Thoroughly Revised and Updated Reasoning & Aptitude csfor GATE 2019 and ESE Pre 2019 Comprehensive Theory with oe and Solved Questions of GATE and ESE Prelims ‘Also useful for UPSC (CSAT), MBA Entrance, Wipro, $5C, Bank (PO), TCS , Railways, Infosys, various Public Sector Units and other Competitive Exams conducted by UPSC i MADE EASYa Eee MADE EASY Publications Corporate Office: 44-4/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Met Staton), New Delhi-110016 Exmal:infomep@madeeasyin Contact 011-48124660, 8860376007 Visit us at: ww madeeasypublications.org Reasoning & Aptitude for GATE 2019 & ESE 2019 Prelims © Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications. Allright are reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a roltieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise), without the prior writen permission of the above mentioned publisher of this book. 1st Edition 2008 2nd Edition: 2009 3d Ealtion :2010 4th Edition :2011 Sth Edition : 2011 ‘th Edition: 2012 7th Elion :2013 Bth Edition :2014 9th Edition: 2015 10th Edition: 2016 Mth Edition :2017 12th Edition : 2018 MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS has taken due care in colecting the data and providing the solutions, before publishing this book. lspite of his if any inaccuracy or pining error occurs then MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. ‘owes no responsibilty. We al begratefulif youcould pointoutany such error. Your suggestions willbe appreciated.PREFACE | have immense pleasure in placing this edition of "Reasoning & Aptitude” before the aspirants of Competitive Examinations. The book has been written to meet the growing requirements of candidates appearing for GATE, ESE Prelims, UPSC-CSAT, SSC, various Public Sector Examinations, Bank (PO), MBA Entrance Exams, Railways and Campus Placements of Software Companies etc. The comprehensive volume would enable the readers toacquire complete and detailed understanding of “Reasoning & Aptitude’. It covers all dimensions of Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Reasor 19 and Data Interpretation. My first-hand experience Of coaching the students has been a great source of inspiration and has helped me immensely in writing this book. Preparation for Civil Services Examination taking Mathematics as optional subject also helped me sharpen the ideas and arguments developed here, | am grateful to my parents and family members, who have been showering their blessings from the very beginning, | offer my deep sense of gratitude to my Teachers, Principals of Navodaya Vidyalayas and Professors of NIT Raipur for their blessings and guidance. | would like to acknowledge the encouragement and useful guidance Provided by my colleagues and seniors serving in IAS, IF5,1PS and IRS etc. My publisher Mrs. & Mr. B. Singh have been a constant source of support and encouragement. My special thanks to the entire MADE EASY team for bringing out the book at the earliest in the hands of readers. Suggestions and constructive comments from the readers for the improvement of the book are welcome, Nem Singh (indian Revenue Service)<< Contents nis “Pages Section-A: Arithmetic 1.1 Number System 17 1.2. Percentage oo 18:31 1.3. Profit and Loss. 32-42 4.4 Simple Interest & Compound Interest 43-52 1.5 Ratio and Proportion 53-61 1.6 Average 62-71 1.7 Time & Work, : 72-87 1.8 Time Speed and Distance 88-105 (Seefion:B: Algebra & Geometry 2.1 Surds, indices & Logarithms. 107-115 2.2. Progression. 116-129 2.3 Permutations & Combinations. 130-141 2.4 Probability, 7 142-152 2.5 Set Theory. 153-159 Section-C: Reasoning & Data Interpretation 3.1 Blood Relationship. - 161-167 3.2 Coding and Decoding 168-171 3.3 Cubes and Dices 172-478. 3.4 Direction Sence Test : 179-187 3.5 Line Graph. : 188-193 3.6 Tables 194-197 3.7. Bar Diagram 198-206 3.8 Pie-Charts. a 207-216 3.9 Miscelineous Puzzles. vs 217-226 3.10 Logical Venn Diagrams. 227-232 3.11 Analytial Reasoning 233-243 _Seotion-D: Previous GATE & ES! Previous Years GATE Solved Questions (245-317, Pre 1us Year ESE Prelims Solved Questions 318-322Section Arithmetica Number System ive Aptitude (QA), Number System is one of the module which is of critical importance. We can consider this module as the back bone as well as basic foundation and building block for QA as wel asoriing Applications of concepts of numbers can be easily found in puzzles, reasoning bas ions, number series and ‘oning areas. This is why itis our suggestion to students to understand pts discussed in the with understanding of applications. In Quant many more module thoroughly alongs Classifications of Numbers Complon Narbe [a+ fab © eal eaeemeet cu tao pue tO OES -—__—$ —_ Fane re [el ee a Ip atelenge to oe 2a igus Fractions I fal else} ines eaner pene fis (orp? a eqs ta} i i repos : reg OME lg SS Our main focus in this module of numbers in on real number system. How ever in context, of imaginary number only following property is im lant2 | © Reasoning & Aptitude imaginary Numbers i= Ks Fei > Ke tape Question: What is the value of expression. ii? +i $i fa) ® (o) -1 {c) 1? {d) None of these Ans. (d) Solution: (isis? 4?) Bis) If we commit a mistake of cancelling out common terms in numerator and denominator options a,b, call one correct hence my answer should be (d) but expression 1 +i 424i =14it)+G)=0 hence expression in question leading to undetermined sf] srecoretennroe Real Number System Entire real numbers group of rational and irrational numbers combined forms the set of real number, which is represented by symbol — R. All real numbers can be represented as points on a real number tine Rational Number All the numbers in piq (q # Ojform are rational numbers [p, q are integers] set of rational number is represented by — Q. Rational Numbers Follow Following forms of representations. (a) Terminating decimal forms for example 0.125 125 3 0125 = = Rational MADE ERSY (©) Nonterminating but recurring decimal forms () Forexample = 037373737 1000 = 37.73737. 990 = 37 = Q = 37/99 => rational (i) For example = 037292929 1000 = 37.292929 100000 = 3729,292928 99000 = (8729-37) oe (22087 = 9900 = © form = rational = G form = rational Fraction All rational numbers in which |q| #1 comprise the set of fractions. Proper Fractions uw Ipl lal than fractionis improper traction fraction is <~1 or more than (>) 1 alve of improper Mixed Fraction Just a modified form if improper fraction. 43 co 4 i = 3 Integers The set of all rational numbers in pig form{|q| = 1) is called as integers. It is denoted by 12 [sos -B,-2,-1,0,1,2, 3, ad it includes Negative Integers Fs (..-7, 6-5, -3, -2,-1h Positive Integers B5[1,2, Besse} Note: Status of 0 (zer0) is neutral neither positive nor negative,sy mADE EASY » Number Systems 3 Example 1 ‘There are two, 2-digit numbers ab and cd, bais the ees | aan as anather two digit number prepared by reversing the {Negative Integes ¢1) eure (Set of postive intege I) digits of ab, if ab x od = 493, ba x cd = 2059, what is value ‘g’ sum of (ab + cd) = ? Natural Numbers @ a 0) 45 ‘All counting numbers or set of positive integers is (o) 47 4 considered as set of natural numbers, I denoted ‘Ans: (d) bysat Nort] Value’! = ab x od isos N= 2.8,4 ot Itmeans ab and cd both are odd, Whole Number Hence there sum must be even, only one option is ‘Set of all nonnegative integers are considered as there which even. Hence answer is option d. whole number; it is denoted by set Example 2 W= (0,123.4 4 Note: If terms “numbers” is used without any | have multiple gift vouchers of value, qualifier than it means natural number hence forth. Rs, 101, 107, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 171 athe Ihave to pick exactly 10 vouchers to make payment of Rs. 1121. In how many ways | can do that? Even Numbers & Odd Numbers (a) one ee 4. Even Numbers (c) morethantwo — (d) none of these. e of All numbers divisible by 2 considered as even ‘Ans. (4) i fn Reasoning is very simple fl add 10, odd numbers FF— their sum will be always even. Hence there isnot in entire integral number line. Hence way to accomplish this. [-2, -4, -6, ...] are even integers but they are not even numbers Prime Number & Composite Numbers foper 2. Odd Number All numbers not divisible by 2 one od. Prime Numbers [1,3,5, 7, ...] are odd numbers. Number which are perfectly divisible either by 1 or L 5, -3, -1 ....] are odd integers. by itself only are called prime number. Then 25 prime number are there which are less than 100. 2 is the . only even prime number. Al prime numbers greater Properties of numbers based on even & odd than § can be expressed as (6K + 1) (K€ N) form Even + Even = Even but all the numbers in form of (6K + 1) form are not Odd + Odd = Even necessarily prime. Odd + Odd + Odd = Odd leg Caio oa Composite Numbers Odd x Even = Even Allthe numbers which can be factorized into multiple Evens eran eine prime numbers are called composite number. (Even) Even PS, Number (1) one is neither prime nor composite, (Oda) = Odd How to check whether given number is prime or (Even) = Even not? (Odd) = Odd 1. Take the square root of number These properties can be used extensively to find out 2. Consider the prime numbers, stating rom to ssitive Alternative method to get answers quickly with the help til number. Take all prime numbers upto this of options. Here are few examples. ‘square root value or nearest higher integer.4 | © Reasoning & Aptitude MADE EASY 3. It number is divisible by any of these prime numbers. Then number is composite. Learn it by example: Suppose | want to check, is 629 prime or not? Square root of 627 is just more than 25. Then prime no. til 25 are 2, 3, 7,5, 11.13.17, 19, 23, 29. 629 is not divisible by 2, 3. 5, 7, 11, 13 but is divisible by 17 Hence itis not prime number One more example: 179 Square root of 179 ismore than 13. Hence Ineed to check divisibility of 179 against 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13.17 179 is not divisible by either of these hence itis a prime number, Test of Divisibility 1. Divisibility by 2 Anumber is divisible by 2 if the unit digit is zero or divisible by 2. Eg.: 22, 42, 84, 3872 ete. 2. Divisibility by 3 number is divisible by 3 ifthe sum of digit in the number is divisible by 3 Eg: 2553 Here 2+ 5 +5 +3 = 15, which is divisible by 3 hence 2583 is divisible by 3 3. Divisibility by 4 ‘A number is divisible by 4 if its last two digit is divisible by 4 Eg: 2652, here 52 is divisible by 4 so 2652 is divisible by 4 Eg.:9772, 684, 904 ete. 4. Divisibility by 5 Anumber is divisible by 5 ithe units digit in number is0or5. Eg,: 50, 505, 405 etc. 5. Divisibility by 6 A number is divisible by 6 if the number is even and sum of digits is divisible by 3. Eg.: 4536 is an even number also sum of digit 4 + 54346 = 18 is divisible by 3. Eg: 72, 8448, 3972 etc, 6. Divisibilty by 8 ‘A number is divisible by 8 if last three digit of itis divisible by 8. Eg.: 47472 here 472 is divisible by 8 hence this number 47472 is divisible by 8 7. Divisibilty by 9 A number is divisible by 9 ifthe sum ofits digit is divisible by 9 Eg.: 108936 here 140+8+9+3+6 is 27 which is divisible by 9 and hence 108936 is divisible by 9 8. Divisibility by 10 A number is divisible by 10 if its unit digit is0. Eg.: 90, 900, 740, 34920 ete. 9. Divisibitity by 11 Anumber is divisible by 11 ifthe difference of sum of digit at odd places and sum of digit at even places is either 0 or divisible by 11 Eg.: 1931, the sum of digit at odd place is 143 and sum of digit at even places is 3+1 and their difference is 4 ~ 4 = 0. s0 1331 is divisible by 11 HCF and LCM of Numbers HF, —tHighest Common Factory ofwo or more nomber is tre —&— greatest number that divides each one of them exactly, For example Bis the highest common factor af 16 and 40. HCF is also called greatest common divisior (B.C.D) LOM, (Least Common Multiple) of two or more number is the least of a lowest number which is exactly divisible by each of them, For example LCM of 8 and 12 is 24, because it is the first number which is multiple of both 8 and 12. LCM and HCF of Fractions Numerator Denominaiar: Where Denominator Fractions are written in form of denominator is not equal to zero. {H.CF. of Numerators) HGF of Fraction = (Cig of Denarinaiors) (LCM of Numerators) Mot Fraction = {LCMol Nurerators) LOM ol Fraction = This oF Dencminetrs)isu MADE EASY * Number Systems | 5 All Fractions have to be in their simplest from: 4, a" —b" is divisible by a + b only when ‘n' is even itis ee natural number Example: Find HOF & LOMot 5,5 and = Ex. : af —b! =(a?-b?\a? + b%}=(a—bYla +b) this (a? + b2), Hence at - b4 is always divisible by por. HOR.of 423) 1, (a +b) but a? b® will not be reece te Factors of Composite Number gitis Lome LOMoF (123) _6_ 5 Composite numbers are the numbers which can be “HOF of (2.37) 1) factorised into prime factors, or simply we can say that ahis composite number are those numbers which are not 2y9. © Important Algebraic Formulae prime 1. (asb) =a? + 2ab+b? For eg.: 8 is a composite number since it can be digit factorised into 2. (a-bj’ =a? -2ab+b® B=2x2x2 Similarly 9 is also a composite number, ie 3. (a-b)(a+b) =a? —b? peace : sum 4. (a+b) +(a-b)? =2(a? +b?) Composite number =P} xP}? xP}*....Ré here, P,P, i _— Py... P, ate distinct prime numbers and ay, hy. 2and garb a8 + 3aPb +cat? +? 1, are their respective powers. a aah? Factors of composite number = a (4, #1). (p+ Tl, +1) 7. (ab) =a9 —3a’b+ Sab? —b? For eg.: 18 = 2x3x3=2' x3? ~b? -3ab(a-b) Factors of 18 = (1+ 1)x(2+1)=2x3=6 Clearly it contains six factors 1, 2,3, 6, 9 and 18 isthe 8 a +b°=(a+b)(a?-ab+b?) Factors of other Composite numbers 6 = 2" x3! actl Factors = (1+ 1)x(1+1}=4=1,2,3and6 Sang #78 =(a-by(a? +a +b") Te 2x2 2x9x9— 2x3! 10. 2° b? +08 -3abe =la+bec) Factors = (3 + 1) (24 1)= 12 ‘isior "af +b? +0? —ab—be-ca Ex.1_ Find the factors of composite number 360 " at -b* =(a) (02) (a? +0? )(a?-b’) Sol, 860 = 2x 2x 2x3x3K5 x3e x5? ala? ab? sr Factors = (3+ 1)(2+1) (1 +1) =24 ve by — Condition of Divisibility for Algebric Function pooo 1. a" + b"is exactly divisible by a+b only when nis is the odd Ex: 346° = (a+ b)(at abs) is cvsible by Counting Number of Trailing Zeros + P+ DS is sit + 2 = pee & + bis divisible by arb ‘Sometimes we come actoss problems in which we have 2 + bts never divisible by a-b (whether n is odd to count number of zeros at the end of factorial of any where oreven) Ex. a? + b? = (a +b) (a?—ab + b%) isnot divisible by (ab) a + b7 is also not divisible by (ab) 3. a" bis always divisible by (a~b) (whether nis odd or even) Ex.: a - b° is exactly divisible by (a—b) also al? bis also exactly divisible by (a—b} number. For example Number of zero at the end of 10! 10! = 10x 9x8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1 Here basically we have tocount numberof fives, because ‘mutiplication of five by any even number will result in 0 al the end of final product. In 10! we have 2 fives thus total number of zeros are 2.6 | Reasoning & Aptitude MADE EASY mE Short Cut: Counting number of zeros at the end of n! na Value will be 2+ 2 lve will be ey oF The integral value of this sum will be the total number of zeros. Ex.1_ Number of zeros atthe end of 100! 400 , 100 , 100 ee 58 8 integral value wil be 20 +4 = 24 zeros, Sol Ex2__ Number of zeros atthe end of 126! 126 | 126 | 126 e integral value willbe 25 +5 + 1=21 20008. Sol. gooo Cyclicity Cyelicity of a number isused mainly for the calculation of unit digits. vycticity of ae In 1°, unit digit will aways be 1 2. Cyclicity of 2. 222 Bed 2-8 28=16 2 = 32 2 = 64 27 = 128 28 = 286 Aiter every four intervals itrepeats so cycle of 2is 2,4, 8.6 Ext Unit cigit of 22 Sol Here 2, 4,8, 6wilrepeat after every four interval till 320 next digit will be 2, 4, [8]. So unit digit of 28 will be 8 Ex2 Find unit digit of 1212 x 222 Sol: Unit digitof 12" willbe 6 and 22%? willbe 4. $o unit digit of 12°22 will be 6x4=2[j:4 Ans. 3. Cyolicity of 3. 1. Blag a9 3527 3tset 38 = 243, = 729 37 = 2187 3° = 6561 After every fourintervals 3.9, 7 and 1 are repeated, So cycle of 8i83,9, 7, 4 Ex. 7 318 Ext Findunit digit of 138 Si Sol: Cycle of is 3, 9,7, t which repeats ater every four intervals tli 193°, So next unit digit will be. 4. Cyolicity of 4. ae #a18 464 4h = 256 Cycleis 4,6, ie. Unit digit of 4” depends an value of n I nis odd unit digit is 4 and ifn is even digit is 6. Ex 028 Sol Sol: Since 1024 is even number unit digit will be 6. Ex.2 Find unit digit of 133% x4 Sol: Unit digit of 183° is 7 and unit digit of 4s 4 so Unit digit of 1338° x 4" willbe 7 x 4 = 28 ie. 8 a 5. Cyolicity of 5. 5125 52 =25 5 = 125 54= 625 Unit digit wil always be 5. Ex. 6. Cyclicity of 6. 6'=6 6=36 6216 6t= 1208 Unit digit wil always be 6. Sol Ex.1 Find unit digit of 4° x 6° Sol: Unit digit of 4% is 4 and unit digit of 6° is 6 80 unit digit of 4° x 6° will be 4 x6 = 24 i.e. 4,sy ed.So 7 “every git will gitis6 ibe. is 450 sie. 8 is 6s0 mabe ERSY * Number Systems | 7 7. Cyclicity of 7. Remember Ne? Cyclicty table 1H 2 :2,4,6,8 3:3,9,7,1 4:46 5:5 6:6 = 8764801 a a 7.9.31 eee ee 8:84.26 Ex1 Find unit digit of 17"? «2727 9:91 Sol: Unit digit of 17” is 7 and unit digit of 27°” is 3 0:0 So unit digit of 17°" x 272? will be 7 x3 = 21 ied ooo 8, Cyclicity of 8. Remainder Theorem So cycle of Bis 8, 4, 2, 6. Ex. 1 Find unit digit of 18° x 28°8 x 28828 Sol: Unit digit of 18'°is 4, unit digit of 2828s 6, unit digit of 2882 is 6. So unit digit of 181° x 28%x 268% willbe 4x6 x6 = 144 i.e. 4 9. Cyclicity of 9. =9 9 = 729 9 = 6561 Cycle of 9 is 9, 1 in 9" unit digit willbe 9if mis odd and unit digit wll be 1 if nis even. Ex.1 Find unit digit of AN 4 1212 4 135% 4 1414 4 1518 Sol: Unit digit of 1111 is 1 Unit digit of 12°2is 6 Unit digit of 13°%is 3 Unit digit of 1414s 6 Unit digit of 15°%is 5 So unit digit of given sum will be 1464346+5=2ie. 1. axbxe n Remainder of expression [ie.axbxewhen divided by n] is equal to the remainder of expression ay XbuXCy fg a, xb,, x6, when divided by n}, where n a, is remainder when a is divided by n, by, Is remainder when b is divided by n, and ¢, is remainder when c is divided by n. Ex.1 Find the remainder of 15 x 17 x 19 when divided by7. 15x 17519 Sol.: Remainder of expression ~~" will be 1x35 equal to ie On dividing 16 by 7 we get 1 as remainder On dividing 17 by 7 we get 3 as remainder On dividing 19 by 7 we get 5 as remainder and combined remainder will be equal to remainder of Sie 7 ooo8 | © Reasoning & Aptitude MADE EASY Polynomial Theorem nx LOM of (4, 5, 6)- 1, = 60n= 1 Win = 41, 60-1 = 89's smallest such natural This is very powerful theorem to find the remainder. number, ar ‘According to polynomial theorem. Note: n such numbers are possible Here we have taken (4 aff = a+ °C, x1 4 90, x2 a? ‘has 1. Other numbers are 119, 179, 239, ete, Where 5, 4°Cya909,. °C, yale a? value of nis 2, 3, & 4 respectively. hone mt a oe Ex1 On dividing anumber by 5,6 and 7 wegel3,4 Se Tyas 4MCy xT al 4 Cy x? a? + and § as remainder. Find the number, (xtayt [Cy 29+... Cay stale Sol x 5 6 7 remainder of expression (2) will be equal to Remainder 3 4 5 a which is equal to (5-2), (6-2), (7-2) remainder of “— because rest ofthe term contains that number will be: are completely divisible by x. nx LOM of (5.6, 7)~2= 210 ~2 = 208 oe Note: Here we have taken value of n as 1 Sq a ele aE Fx2 Ondividing a number by 4,5 and6weget2,3 °F wo . and 4 as remainder find highest possible three |‘ eo oe oa digit such number. é 8 Sol. ‘According to polynomial theorem remainder will 4 5 8 p Remainder 2 38 4 be equal to remainder of the expression — which is equal to (4-2), (5-2),(6 - 2), that : number will be: ae x LCM of [4, 5, 6-2 =n x 60-2 When n = 1 we get 58. Highest possible three Ex.2 Findremainder of © digit such number will be 958. ayy Ex3 Onuividiny anumbe by 5, 6and7wegetS.4 sol; 5”. (4) = and 5 as remainder. Find highest possible three u digit such number. ee a Sol. 2a 5 6 7 = Remainder is 2 feoteeeet ne which is equal to(5-2), (6-2)(7 ~ 2) that number willbe More on Remainders n+ LCM (6, 6, 7)}-2=nx 210-2 Highest possible three digit number willbe 638. Case-! Case On dividing a number by a, b & cif we get a-k, b-k and c-k as remainder respectively then that number will be nx LCM of [a, b, c}-k. For ex (I); On dividing a number by 4,5 & 6 we get 3, 4, & 5 as remainder. Find the number. Sol.: 4, 5, 6 Remainder 3, 4, 5, which is equal to (4-1), (5-1), (6-1), so that number will be: On dividing a number a, b and c if we get k as remainder always, then that number will be (n ~1) LCM of (a,b, c}+ k Ext Ondividinganumberby 6, 6and 7 fweget2as remainder always, find that number Sol: That number will be (n~1) x LOM of 5, 6, 71+ 2 =» 2 is such smallest number next number will be = 210 + 2 = 212yalual | | a number after adding k is exactly divisible by a, b plan | NXLCM(a,b, c)~k Where" Ex.4 Find a number which atter adding 7 is divisible by 10,11 and 12, ye3.4 Sol: That number wil be nx LOMof[10, 11, 12]-7 n= 1 then 660-7 = 653 Ans onoo Squares of Numbers 1. Squares of numbers are frequently used for calculations yet2,3 0” various types of problems. It is advisable to a thvee | femember square of a least fist thirty numbers bet 1 = 121 Bag 12 9 12 16 1 ), that 3 is x 162 = 256 49 1 e thvee eA 18 81 19 a ea a three POM following table we come to know that square of a 2) that 20 838. atk as vill be yel2as MADE EASY Case-IIl and c then that number will be umber always ends with 0, 1, 4,5, 6 & Sas unit digit Square of a number can never have 2, 3, 7 & Bin its Unit place, On observing squares of numbers between 21 to.23 we Get following pattern 2 eda ata] 23 S29 24° = 5|76| 25° = 6/25] Last two digits are common Observation Square of two digit number having 6 in unit places can be calculated very easily "Shere n may 1 109. (nS)? = [ns (n+ 1)]25 * Number Systems 9 Ext 65%= Sol [6x (6+ 1)]25 = 4225 Ex2 85=7 Sol: [8x (B+ 1)]25 =» 7225 Ex3 96%=? Sol: (9x (9+ 1)]25 = 9025 Base System The Number system is used to represent any number Using aset of symbols (digits eters). The base defines the number of symbols in particular base system, We generally work in Decimal system as there are 10 digits (0, 1,2.....9), Some others systems are; Binary base system: 2 symbols: 0, 1 Octal base system: 8 symbols: 0,1,2,3,4.,6,7 Hexadecimal system: 16 symbols: 01,2,3,4.5,6,7,89, A= 10,B= 11,0 = 12, D=13,6=14,F = 15 Converting any number from any Base system to Decimat number system: abe efgy = axB°+b xB +oxBl+dx Bo +exB' +ix824gxB9 Example: 1234.56, 1x89 428743 x Bl 4 4 xB? 49x81 46x82 124 128+ 244 4 + 0.625 + 0.093750 = 068.718750 Converting any number from Decimal to other Base system: Divide the number by base and gel the first remainder 1, and Quotient q, Now divided q, by base and get remainder r, and Quotient g, Repeat the folowing process till we get the quotient y= 9 Now the decimal number in base b is fafa Example 1 1 (149 90=()y 7149 [Remainder 2 7 a Osea (149) = (802),10 | * Reasoning & Aptitude MADE EASY mi 2. Add(432), + (355), Ans: (d) 9 M1 ecarry LOM of numerators (a0, LC of fraction = nates (355), Here, 5/2, 8/9, 11/14, so a0 as 2+5=(T)yq= (10), OM eS ey 34541 = ()jg= (12), : 14443 = (8g = (1) Find the number of divisors of 1420. gaua fa 14 (0) 15 © 13 (a) 12 Ans: (d) 1420 = 142 x 10= 71x 2x 2x5 = 2x6! x71! | Solved Examples No. of divisor = (241) (141) (141) = 12 10 Amilkman has three different quaities of mi, 403, gallons of 1" quality, 465 gallons of 2 quality and 1. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 10, 496 gallons of 3 quality, Find the least possible while when the digits are reversed, the number number of bottles of equal size in which different decreases by 54. Find the the changed number. milk of different qualities can be filled without (a) (0) 19 mixing? © 7 (a) 48 (a) 4 (©) 46 Ans: (a) (0) 2% oa Going through options we get 82-28 = 54 Ans: (d) 4 2. The sum of two numbersis 15 and their geometric aca ‘nai gatons . mean is 20% lower than thei arithmetic mean. Find Sent : ania ” (b) 12.3 ae ee fa . least number of bottles will bein size of HCF (403, ( 132 ee 485 and 496) peal 403 = 13x31 Gong trough options only 12and 3 satisfices the ee 496 = 16x31 awel2#3 75 HCF = 31, Sowe required 13+15+16= 44 bottles 4p : What is the greatest number of 4 digits that wher GM =V72.x3 = 6V3 whichis 20% less than 7.5. divided by any of thenumbers 6,9, 12, 17 leaves¢ remainder of 1? 3. If A361 is divisible by 11, find the value of the (a) 9907 (b) 9793 smallest natural number A? (©) 9605 (a) 9487 (@) 8 0) 6 Ans: (b) ong (do LCM of 6, 9, 12, 17 = 612 Ans. (c) greatest number of 4 digit divisible by 612 is 9792 ‘A381 is divisible by 11 ifand only f(A + 8)-(3 + 1) to get remainder 1 number shouldbe 9792+1 4.4 is divisible by 11 ‘ So, AaT Satisfies the condition Which of the following is not a perfect square? (2) 100858 (b) 3, 25, 137 4. Find the LCM of 5/2, 8/9, 11/14 (©) 945723 (4) All of these “i (a) 280 (b) 60 Ans: (d) ©) 20 (A) None ofthese ‘Square of number never ends up with 2, 3, 7,8ERSY mADE EASY * Number Systems | 11 9. The LCM of (16 ~ x°) and (x? +.x— 6) is Ans: (c) @) (= Siee+ 3)(4 — 7) GOD of (x43)(x-2}(x+ 1 and 5 (b) 44-243) : (@ (4-2-3) (x+ 9° (x+3)(x+4) will be (243) (x + 1 (@) None of these : Ans: (d) 14. Find the LCM of (x + 3) (6x? + 5x ~ 4) and : (2:2 + 7x +3) (043) 16-x° =(4~x)(44x) (@) (2x +1) (+3) Bx + 4) (0) (4x2-1) (x + 3)? (3x + 4) ( +x-6)=(x+3)(x-2) (©) (ax2~ 1) @ +3) (3x + 4) {d) (2x - 1) (x + 3) (3x + 4) Lom will (16-2°)(x? +x~8) Ans: (b) xm 2 45-4) = ~Naxe 10. GCD of x2 4 and x2 + r-6is (3#3)(61? +514) =(043)(20—Y(3x+4) (@) x42 (0) x2 . milk. 403 @P-2 (@ x42 (2x7 + 7x +3)(x43) = (e+ Y(v+3)(r43) salty and ‘Ans: (b) , possible 7 LOM= (2e-+ 1)(2r~ (x43) (Bx+ 4) different 2° <4 =(x~2)(x+2) 4 without = [4x2 = 1)(x+3)° (3x44) (2 12-6) (e+9)(e-2) (4 Hesaftared) 15. The product of three consecutive natural numbers, GOD =(x-2) the first of which is an even number, is always 11, Decompose the number 20 into two terms such that ree by oe their product is the greatest. Ba {@) Alot hese (a) x,=x)= 10 () x,= 5,42 15 ec (©) x)= 8.2,= 12 (a) Noneof these Three consecutive number will be n(n + 1) yor (403, Ans: (a) {n-+.2) if nis even number then {n + 2) will alsobe Hey constant tency willbe maxeTuan ane an even number and one of them will be divisible rey by 3. Hence number is always divisible by 12, here, = 20 x 46. Find the pairs of natural numbers whose least common mulipleis 78 and the greatest common “A bottles 42, For a number to be divisible by 88, it should be divisor is 13. that wher (a) Divisible by 22 and 8 (a) 58 and 130r 16 and 29 Tleavest (0) Divisible by 11 and & (b) 38 and 23 0r36 and 49 (c) Divisible by 11 and thrice by 2 (6) 18.and 73 0r56 and 93 (d) Both (b) and (c) (d) 7B.and 130126 and 39 Ans: (b) Ans: (d) Anumber to be divisible by 88 it should be divisible LCM = 78 and GCD = 13 by Sand 11 because 8 and 11 are.co prime numbers. Clearly 13, 78 and 26, 29 are the two numbers 1 2 whe tipi cee ose multiplication gives 68 17. Fill in the blank indicated by a star in the number 2 18. Find the GCD of the polynomials (x + 3)? 4° 56 so as to make it divisible by 33 quare? (= 2)(r4t)Pand (+ 186 +3) («4 4), f@) 3 (o) 4 (a) (x +35 + 1)? (x 2)(x 4 4) (5 (d) None of these (b) (+3) (e~2) (e+ 1) (r+ 4) Ans. (a) (©) (43) (e412 4°56 is divisible by 33 if and only if itis divisible by soe (d) None of these Sand 11.12 | _* Reasoning & Aptitude MADE EASY mA 4° 56 will be divisible by 3 if * will be equalto 0, 3, (a) Rs 1200 (o) Rs. 1400 6.9 (©) Fs, 1700 (A) None of these 4°56 is divisible by 11 (4 + 5)~("+6) willbe Ans. (a) divisible by 11 s0* should be 3 One alternate method 18. Find the least number which being divided by 9, Let Ihavexrupees 12, 16 and 30 leavesin each case a remainder 3? 1 ox * @es ‘b) 728 Alter spening 75 of ton house rent have 2 (©) 728 (@) None of these ‘Ans. (b) 9x 1 9 LCM of 9, 12, 16 and30is 720 so required number Now out of fiabse7 a6 28.N = n(n + 1) (n+ 2) (n + 3) (n + 4); where nisa = =n natural number. Which ofthe following statements is/are true? Alternative Method 1. Unit digit of Nis 0 2. Nis perfectly divisible by 24. a60 +2. :) 3. Nis perfect square. 9+ 4/5 4, Nis odd. = ayei =27 (@) 3only (0) 8and 4 only 380 = set (©) tonly (d) 1 and 2 only and 34 944V5 24, How many factors of N= 12" x 147 x 15° are multiple of K = 1210 x 1490 x 150 (a) 2x4x8 (0) Bx7x4x5 (0) 3x5x6 (0 9x8x6x5 3 Thus, [3/80+—". = Vat “ovale © YN = 3x9 = 3V3ERsy, mAape ERSY ® NumberSystems | 15 2. (a) 6. (b) Use plugging in by 2 | ' -om as (x+3)8-8 = 117 P= yleven x4325 as (v+3)2117 = ¥aeven ee = S82 125-82 117 xis int so only ay must be even. So, sum of both numbers = 7 Aiternative Method 3 (e) 1 (498-23 = 117 a 3+) +3) @) + 3)-282 117 ae 427 4 20n4 02 —8= 17 = Ox? 4 274-90 = 0 50 terms... sonnI TA = x24+3r-10=0 0 = (e+5){x~2) =0 nit digit (11... 50 times}= 0 a and carry =5 * alization —_ tens digit (1 + 1 +.... 49 times)+ camy 5 = 4 = ee 5 d ia ‘i 7. () Ne Putin prime factorization theorem, . oy" = (65) @ 28x = ey = ae" Total factors = 6x6 x4 24 as am =a" fb) 27x (2x3 = 2x3? and 2-10.41 Total factors = 14x 424 = men © so fy =-3r (@) 68x85 = RX 71S TT 4 3x2x2x2=24 ety 8. (0) 6. For remainder we have to caloulate the unit digit gt” aol =o 14453 Thus, 3%*® gives unit Digit =» 3x3x3=7 3” so, Rem Thus remainder is 2. As or checking divisibilly by Sis checked by dividing last digit of number. N= 129 18%x 14 (22 x 3) x 13? x (7 x2) 2F 397! x 192 Number of factors, (741) B41) (14 1241) = 192 a 34 =1016 |» Reasoning & Aptitude MADE EASY m 9 (b) 13. (c) 18 1421 1428% 142 Ret Fon] Metz. raaes 2 [5x7x9] [5x9] 3 Rem = Rem’ Se [x9]. (99) Remi 5 = Remi) «3 « 14, (b) ron $5] -hen(2) «3 nes 298 New 7 = SAIS _ 5x, MES 10. (a) 7 N= (114214314 41+...1000!) =5kK +245 Now we have to check only "7 1! 421 431 + 4! as after that will factorial has unit eae digit as 0 15. (d) 51 = 120 Number are 105, 111...195 6! = 720and soon . Thus unit digitof (1! +2! +3! + 4! + 0) forall other = Total 29-19 04 6 > (142464440) Unit digits ofall factorial as number is odd and not mutple of 7, 20 = = Thus in total 16 number there are 3 numbers 33x3x3x9=1 unit digit. Hence when 21x5 = 125 (8)"°-+ 10, Remainder will be 1 2x7 = 147 21x9 = 189 " o ch lysunioh enous which are multiple of 7 socioeeueee es Thus 16-3 = Wnumbers between any two number at s0 number may be (5r,, Sr, 813.53, 16. (d) and HFC (yi, x))= 1 Suppose division ‘a! and remainder ig"? Thus, number are 3 MOM = a, d+r (8% 1,8 2,6%3,5x 5...) and 32508 = qd 41 because (x, x) = 18365 = (q,-9,)¢ Then only prime number will work. = d should be factor 1535 80 §x 19 = 9Sis biggest number. So, only 307 is factor of 1535 in given option, 80 5x1,5x20x96x5,5x7SXEX1RS 47 (gy 22 x 17,5 x 19, total 9 number. £8. 459, 467) 12. (d) This san Arithmetic Progression Plugging in 467 = 3+ (n~1)8 @) ystQx= Total n= 59 =10-2=8 x Now, (3, 467), (11, 489), (19, 451). xt » . Total 2 = 29pair ee All will make sur 470, ta deteaee x +2etsana (©) w+y)= 1042512 X (d) None of above is true. ‘Sowe can take only 1 elements from each pair. ‘Thus (otal elements in T can be fone of 3, 467), one of (11, 459)...} Total 29.Sy mADE EASY © Number Systems | 17 tion. 2h pair, 18. 19. 20. 24 22, (c) (@) 100=5 x2 possible (0) 12=6 x 2 possible x 5 not possible asonly one § Number (@) 90= 15 x 2 possible () Suppose gph oh aN A = Natural Number 4 wm Masta N 24 Tusto be Mas an natural number $7 should be Natural number thus N should be factor of 24. so 24 = 23x3" Factors = 4x2=8 8 values can be taken by N (a) Unit igit of 299 < 072% x gol? Unit digit of (95% x 7% <6") = (HK 5 74403 yee) = (@x3x6) units digit (a) Number of zeros can be calculated by getting power of 10 in number or minimum among powers of 205 possible in. Thus 2x 38K ou 97 soonly 15's and 12 Thus only one zero as both 2 and five will occur only once, (c) 123....910. One digit numbers (from 1 to 9) = 9 Now 2 digit number til 50 are 50 ~ 9 = 41 thus {otal digits used to make pair. WO AL 1229. So total 20 x 2 = 40 digits would be required to write numbers from 10 0.29, Total digits consumed so far tll we write 29 will be 9440 =49. 50" digit which we will write is 3 of 30. Hence 50 digit will be 3, 49 digits are used. So far til 29. Now, 60" digit would be frst digit o 30 thus 3. (d) N= nine 1) (n+ 2)(n +3) (n+ 4) is product of 5 consecutive number. Thus divisible by 5! = 120 So, (i) unit digits 0 TRUE, (ji) Pertectly divisible by 24 TRUE. (ii) Nis perfect square not TRUE. (iv) Nis odd X not TRUE, Thus (4) (i) and (i only (a) N= 1212 14" x 1515 22 x3)! x (7 x 2]! x (5 x 3)" = 22 SIT 214 x5 x3" 288 327 518 x74 = (12)! x (14)79x (15) 1220 9. 310 710 DID y 310 510 = 220.3% 51x 710 Thus factors of N which are multiple of k are 290 x G20 x 510 «710 (28 x3! x 5° x74) will be (B + 1) x (7+ 1)x (5+ 1) x(4 + 1) 9xBx6x5 (b) 13% hy 402, (7+ 4)=(11),0= (2) unit digit is 2 thus 9 is possible base ‘Thus we have to add using base 9 50 342, 562, i014, (b) For remainder by § we have to calculate the unit digit only For unit digit of 7”” get (7)"**F from = (ye = (+1) Thus (3) Remainder a7 ark = unit digitis 7x 7x 7=3 3 So Rem} =|=3 s0(b)CHAPTER The term ‘percent’indicates the value out of hundred This concept of percentage is developed to make the comparison of ratio easier by taking the denominator value as 100) The concept of percentage is very usetulin reasoning & aptitude and specially for data interpretation section where every logic that has to be used, is based on percentage, Calculation of Percentage As we know that percent value is the value out of hundred. The percent value is calculated as Value Mey Total Value os The basic thing that has to be kept in mind is that the value in the base must be taken care of. Percentage & Fraction The value percentage can be represented in three different form each form is important for making culation simile, Here are some percentage values given to understand different form TetomT ti Multiplication factor Multiplication factors the value by which a particular quantity has to be multiplied to show the final changed value. Itis nothing but fractional or decimal form of percentage: mi Percentage St Iwhas to be understood in this manner, that a 6 3 jantity is 200. Its 60% value will be ==, =, 0 quantity is s 60% value will be <5, 5,06 : times of 200. Here all these values are the multiplication factor for the quantity 200. Multiplication factors are very important when we talk about the percenrage increment or decrement of a quantity. Let us understand with some go examples. Example 1 A quantity 200 is increased by 75% then wi be the new quantity? Solution, One thing we can do is to find out 75% of 200/.. 5 =x 200 = 1 3a = hen the new quantity will be 200 + 150 = 350 we can move in ather way as the quantity inilily was 100% i.e. 1 as a multiplying factor. Now it increased by 75% ie. 3/4 oF 0.75 as a multiplying factor. So the new quantity becomes (1+3}x200 = 4 & (140.75) x 200 = 350 3 These (: +3) and (1 + 0.75) are the multiplying factors, Let us see one more example to understand it clearly. Example 2. A quantity 300 when increased by some percenrage becomes 360. Find cut by what percentage it has increased? Cc Solution. Now we know that 300 x Multiplying Factor (MF) = 360we the} hen we, rement some ‘hat will 200 1.0 0 = 350 rinitially low itis tiplying tiplying erstand senrage jeithas * Percentage | 19 mao EASY : - 369 sa & gee MF = 309 5 ‘This shows thatthe muttiolying factor 1 is increased © by 0:2 £ hich s equal to 20%, sonet increment percentage is 20%, Successive Percentage Change Successive percentage change is one percentage ~ change over and above another percentage change. Let us take one example to understand it Example 1. ‘A quantity 300 is increased by 20%, Then it was decreased by 10%. Find out the new quantity is how much percentage more/less than 300? Sol 300 when increased by 20% becomes 300(1,2) or sxa(1+2) Now this new quantity is decreased by' 10%. So the final quantity will be [300(1.2)K1-0.1) [m(5)(-a]] = 00(1.08) 4 300f 1+ or of + 4) 4 Sowe can understand the net result is 0.08 0" = increment in MF. Whichis equal to net 8% increment inthe quantity 300, So it will be very clearly understood from the example that in successive percentage changes, the multiplying factors are multiplied directly. So the point that has to be understood is “in case of successive percentage changes the net multiplying factor is the product of all the corresponding multiplying factors Let us take another examples as: Comparison Leading to the Base Change Sometimes whenever the percentage comparison. Occurs between two different values. The base change occurs. Multiplying factors are again very Useful here. Let us understand with some examples. Example 1 The salary of Ram was increased by 40%. But Ramis performance kept on declining. Because of which his employer decreased his salary to the salary before the increment. Find out what percentage deduction was provided by his employer? Solution. Let us assume in starting salary of Ram was x and after the increment it became y. Now his salary was again decreased from y to x and we need to find out this percentage change, we can say itas =(+8)- Y= ("F99, 2 = y=(142)s v=[¥§) = yn ey 5 So we can say the % decrement in the salary of 2 Ram is the percenrage equivalent of 5 which is 2 100% io, 28.56% Example 2 Rama uses rice as his daily meal. But because of inflation the price on rice were increased by 10%. Find out by what percentage he has to decrease his consumption to keep the expenditure same as, previous? Solution. Letus assume initial price was P and the expenditure was’ then, Price x consumption = Expenditure = initial consumption = Now price became ub call 100)” * 70) ae eg ANP, Then final consumptio20 | * Reasoning & Aptitude MADE EASY ° Example 6. Sofinal consumption = + inital consumption) ‘A shop provides flat 50% discount on one shir. While another shop provides the successive ire corte eine bee mt cect ement a discount of 30% and 30%. Ifthe difference of the hoy bills is Rs. 43, Find out the net cost of shit consumption will be (-2) ie. 75 part Solution. Let the price of shit be + 1 The percentage equivalentwie “x 100 =9,09% eee eee "i = (1-05) = 05 Alternately: The net percent change For the second shop the bill is a 0.7 x OFx = 0.498 = 10X16, - 9.00% The difference in the bils 2 100410 canes . Example 3. ee ‘The price of a toy was increased by 20% & thenit Example 6, was sold at 20% discount. Find out the net change Radius of a sphereis increased by 10%. Find out in the price of the toy. the net percentage increment in the volume. Solution. Solution, The net multiplying factor Net percentage increment in radius = 10% New radius = 1.1 = (1420), 22 a ; =U toa} t00, So the new volume = (1.11) SECS =(1.1}5(original volume) =U 008) = 1.331 (original valume) 7 ‘Sonel percentage change TEC pErceNtnCreMTeM = 33.1% ; = 0.04 x 100 = 4% decrease Example 7. aoe In an office 40% of the employee are males while 70% of the employees are married if 80% of male The price of a ball pen & a gel pen is same. Now are married find nut he net percent of unmarried the price of ball pen is decreased by 30%. While of female in the office Gel pen is increased by 20%. Find out the net percentage change in the net total price of both Solution. pens Letus assume total employees as 100 then Solution Mariel al] Let the price of individual pens be x Weis | ora Total price = 2° Female | 70-22-38 New price of ball pen = (1-0.3)r = O.7x Totat_| 70% of 100=70 Now price of gel pen = 1.2r New total is = 1.8x = 0.95(2x) A 22 Sochange = 5% decrement Sonnet percent 775100 = 22% nooosswhile of male martied * Percentage | 21 C7 Solved Examples Which of the folowing is the largest number? (@) 20% 0f200 —(b) 7% of 500 (© 1300%0f3 (a) 600% of 7 Ans. (d) 20% of 200 = 40 7% of 600 = 36 41900% of 3= 39 600% of 7 = 42 Mr, Rajesh is worried about the balance of his monthly budget. The price of petrol has increased by 40%. By what percent should he reduce the consumption of petrol so that he is able to balance his budget? (@) 3333 (b) 28.56 (0) (d) None of these Ans. (b) ‘We know that % reduction required is 4400 herex=40 jo0+x 40 S100 = 28.56% 440 * . Inan election between 2 candidates, Ravikant gets 65% of the total valid votes. If the total votes were 6000, what is the number of valid votes that the other candidate Shailendra gets if 25% of the total votes were declared invalid? (a) 1625, (b) 1575 {c) 1675 (d) 1525 ‘Ans. (b) Total votes 6000 Invalid votes = 25% of 6000 = 1500 Total valid votes = 4500 Ravikant gets 65% So other candidate gets 35% 35% of 4500 =1575 In arnedical cerificate, by mistake a candidate gave his height as 25% more than normal. inthe interview panel, he clarified. that his height was 5 feet 5 inches. Findthe percentage correction made by the Candidate from his stated height to his actual height. (@ 2 (0) 2856 (©) 25 (d) None of these Ans. (a) Height increased =25% here x = 25 to reduce to normal % correction requiredis 25 =x 100 100+ 25 20% .Anumber is mistakenly divided by § instead of being multiplied by 5. Find the percentage change in the result due to this mistake, (a) 96% (b) 95% (©) 2400% (d) None of these Ans. (a) Let number is 100 Itis divided by 5 we get 20 Now actual result should be 5 x 100 = 500 So % change is result 500-20 £0020... 109 = 06% 500 te In a mixture of 80 litres of milk and water, 25% of the mixture is milk, How much water should be addedto the mixture so that milk becomes 20% of the mixture? (a) 20litres (b) (lives {c) 28 litres (@) None of these Ans. (a) Total mixture 20 lire Mik is 25% Le. 25x80 20 litre 700 tomake it 20% amount of water required to add BO+x DX 100 = 80% 6000 + 100x = 6400 + 80 20x = 400, x = 20 A landowner increased the length and the breadth ofa rectangular plot by 10% and 20% respectively. Find the percentage change in the cost ofthe plot assuring land prices are uniform throughout his plot (2) 33% (b) 35% (c) 22.22% (a) None of these Ans. (d) herex =10 ory = 20 10 suchangeinarea-(x+y+ 2) 10x20 st AS 392 0+ 20+ =a22 | ® Reasoning & Aptitude mabe ensu 8. The length, breadth and height ofa room inthe shape of a cuboid are increased by 10%, 20% and 50% respectively. Find the percentage change in the volume of the cuboid. (@) 77% (} 75% (©) 88% (a) 98% Ans. (d) Let, b, hbe length, breadth and height ofthe cuboid Volume v= 1b. Now, 1, b, h are increased by 10%, 20% 50% respectively fre 22 ecole] onl 4 2 vee Zg| oft] 5 = 1.98 Lb. % change = 98% the population drops by 5%. Find the population at the end ofthe third year iin the third the population increases by 20%. (a) 12,340 {b) 12,540 (ce) 127,540 (d) 12,440 Ans. (b) P =10000, x= +10%, y =—5%, z = 20% Population at the end of third year (Ee SS) 100)" 700 )\'* 700 10), 5 Y,, 20 . 2M SY 22 ooo inal imo) **ica) = 12540, 1 12. In an examination, Mohit obtained 20% more marks. 9. The price of sugar is reduced by 25% but inspite of than Sushant but 10% less than Rajesh. If the marks. the decrease, Aayush ends up increasing his obtained by Sushant is 1080, find the percentage expenditure on sugar by 20%. Whatis the percentage marks obtained by Rajesh ifthe full marks is 2000. change in his monthly consumption of sugar? (a) 86.66% (b) 729% fa) +60% (0) -10% (©) 78.33% (d) None of these (c) +33.33% (d) 50% Ans. (b) Ans. (a) ‘Marks obtained by Shushant is 1080 Let price of sugar be.x& expenditure E 120 3 Mohit’s marks = 700" 1080 = 1296 Now it is reduced by 25%. So it is ae now ra expenditure of sugars also increased by 20% ie, __~Rajesh Marks, R=> 7755 xR = 1296 R= 1440 128 0° Se aso Ai So quantity of sugar that can be purchased 9% of Rajesh Marks= 95 x 100= 72% 8 * 5 13. The population of a village is 5500. I the number of 4x males increases by 11% and the number of females Hence consumption increased by 60%. increases by 20%, then the population becomes 6390. Find the population of females in the town, 10. 30% of a number when subtracted from 91, gives. eae (@) 2500 (©) 3000 the number itself. Find number (©) 2000 {d) 3500 (a) © tb) Ans.(a) (0) 70 (Oe ee xis population of male: a) (6500 -»)s female population 30 B= 90% ofmumbers rt, (6500~2)120 _ go 20 100 700 Now 91-5 On calculating we get x = 3000 oi 130, — ‘So female population = 2500. 100 44, Vicky's salary is 75% more than Ashu’s. Vicky gota 11, The population ofthe vilage of Rampur is 10,000 at this moment. It increases by 10% in the first year. However, in the second year, due to immigration, raise of 40% on his salary while Ashu got a raise of 25% on is salary. By what percentis Vicky's salary more than Ashu’s now?asu) MADE ASS ionat (@) 96% (b) 51.1% lation = (0) 90% (a) 52.1% Ans. (a) © Lets Ashu’s salary = Rs. 100 Vioky's salary = Rs. 175 Vicky's salary increased by 40% i.e. M0475 =, 245 700 Ashuis salary increased by 25% ie 125 Vicky's Salary is 120 more that Ashu's in % term. t oo 28100 = 96% Be 128 © 48. Duringwinters, an athlete can run x’ metres on one rails |», bottle of Glucose. But in the summer, he can only narts | tun0Srmetres on one ble of Gucose, How many Dos, boliles of Glucose are required to run 400 metres during summer? 2 @ 00K (b) 890! 1% @) 454k Ans. (a) During summer to run x one bottle of glucose is required 1 thentorun 1 km — bottles 5x erat 10; !Manetamination, 80% students passed in Physics, “ che 70% in Chemistry while 15% failed in both the es subjects. If 325 students passed in both the mn Subjects. Find the total number of students who appeared in the examination. (a) S00 (b) 400 (©) 300 (@) 600 Ans. (a) 0% P on 70% i 15% student failed in both subjects onl So total passed = 85% al 80+ 70= 854x, x = 65% sary 65% of total = 325 i total = 600. * Percentage | 23 17. 40% of 20% + 30% of 25% + 50% of 28% is equivalent to (@) 295% (b) 28.5% (©) 305% (d) None of these Ans. (a) 40,20 _ 8 40% of 20% = 35% 455" Fog 5, = 20 25 30% of 25% = 5x55 50, 28 94 of 28% = 20» 28. and, 50% of 28%4= EO a4 n1a% 700 +. (40% of 20% + 30% of 25% + 50% of 28%) = 8% + 7.5% + 14% = 29.5%, 18. A man's wages were decreased by 50%. The reduced wages were increased by 50%, He had a loss of (a) 25% {0} 25% (c) 20% (d) None of these Ans. (b) Here, x = -50 and y = 50. The net % change in wages xy =(x+y+ 4x ( ae S250) 5 os 2D as =(-s0+80- Since the sign is -ve, he has a loss of 25%. 19. The radius ofa spheres increased 10%, The surface area increases by (@) 21% {b) 31% © 41% {@) None of these Ans. (a) Since 4r x radius x radius = surface area Net % change in area y =(x+y+ Xn, ( +) 10x10 100 =(s0+104 21%. oooo24 |_* Reasoning & Aptitude MADE EASY y Percentage 7. Ifthe side of a square is increased by 30%, its area is increased by (a) 49% (b) 69% (©) 79% (@) None of these 1 Practice Exercise: | 8. In measuring the sides of a rectangle, one side is 1. Ifa number is 20% more than the other, how much Fra the ea excess and te other 20% in dtc pparcentis the second number less than the fist? Fret Qrer percentin area calculated tom the measurement 1 2, (2) 12% deficit (b) 10% deficit oe © 165 (6) 12% excess (a) None of those 1 9. Water tax is increased by 20% but its consumption (©) 165% (d) None ofthese \s decreased by 20%, The increase or decrease in the expenditure is 2. lithe given two numbers are respectively 7% and (a) 4%decrease —_(b) 4% increase 28% ola third number, then what percentage is the (©) B%decrease (a) 8% increase fist ofthe second? 10. The population ofa city increases at the rate of 10% ! (a) 20% (b) 25% annually. Its present population is 90.51 lacs. The {e) 1% (2) None ofthese Population 3 years ago was nearly 3. The price cooking oil has increased by 15%. The (@) 72lacs (0) 68 lacs percentage of reduction that a family should effect, () 80lacs (@) None of these in'he use of Cooking ol so asnotta increase the 14, The value otamachine is Re, 6250, decreases by ‘expenditure on this account is 10% during the first year, 209% during the second 2 1 year and 30% during the third year. What willbe the f@) 195% () 135% value ofthe machine after 3 years? (@)_ Rs. 2660 (0) Rs. 308 ome _ (c) Rs. 3150 (@) None of these 12. An army lust 10% its men in war, 10% of the 4. The difference between a discount of 35% and two Femaining due to diseases and 10% of the rest were successive discounts of 20% and 20% on a certain Gisabled. Thus, the strength was reduced to 729000 4 bill was is, 22. Find the amount ofthe bill active men. Find the original strength (2) Rs. 3200 (b) Rs. 2200 (@) 1000000 (©) 1200000 (c) Rs. 1800 (9) Noneofthese (©) 1500000 (@) None of these 5. Two shopkeepers sella radio ol siniar brand and 43. tn an examination, 30% and 35% students {ype at the same list price of Fs. 1000. The first respectively failed in History and Geography while allows to successive discount of 20% and 10% 27% students failed in both the subjects. if the and the second allows the successive discount of number of students passing the examination 248 2b an tS Find the diference in discounts find the total number of students who appeared in offered by the two shopkeepers. @) Rs. 3.50 (0) Ps. 1.80 the oxaminativn, (c) Rs. 2.50 (A) None ofthese (a) 425 {) 380 (©) 400 (2) None of these 8. The taxona commodity is diminished by 10% and 14. Inaan examination, there were 2000 candidates, oul its consumption increases by 10%, Find the effects onrevenue. (@) 1% increase (0) 3% decrease (b) 2% increase (d) None olthese of which 900 candidates were boys and rest were Girls. If 32% of the boys 38% of the girls passed, then the total percentage of failed candidates is* Percentage | 25 (b) 64.7% its areal. (@) 35.3% 3 (@ 70% :) 68.5% Ifthe price of gold increases by 30%, find by how = much the quantity of omaments must be reduced 10 side fs thatthe expenditure may remain same as before? in deficit > from the 2 ik (275% (&) 275% LE (@ s% (2) 19% +16, The price of an articles cut by 20%. To restore ito sumption} its original price, the new price must be increased creaseint yy © @ 20% (0) 225% © 25% (a) 40% 17. Ina fraction, numerator is increased by 25% and the denominator is diminished by 10%. The new: tte of 10%) lacs. The A fraction obtained is 5. The original fraction is a 5 @s iy reasesby) second: 3 willbethe © & (d) None of these goag 1% of the . atest were Solutions 1072900) 4, Ans.(b) x100}% i 10048 students, aphy while! ( 20 2 = 100} = 165 cts. If the, ¥00+36 © 165% tion is 248, speared in® Ans. (b) | Here, = 7, and m= 28 First number , = —x 100% ofsecond number idates, ou fe 7 aed = 55% 100% of second number Is passed 28 datesis Or 25% of second number, 3. Ans. (b) Reduction in consumption P : 100} (ase ) 5 eee -(aeg*109} % or 1335% 4, Ans. (b) ‘The equivalent discount of two successive ciscounts cof 20% and 20% ~[sve 220) 305 =(-20-20+ Given: 36% - 35% = Rs. 22. Amount of the bill = 22 x 100 = Rs. 2200, 5. Ans. (c) ‘The equivalent discount of two successive discounts of 203% and 10% xy =(s+y+2% loo ( oe) 20 0 =(0-10+ Discount on the list price of radio offered. by the fist shopkeeper 28 = 28% of 1000 1000 = Fop *1000= Fis. 280, Also, the equivalent discount of two successive discounts of 18% and 15% xy =[r+y+2%)oo (5 15x18 3 =(-15-15+ 18218 og or 273 ( a) ) ar Discount on the list price of radio offered by the second shopkeeper. 3 4 = 275% of 1000 = =x 1000 =Rs.277.50 Difference in discounts offered by the two shopkeepers = Rs. 280—-Rs. 277.50 = As. 2.50.26 | * Reasoning & Aptitude MADE EASY my 6. Ans, (d) Since tax x consumption = revenue Net % change in revenue 11. Ans. (c) Here, A = 6250, x = ~10, y= -20 8 z= 30. 2+ Value of the machine after 3 years i “) ! =[xry+ ele alt al! Sl +) ( ry ( 700)!" F00 Jk 700 (-10+104 012) 7 ~o2s0( 1-2 (1-20 (nere.x = -10 and y= 10) = -1% 700 The revenue decreases by 1% . 7. Ans. (b) = §250%90%80%70 _ a. 3150. " Since side x side = area 100% 100% 100 Net % change inarea 12. Ans. (a) -[oe)s Let Abe the orginal strength 100 Then, Afesds|(t)() aa 706 )\"* 700 )\"* t00. = [so+a0+ 700 = 60% = 729000 (Given) The area is increased by 69%. Ce ae age ale 8. Ans. (a) (2-3-8) Since side, x sidey= area Yo” 100)" 109, = 729000 Error % in area {rye 5 100 hw Z28000% 100 100% 100 10x20 909090 Seopa t a} a (Hore, x= 10and y =-20) 43. Ans. (c) 4 = 12%, Le. 12% deficit. Percentage of students passing the examination” 9. Ans. (a) = (100-(80 + 35 - 27))% Since tax x consumplion = expenditure thee, = 20, y = 95 and» 27] Net % change in expenditure Re amare Lot the foal number of students appearing in tr xv =(r+y+ 2% examinations ( sya) 2. Given :62% of x = 248 20120) = (20-20-2052) )o, 5 - aay =-20) ( 100 Ce ee 210 = 4%, 100 @ Expenditure decreases by 4%, Therefore, 400 students appeared in th examination : 10. Ans. (b) We have, P = 90.51,¢= 10 andn=3 14. Ans. (b) The population 3years ago Boys = 900, Girls = 1100 a Passed = (32 % of 900) + (38% of 1100) r 288 + 418 = 706 toe Failed = 2000-706 = 1294 = 9054, 100, 100 700 “140 "110 1204 Failed % (ee 100}s.=64 1%1 ination sing in th din the 30 700+30 1 + 100% = 28-7 % New price must be increased by % a x10} = 25% © (00-20 -17.Ans, (a) x Let the fraction be > x40.25x 5 x(1.25) _ y-0.10y~ 9’ (03) Practice Exercise: Il Of the total amount received by Prema, 20% was. Spent on purchases and 5% of the remaining on transportation. If he is left with Rs, 1820, the initial amount was: (a) Rs. 2800 (©) Rs. 2400 (b) Rs. 2000 (d) Re, 1600 The price of jute has been reduced by 20%. ifthe feduced price is Rs. 800 per quintal, the original price per quintal was (@) Rs. 900 (0) Rs. 960 (b) Rs. 640 (d) Rs, 1000 8. 519 part of he population in a village are males. If ' i 30% of the males are married, the percentage of Unmarried females in the total population is: (2) 70% (0) 40% i © 275% {d) 20% A.school has only three classes which contain 40, £0 and 60 students respectively. The pass Percentages of these olasses are 10, 20 and 10 ‘espectively. The pass percentage of the school is: 10. 11 * Percentage | 27 @ 132 © 5 3 2 ©) a (@) 165 If.x% of a is the same as y% of b, then 2% of b is Z%ota i} Zola ©) Foote (@) None of these Froma containerhaving pure milk, 20% is replaced by water and the process is repeated thrice. At the end of the third operation, the milk is: (a) 40% pure (b) 50% pure (c) 51.2% pure (d) 58.8% pure The salaries of A and 8 together amount to Rs. 2000, A spends 95% of his salary and B, 85% of his. If now, their savings are same, what is A’ salary? (@) Rs. 1500 (0) Rs. 1250 (©) Rs. 750 (@) Rs. 1600 300 grams of sugar solution has 40% suger in it How much sugar should be added to make it 50% in the solution? (@) 109ms (0) 40 gms (c) 60 gms (@) 80. gms Inan examination, there are 3 papers of Mathematics of 100 marks each. A boy secures 60% in the first Paper and 70% in the second paper. In order to secure 70% in the aggregate the percentage of ‘marks he should secure in third paper wil be: (a) 90% {b) 80% (©) 75% (@) 70% ‘Two numbers are less than a third number by 30% and 37% respectively. How much percent is the second number less than the first? (@) 10% (b) 7% (©) 4% (3% In an examination, & got 10% marks less than B, B got 25% marks more than C and C got 20% less than D. If got 360 marks out of 500, the percentage of marks obtained by D was (@) 70 (b) 75 (c) 8 (d) &28 | © Reasoning & Aptitude MADE ERS: ; 12. Ifthe numerator ofa fraction be increased by 15% 19, Ram sells his goods 25% cheaper than Shyam ane andi denominator be dimimished by8%, the value 25% dearer than Bram, How much percentage « of the fraction & The original fraction is a —. heap ee " @ 2 a 2 (©) 06.66% (a) 40% . 5 20. Rajiv wanted to subtract § from a numbe, ©F @ 5 Unfortunately, he added 5 instead of subtracting Find the percentage change in the result. 13. In an examination, 35% candidates failed in one fe) 300% subject and 42% failed in another subject while 15% (0) 66.66% failed in both the subjects. If 2500 candidates (©) b% 1 appeared al the examiniation, how many passed in (a) Cannot be determined either subject but not in both? (a) 225 (o) 1175 21. The salary of Amit is 30% more than that of Varue (©) 2125 Neco Find by what percentages the salary of Varun les than that of Amit? 14, The boys and gils in a college are in the ratio 3: 2. (@) 26.12% (&) 23.07% If 20% of the boys and 25% of the girs are adults, (©) 21.20% (@) None of these o peceniege 7 ree a 22. Ram spends 20% of his monthly income on his hous © 7% ers hold expenditure, 15% of the rest of books, 30%¢ the rest on clothes and saves the rest. On counting 18. The price of sugars increased by 20%. As aresult, he comes to know that he has finaly saved Rs, 952 a family decreases its consumption by 25%. The Find his monthly income. expenditure of the farily on sugar willbe decreased (@) 10000 (b) 16000 by (6) 20000 () None of these a - 23. An ore contains 25% of an alloy that has 90% ira’ Es oe Other than this, in the remaining 75% of the or 16. Abuilding worth Rs. 133, 100s constructed on fand there is no iron, How many kilograms of the ore a ‘worth Rs. 72,900, Atter how many years will the value needed to obtain 60 kg of pure iron? of both be the same if land appreciates at 10% p.a. (a) 250kg (b) 275 kg and building depreciates at 10% p.a.? {c) 300kg (2) 286.68 kg (@) 25 (b) 2 24, Ram sells his goods 20% cheaper than Bobby at () 15 3 20 dearer than Chandilya. Haw much percentage 17. A reduction of 21% in the price of wheat enables a Chandiiya’s goods cheaper/dearer than Bobby's. person to buy 10.8 kg more for Rs. 100. What is the (@) 33.33% (©) 50% (©) 42.85% (@) None of these reduced price per ka? (@) Rs.2 (b) Rs. 2.25 25, Outof the total production of iron from hematite, & (©) Rs. 2.90 (a) Rs. 250 ‘ore of iron, 20% of the ore gets wasted, and outt the remaining ore, only 26% is pure iron. Ifthe put 18. The length of a rectangle is increased by 60%. By iron obtained in a year from a mine of hematite we what percent would the width have tobe decreased £80,000 ka, then the quantity of hematite rmined ita” to maintain the same ara? that mine in the yearis 4 (a) 5,00,000kg —_(b) 4,00,000kg @) 375% (b) 60% (¢) 4,50,000kg ——_(d) Nonoof these (©) 75 % (d) None. 26. Ram spends 30% of his salary on house rent, 3 of the rest he spends on his children’s educatt