total equivalent impedance
and (v) the total line current.
X L  2fL  2 1106  0.2 103  1256.6 
R2  X L
2
C
XL
At resonance:  XC   R2  X 2 
XL 2 f  
 L 
1256.6
C
2 1106   202  1256.62 
 
 12.66 1012 F  12.66 pF
L 200 106
X L 1256.6 Zd    78989 
Q pr    62.83 RC 20 126.6 10 12
RL 20
V 230
ZT  Z d  Rs  78989  8000  86989  I   2.644 mA
ZT 86989 102
Example 2.11
Design the following circuit as shown in the following figure to pass any wave of 45 kHz
and block 15 kHz wave. Find the value of L1. What type of reactance (inductive or
capacitive) must be placed in series with the source? Calculate the value of L0 or C0 which is
required to put.

To block 15 kHz wave the parallel resonance


circuit is used. Thus at 15 kHz
1 1
XC2  
2fC2 2 15000  0.05 106
 212.3142 
R12  X L
2
1X
At resonance: C2
X L1
2 2 1 2  4R2 
X L1  X C 2 X L1  R1  0 X L1  X C 2  X C
2  2 1 

103
L1 
1 X  X 2  4 R 2  
1 212.3142  (212.3142) 2  4  (40) 2 
4f  C 2 C2 1  4 15000  

1
L1  212.3142  196.6655  2.2 mH or 0.083061 mH
4 15000

For lower conductance consider: L1  2.2 mH

To pass 45 kHz wave the series resonance circuit is used. Thus at 45 kHz
1 1
XC2    70.7714 
2fC2 2  45000  0.05 106

X L1  2fL1  2  45000  2.2 103  621.72 

R1  jX L1  jX C 2  40  j 621.72 j 70.7714


Zp    0.66  j 79.81 
R1  jX L1  jX C 2 40  j 621.72  j 70.7714
The parallel impedance is capacitive thus inductor (L0) is required. 104
The inductive reactance should be:
79.81
X L0  2fL0  79.81 L0   0.282 mH
2  45000

The dynamic impedance at 45 kHz will be: Z d (45 kHz)  20  0.66  20.66 

Homework 2.4
Problem 1: Design the following circuit as shown in the following figure to pass any wave
of 15 kHz and block 45 kHz wave. Find the value of C2. What type of reactance (inductive
or capacitive) must be placed in series with the source? Calculate the value of L0 or C0 which
is required to put.

105

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