UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF.

CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

F I C H A Nº3

A.- The Respiratory System

People need to breathe. The respiratory system allows

us to breathe.
● The nostrils are in the head. The nose links the
nostrils to the exterior.
● The trachea is a tube inside the neck.
● The lungs are two organs shaped like a bag.
They are in the chest and protected by the rib cage.
How we breathe
Your body makes two movements to breathe:
● Inhalation is the air entering the lungs.
When you inhale, the air enters through the nose.
It travels down the trachea and fills the lungs.
These expand and swell.
● Exhalation is the air exiting the lungs.
The lungs contract and expel the air.
The air leaves through the nose.
Humans can breathe through the nose and the mouth.
The air breathe through your nose is cleaner,
warmer and moister.

A.1.- Key words

Match the key words with the sentences
b Inhalation

a Exhalation

a.- The air enters the lungs during the process.

b.- The air exits the lungs during this process.

Label the pictures of the respiratory system.

A. 2.- Explain in Spanish

Explain the following:
- The left lung is slightly smaller than the right.
El pulmón izquierdo es ligeramente más pequeño que el derecho.
Porque se encuentra el corazón de ese lado.
- The chest swells during inhalation.
El pecho se hincha durante la inhalación debido a la entrada
de aire

Why is it better to breathe through the nose than

through the mouth?
It’s better because the air is cleaner, warmer and moister.

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

B.- Excretion

How we eliminate waste products from the blood

The blood collects all the waste products in your body.
That is why you have organs that clean the blood. The
blood is constantly cleaned so waste products do not
accumulate. That would be dangerous.

The elimination of waste is called excretion.

The excretory system and the skin are responsible
for excretion.

The excretory system

The excretory system is in the abdomen.
It is behind and below the intestines.

The kidneys are the most important organs in this

system. Their job is to clean the blood.
Urine is the liquid that is formed after
cleaning the blood.
Urine is stored in the bladder. Then it is expelled from
the body.

Sweat also purifies the blood

The skin is also very important for excretion.
There are parts beneath the skin that also clean
the blood. The waste products are eliminated with sweat.

B.2.- Answer
a.- What is excretion?
Excretion is the elimination of waste.

b.- Which organs make up the excretory system?

The kidneys and the bladder.

c.- What is urine?

Urine is the liquid that is formed after cleaning the blood.

d.- What is perspiration?

Perspiration is the process in which waste products
are eliminated through sweat.
e.- Could we live without kidneys?
Yes, we could. But dialysis is needed to survive.

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

B.3..- Complete the chart with examples from the text.

Nouns (sustantivos) Verbs (verbos) Adjectives Adverbials

(adjetivos) (adverbios)
kidneys collects dangerous constantly
urine clean excretory
bladder stored important
sweat expelled waste

C.- The Human Nervous System

The human nervous system consists of the brain and
nerves.
1.- The Brain
The brain is a very important organ. The brain is inside
the head. The bones of the skull protect the brain.
The brain controls all the other organs in the body.
The senses gather information. All this information
travels to the brain. If the brain does not work, all the
organs in the body stop working. If this happens, we
cannot see, hear or feel cold or heat.
2.- Nerves
Nerves are very long, thin fibres. There are nerves
throughout the body.
The nerves are responsible for carrying information.
Some nerves transmit the information from the senses to
the brain. Other nerves transmit orders from the brain
to the organs.
Vertebrates have a nervous system similar to the human
nervous system. The invertebrate nervous system is much
simpler. Some invertebrates do not even have a brain.

How does the Nervous System work?

Each of the senses receives information about what is
happening in the environment.
The nerves carry this information to the brain.
When the information reaches the brain, we can
see colours and shapes. We can hear sounds or feel
temperature. Some people have eyes and ears that
work perfectly, but they cannot see or hear because
their brain is damaged.
When the information reaches the brain, it creates
a response. It sends orders to the appropriate organs
in the body. For example, you can feel somebody
touching your back thanks to your sense of touch.
The tactile nerves carry the information to the brain.
Then, the brain sends the order to turn your head
and you can see who is touching you.

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

C.1.- Key Words: Complete the phrases with the key words:
brain - nerves.

a.- The nerves carry information from the senses to the brain and from the brain to the different
organs.
b.- The brain receives information and sends orders.

C.2.- Answer
a.- How is the nervous system divided?
The nervous system consists of the brain and the nerves.

b.- What does the nervous system do?

The nerves collect information from the senses and send it to the brain to interpret it and to create
a response and vice versa.

C.3.- Look at the picture and put the sentences in the correct order.

3 Ana’s brain sends a message to her arm to put the brake on.
1 Ana’s eyes see the “stop” sign.
4 Ana puts the brake on.
2 The image of the word “stop” reaches the brain.

C.4..- Complete the chart with examples from the text.

Nouns (sustantivos) Verbs (verbos) Adjectives Adverbials

(adjetivos) (adverbios)
brain protect long very
nerves gather thin throughout
skull feel simpler perfectly
fibres touching damaged even

D.- The Skeleton

The Functions of the Skeleton

The skeleton is the name for all the bones in the human body.
Its functions are:
● to support and give shape to the body.
● to protect the internal organs, like the brain and the heart.
Some bones have both these functions at the same time. For example, the skull gives shape to
the head and also protects the brain.

The Components of the Skeleton

The skeleton consists of bones and cartilage. Some bones of the human body are:
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

● skull / head bones: parietal, frontal, temporal, jaw.

● trunk bones: vertebrate which make up the spine, the shoulder-blade, the collarbone,
breastbone, ribs, pelvis.
● limb bones: in the arms, for example, humerus, radius, ulna, finger phalanges.
Cartilage is softer than bone. It is flexible and strong. There is cartilage at the end of long bones,
next to ribs, and at the end of the nose.

The Joints
A joint is the meeting of two bones. There are fixed joints and moveable joints.
● Fixed joints do not allow the bones to move in the joint. For example, the union between the
skull bones is a fixed joint.
● Mobile joints, like the bones in the wrist joint, let the bones move.

D.1.- Key Words

Complete the sentences with the key words: skeleton - cartilage - bones
a.- The skeleton supports and gives shape to the body and protects the internal organs.
b.- The skeleton consists of bones and cartilage.
c.- Cartilage is flexible and resistant and bones are hard.

D.2.- Answer
a.- What does the skeleton do?
The skeleton supports and gives shape to the body. It also protects the internal organs, like the
brain and the heart.

b.- What are bones like?

Bones are harder than cartilage.
Or
Bones are hard

c.- What bones do we have?

We have skull/ head bones, trunk bones and limb bones.

d.- What are joints?

Joints are the meeting of two bones.

D.3..- Complete the chart with examples from the text.

Nouns (sustantivos) Verbs (verbos) Adjectives Adverbials

(adjetivos) (adverbios)
skeleton support softer both
bones protect flexible
cartilage allow strong
joints move fixed

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

E.- The Muscle System

Muscles
The muscle system is the combination of all the muscles in the human body.
It is responsible for movement. Some muscles in the human body are:
● head muscles: parietal, frontal, temporal.
● trunk muscles: pectoral, trapezius, gluteus, latissimus dorsis.
● limb muscles: deltoid, biceps, quadriceps, calf muscle.
Some muscles, like the biceps, work with the skeleton. They allow us to move about. Other
muscles are in the internal organs. They also move. For example, the heart is a muscle. It never
stops beating.
The muscles of the stomach and intestine move during digestion.

Types of Muscles
There are two types of muscles: voluntary and involuntary.
● Voluntary muscles move when we want to move them. The calf muscle is a voluntary
muscle.
● Involuntary muscles move without our control. The heart is an involuntary muscle.

How do Muscles Work?

To make a movement, the muscles contract and relax. When they contract, the muscles
become shorter and thicker. When they relax, they return to their original size.
For example, the biceps is connected to the radius bone in the arm. When the biceps contracts, it
pulls on the radius and the arm bends. When the biceps relaxes, it stops pulling on the radius and
the arm lowers.

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

E.1.- Key Words

Write the words in the correct place: voluntary muscles - the muscle system
involuntary muscles - muscles
a.- The muscle system is the combination of all the muscles in the human body.
b.- Muscles allow us to move about.
c.- Voluntary muscles move when we want to move.
d.- Involuntary muscles move without our control.
e.- To make movements, the muscles contract and relax.

E.2.- Answer
a.- What are muscles like?
Muscles are flexible and contractile.

b.- What muscles do we have?

We have head muscles, trunk muscles and limb muscles.

c.- What are muscles for?

Muscles are responsible for movement.

E.3.- Complete the chart with examples from the text.

Nouns (sustantivos) Verbs (verbos) Adjectives Adverbials

(adjetivos) (adverbios)
muscle work voluntary never
heart move involuntary
movement contract shorter
biceps return thicker

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

F.- THE FIVE SENSES

We have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. The senses give us information on
different things: sounds, colours, temperature, etc. Each sense tells us about different things. For
example, with taste we discover different tastes. With hearing we discover different sounds.
These are the sense organs:
● Our eyes are the organs for sight.
● Our ears are the organs for hearing.
● Our skin is the organ for touch.
● Our tongue is the organ for taste.
● Our nose is the organ for smell.
All the sense organs have nerves. The nerves gather information and carry it to the brain.

F.1.- Answer
a.- What do the senses do?

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

The senses give us information on different things like colours, sounds, temperature, tastes and
smells.

b.- What are the senses?

The senses are the result of the information collected by the sense organs and interpreted by the
brain.

G.- THE SENSE OF TOUCH

The sense of touch gives us information about texture, hardness, temperature, pressure
and pain. It tells us whether an object is rough, smooth, hard or soft. It tells us whether it is hot or
cold. It tells us if something is squeezing or pricking us.
Some areas of the body are more sensitive than other parts. For example, hands are very
sensitive to temperature. Elbows are not very sensitive.

Skin
The skin is the organ for touch. It is the
biggest sense organ because it covers the
entire body. The skin is divided into a deep
layer and a surface layer.
● The skin has little hairs on its surface
layer. It also has pores. Pores let us
eliminate sweat.
● The skin has blood vessels and nerve
endings in its deep layer. The nerve
endings gather sensations, like
temperature, hardness, texture, etc.

How Does the Sense of Touch Work?

The nerve endings gather different sensations
when something touches the skin. These
sensations include pain, temperature,
pressure, hardness and texture. The
information passes to the tactile nerves.
These nerves carry the information to the
brain.

G. 1.- Key Words

Complete the sentences with the key words:
- pain - nerve endings - hearing
- pressure - hardness - temperature
- texture - skin - touch
- sight - taste - smell

a.- The skin is the sense organ for touch.

b.- The nerve endings of the skin gather information about pain, temperature, pressure, hardness
and texture.
c.- The sense organs for sight, for taste, for hearing and for smell are in the head.
d.- The sense organ for touch covers the entire body.

G. 2.- Explain
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

a.- What is the sense of touch?

The sense of touch is the sense that allows us to perceive qualities of objects such as texture,
hardness, temperature, pressure and pain.

b.- What is skin like?

The skin covers our entire body and it has little hairs and pores on its surface layer. It has blood
vessels and nerve endings on its deep layer.

G. 3.- Complete the chart with examples from the text.

Nouns (sustantivos) Verbs (verbos) Adjectives Adverbials

(adjetivos) (adverbios)
skin gives rough more
object covers smooth very
sensations carry hard
layer touches soft

H.- THE SENSE OF SIGHT

The sense of sight lets us see colours, shapes, sizes and distances.
Objects need to be well lit for us to see them. That means we need light in order to see.

Eyes
Eyes are the organs for sight. Eyes have different parts.
Some parts protect the eye. Some parts let us see.

1.- The Parts that Protect the Eye

The parts that protect the eye are the
eyebrows, the eyelashes and the tear glands.
● The eyebrows and eyelashes prevent
harmful things, like sweat or dust, from
entering the eye.
● There are two eyelids on each eye. The
upper eyelid is larger. IT opens and closes
when we blink.
● The tear glands produce tears.

2.- The Parts Responsible for Vision

These parts form the eyeball: the iris, the pupil, the lens and retina.
● The iris is the coloured part of the eye. It controls the amount of light that enters the eye.
● The pupil is in the centre of the iris. Light enters through the pupil to the inside of the eye.
● The lens is inside the eye. It is behind the pupil and the iris. It helps us to see objects in focus.
● The retina is at the back of the eye. The light entering the eye travels until it reaches the
retina. The optic nerve is attached to the retina.
The eyeball is held in place by eye muscles. Your eye muscles help you move your eyes.

How Does the Sense of Sight Work?

Light enters the eye through the pupil. It travels through the lens. The lens focuses the objects we
see, so we see them clearly and not blurred.
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

When the light reaches the retina, it perceives different sensations such as colour, shape and
size. This information goes to the optic nerve. This nerve carries the information to the brain.

H.1.- Key Words

Complete the sentences with the key words:
- iris - eyelids - tear glands
- lens - pupil - eyebrows
- retina - eyelashes
a.- The eyelids, the eyelashes, the eyebrows and the tear glands protect the eye.
b.- The iris, the pupil, the lens and the retina are responsible for vision.

H.2.- Explain
a.- What is sight?
Sight is the capacity to perceive colours, shapes, sizes and distances.

b.- What are eyes like?

The eye is a sphere-shaped organ.

c- Why do we need light to see things?

We need light to see things because objects need to be well lit for us to see them.

I.- THE SENSE OF HEARING

Hearing lets us perceive sounds.

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

Hearing lets us distinguish sounds. We know if they are high or low, soft or loud. We also know
what direction a sound comes from. We can tell whether it was made nearby or far away.

Ears
The ears are the organs for hearing.
The ear is divided into three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.
The outer ear consists of the earflap, the ear canal and the eardrum.
● The earflap receives sounds.
● The ear canal carries the sounds into the inside of the ear.
● The eardrum vibrates when the sounds arrive.
The middle ear consists of the ossicles and the Eustachian tube.
● The ossicles are a chain formed by three little bones.
● The Eustachian tube is the tube that connects the middle ear with the throat.
The inner ear is the cochlea. The cochlea is the part of the ear where the sounds arrive. Then the
sound sensations are carried along the auditory nerve.

The Sense of Hearing

Sounds enter the ear. They travel along the ear canal until they reach the eardrum. At that
moment, the eardrum begins to vibrate like a drum. The drum vibrates in a different way
depending on the type of sound.
The vibrations of the eardrum travel to the ossicles. They reach the cochlea.
This information travels along the auditory nerve to the brain.

I. 1.- Key Words

Complete the sentences with the key words:
- earflap - cochlea - Eustachian tube
- eardrum - ossicles - ear canal
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

a.- The parts of the outer ear are the earflap, the ear canal and the eardrum .
b.- The ossicles and the Eustachian tube form the middle ear.
c.- The cochlea is in the inner ear.

I.2.- Explain
a.- What is hearing?
Hearing is the capacity of perceiving sounds and if they are high or low, soft or loud, its direction
and its distance.

b.- What are ears like?

Ears are organs that have three parts: one outside the skull, one in the middle and one inside the
skull.

I.3.- Complete the chart with examples from the text.

Nouns (sustantivos) Verbs (verbos) Adjectives Adverbials

(adjetivos) (adverbios)
sounds distinguish high inside
ears receives low along
eardrum vibrates soft where
cochlea travels loud when

J.- TASTE AND SMELL

The Sense of Taste

Taste lets us discover flavours: sweet, salty, bitter
and sour.
The tongue is the organ for taste. There are taste
buds on the surface of the tongue. They give us
information on different flavours.
There are taste buds for each flavour. Each type is
located in a specific area of the tongue. We taste
sweet things on the tip of the tongue and salty
things on the sides of the tip. We taste sour things
on the sides of the tongue and bitter things in the
area of the tongue nearest the throat.
How does the sense of taste work? Food
touches the taste buds when it enters the mouth.
The taste buds pick up the different flavours.
The information received by the taste buds travels
to the taste-sensitive nerves. Then it travels to the
brain.

The Sense of Smell

Smell is the sense that lets us discover smells.
Smell enters the nose along with the air we
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

breathe. We can distinguish lots of different smells:

minty, spicy, floral, etc.
The nose is the organ for smell. It is divided into
different parts. The nostrils are the holes where
the air enters. The olfactory region is inside the
nose. This area recognises smells.
How does the sense of smell work? The air
enters the nose through the nostrils. Then it
reaches the olfactory region. The olfactory region
receives information about the smells carried by the
air. It passes the information to the olfactory
nerve. The olfactory nerve carries the information
to the brain.

J. 1.- Explain

a.- What are taste and smell?

Taste and smell are the senses that give us the capacity of perceiving flavours and smells.

b.- What are the tongue and the nose like?

The tongue is an organ with great mobility. It is flexible and always wet.
The nose is a pyramid-shaped organ that has different parts like the nostrils and the olfactory
region.

J. 2.- Basic Ideas

Complete the diagrams using these words:
- olfactory region - taste nerves
- olfactory nerve - taste buds

smells olfactory region olfactory nerve brain

flavours taste buds taste nerves brain

GRAMMAR SUMMARY

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

THERE IS / THERE ARE

We use there is / are to say that something is present in a particular place.
We use There is with singular nouns. There is food in the fridge.
We use There are with plural nouns. There are apples on the table.

Negative forms: There isn’t… There isn’t food in the fridge.

There aren’t… There aren’t any apples on the table.

Questions: Is there….? Is there some food in the fridge?

Are there…? Are there any apples on the table.
There is with singular nouns and there are with plural nouns.

Bibliografía:
● Reading and Thinking in English. Concepts in Use. Oxford University Press.
● The Teacher’s Magazine.
● Elementary English Grammar. 1993. Digby Beaumont. Heinemann. Oxford.
● Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. 2006. Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad and Geoffrey
Leech. Longman. England.
● Science 1, 2, 3. Richmond.

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