DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNVERSITY OF COLOMBO

ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTING LABARATORY II

2017

Filter Circuits Designing

ECL 203

Name : W.Y.Madushani
Reg No : 2015s15202
Index No : 13s153
Date : 2017/03/23
Group No : 11-B
Partner’s Name : K.N.M.D.M.Kosgahakumbura
ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this set of experiments is to have a basic idea & correspond with a filter circuits
and find out characteristics of filter mechanism. In this experiment we study about the two active
filters that are Low-pass Butterworth Filter and High-pass Butterworth Filter.

In the first experiment was Butterworth low pass filter was studied by plotting the voltage gain vs
frequency graph. The second experiment was focused on Butterworth high pass filter and the same
characteristic graph was drawn for this filter as well. Using graphs the cut off frequencies, 3B down
values, bandwidths were calculated. Theoretical and practical bandwidths are as follows.

Practical Bandwidth of the low pass filter

Theoretical Bandwidth of the low pass

Practical Bandwidth of the high pass filter

Theoretical Bandwidth of the high pass filter

Theoretical cutoff frequency

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................5
THEORY................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Data and Observations...........................................................................................................................................12
Results and Analysis...............................................................................................................................................13
DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSSION........................................................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................................................16
List of Figures

List of Tables
INTRODUCTION

When corresponding with signal processing, it is needed to remove unnecessary components of the
signal and consider the useful parts of the signal according to the frequency. To fulfill this process,
there must be a filter. Filter is a circuit that passes a specific range of frequencies while rejecting other
frequencies. , a filter will not add new frequencies to the input signal, nor will it change the component
frequencies of that signal, but it will change the relative amplitudes of the various frequency
components and/or their phase relationships.

Electronic filters are used in radios, television receivers, telephone systems, etc.
Filter circuits have various categories depending on their physical construction and their functioning
styles. The main types of filters are,
 Digital filters
 Analog filters

Digital signal processing allows cheap construction of a wide variety of filters. The signal is sampled and
ADC (analog to digital converter) converts the signal to a binary number. A computer program running
on a CPU or dedicated DSP calculates an output binary number. This output can be converted into a
signal by passing it through the DAC (digital to analog converter).

The analog filtering method uses a current or voltage variation signal which is a direct analog signal of
the waveform or frequency band that needs to be filtered. Filter circuits designed to use analog
filtering methods mainly include operational amplifier (operational) amplifiers, resistors and
capacitors. The main components can obtain different outputs by changing the design of the circuit.

By type of electronic components used in construction, analog filter circuits can be classified,
 active filters
 passive filters

Analog active filter can be further categorized as follows.

 Low-pass filter :- extract range of frequencies which are less than cut-off frequency.
 High-pass filter:- extract range of frequencies which are higher than cut-off frequency.
 Band-pass filter:- use to extract frequencies, which are between the frequency band.
 Band-reject filter:- remove only a certain range of a frequencies.
 All pass filter:- use to change the phase of a signal.

Since no loading problems, low cost and gain & frequency adjustment flexibility, the active filters are
mostly used.
THEORY
There are basically 4 types of active filters. They are Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel and Elliptic filters.
In this experiment we have use the Butterworth filter for our experiments.

Low pass filter

A low pass filter passes low frequency signals and rejects signals at frequencies above the filter’s cutoff
frequency.

Gain of the low pass filter

V o H o ωo Vo ω
gain= =
V ¿ s+ ω0
or | ||
V¿
= H o| 2 o 2
√ ω +ω 0
H0=-R1/R2

The frequency response of the circuit will be the same as passive RC filter, but amplitude of the output
is increased by the op-amp Cutoff frequency is given by following equation

High pass filter

High pass filters allow to pass frequencies higher than certain cutoff frequency and block low
frequencies.
Gain of the high pass filter

V o Hos Vo
gain= =
V ¿ s+ω 0
or | ||
V¿
ω
= H o| 2 2
√ ω +ω 0
H0=-R2/R1

As low pass filters, frequency response of the circuit is the same as passive filter but amplitude of the signal is
increased by the gain of the amplifier.

Band pass filter

A band pass filter passes a band of frequencies and rejects signals at frequencies above the filter’s high
cutoff frequency (fH) and signals at frequencies below the low cut off frequency (f H).
Band reject filter
A filter effectively the opposite function of the Band-pass is the band rejects or notch filter. It rejects
frequencies on a certain range and while passing all other frequencies outside the band.

All pass filter

This filter response has no effect on the amplitude of the signal at different frequencies. Instead, its
function is to change the phase of the signal without affecting its amplitude. This type of filter is called
an all-pass or phase-shift filter.

Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous set of
frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz. Usually the bandwidth calculated at −3 dB cut-off
frequencies.

The frequency response graph of the Butterworth Filter often referred to as maximally flat (no ripples)
response because the pass band is having a frequency response is flat from 0Hz until the cut-off
frequency at -3dB with no ripples in case of a low pass Butterworth filter.
METHODOLOGY
The oscilloscope was calibrated for both the two channels by using the 2V p-p output of the oscillator
and the horizontal, vertical positions, Time/div and Volt/div was set accordingly.

The signal generator was fixed to produce an output sine wave of 5 V amplitude.

Experiment 1

The circuit given below (Figure 1) was constructed and a wave of amplitude 5 V was fed to the circuit using the
signal generator. The output wave was measured by using a two- channel oscilloscope.

By keeping the voltage from the input signal Constant the frequency of the sine wave was increased from 10 Hz
up to 100000 Hz in given intervals. ECL 203-Filter Circuit Designing 9

The output wave was fed in to the oscilloscope and the voltage of the output wave was calculated using it and
the data was tabulated. (Appendix )

A graph was plotted using the data set for the Voltage gain (dB) Vs. Frequency (log (f)) and the bandwidth for the
low-pass filter circuit was calculated using the Graph. (Appendix )

Experiment 2
The circuit given below (Figure 2) was constructed and a wave of amplitude 5 V was fed to the circuit
using the signal generator. The output wave was measured by using a two- channel oscilloscope.

By keeping the voltage from the input signal Constant the frequency of the sine wave was increased
from 10 Hz up to 100000 Hz in given intervals.

The output wave was fed in to the oscilloscope and the voltage of the output wave was calculated
using it and the data was tabulated. (Appendix )

A graph was plotted using the data set for the Voltage gain (dB) Vs. Frequency (log (f)) and the
bandwidth for the low-pass filter circuit was calculated using the Graph. (Appendix )
Data and Observations
Experiment 1 - Low-pass Butterworth filter

Experiment 2 - High-pass Butterworth filter

Results and Analysis
Experiment 1 - Low-pass Butterworth filter

Experiment 2 - High-pass Butterworth filter

Maximum gain of the output

3dB down gain of the output

Practical Bandwidth of the filter

Maximum gain of the output

3dB down gain of the output

Practical Bandwidth of the filter

DISCUSSION

The filters use to remove unwanted parts in signals. In other words function of filter is passing the
signals which belong to one frequency or range of frequencies out of a mix of different frequencies.In
this experiment we were used Butterworth filters that are low pass Butterworth filter and high pass
Butterworth filter.

Before starting the experiment, the experiment set up was set properly to get an accurate result. For
that the experiment process started by calibrating the oscilloscope. The wires and probes need to be
checked to confirm that there were no loose connections. When choosing the resistors and capacitors
for the circuit, the tolerance of the devices were taken to concern (devices with less tolerance) to get
an accurate result.

When taking the measurements of the output voltages of the output signal scale was changed respect
to the measurement. This may can effect to the accuracy of the result and the error of the readings are
less.

In the high pass Butterworth filter input signal was given to the capacitor. When the frequency is high,
resistance (impedance) of the capacitor is low. So, signal with high frequencies can pass the capacitor
easily. But for low frequencies, the resistance is high. So, the capacitor blocks low frequency signals.

In the low pass Butterworth filter, input signal is given across a resistor followed by a capacitor which
is connected to the ground. High frequency signals will go to ground through the capacitor since the
capacitor offers them a very low resistance path. Current always takes the least resistance path. Hence
high frequencies will be removed from the incoming signal.

Cutoff frequencies of both high and low pass filters were same due to the use of same value capacitor
and resistor for both experiments. So from the practical, we could prove that, cut off frequency only
depends on values of capacitor and resistor; it is independent from the filter type.

When plotting the graphs to find out the bandwidth, the axis was marked in log values of gain and
frequencies. That was because the range of values were too high. Even though the theoretical cut off
frequency of the filters was , the practical value slightly changed from the real value. This is mainly
because of the system errors such as the tolerance of the resistors and user errors occurring during the
experiment.
CONCLUSSION
The practical bandwidth of the low-pass filter of the experiment and in the high-pass filter, it was

Low-pass filters only pass frequencies below the cut-off frequency and it rejects the signals at frequencies above
the filters cut-off frequency

High-pass filters only pass frequencies above the cut-off frequency and it rejects the signals at frequencies below
the filters cut-off frequency

Cutoff frequency only depends on values of resistor and capacitor.

REFERENCES