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LESSONS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND NATIONAL SECURITY

DAY 1
Instructions

1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmatesif you need to in order to understand the lesson.You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so. You can do research from
the library or the internet if you can.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in your test booklet.
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1045H

Lesson 1 History, Geography, Ethnicity, Language and National security

Objectives
1. Discuss what is Philippine history.
2. Discuss the importance of studying Philippine history to national security
3. Discuss the Geography of the Philippines
4. Discuss the relevance of the study of Philippine Geography, ethnicity and language to national
security of the Philippines

What is History

History is the study of the past” (John Arnold)

“History is a chronological record of significant events (such as those affecting a nation or
institution) often including an explanation of their causes” ( Miriam-Webster dictionary)
"History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including an account
of the rise and fall of nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected the political and
social condition of the human race.“ (John Jacob Anderson, A Manual of General History.)

What is Philippine History

It is the chronological or thematic narration of significant Philippine political, socio-cultural,

economic, and religious events in the past.

It is a study of significant Philippine political, socio-cultural, economic, and religious events in the
past that affect the present Philippine National Security situation.
Why study history

Below are thoughts why we should study history.

1. “He who does know his history is bound to repeat it”. "A country without a memory is a country of
madmen." Individually and collectively, what we are is the product of what we have been. Our sense of
personal and social identity is a direct outgrowth of our history, and to study that history is to discover a
"means of access to ourselves." (George Santayana)

2. Closely related to the notion that history is a road to self-knowledge is the belief that to comprehend the
present, one must study the past. This is not to say that history can have the answer or solution to
present day problems. . But to attempt to handle contemporary problems without seeking to know the
relevant historical background is highly undesirable and, perhaps, dangerous.

Allow the students to appreciate various aspects of our heritage. It inculcate in them a reverence
for our past and thereby developing a sense of belonging to the nation. Understanding the contributions of
historical personalities and significant historical events will help inculcate values such as loyalty,
perseverance, propriety, people's welfare, religious toleration and racial harmony. The student will also
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learn to appreciate the nature of other societies, their cultures and politics. It makes them recognize the
fact that the way people see and judge things is conditioned by the society within which they live.

3. Serves as a storehouse of examples to guide future actions

4. History Helps Us Understand People and Societies

Ignorance of history-that is, absent or defective collective memory-does deprive us of the best
available guide for public action, especially in encounters with outsiders, whether the outsiders are
another nation, another civilization, or some special group within national borders.

5. History helps us understand change

6. "Whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past; for human events ever resemble those of
preceding times. This arises from the fact that they are produced by men who ever have been, and ever
shall be, animated by the same passions, and thus necessarily have the same results." (Niccolo
Machiavelli)

7. History has limitations as guiding signpost, however, for although it can show us the right direction, it
does not give detailed information about the road conditions. But its negative value as a warning sign is
more definite. History can show us what to avoid, even if it does not teach us what to do—by showing the
most common mistakes that mankind is apt to make and to repeat. (B.H. Liddell Hart)

What is geography?

In its broadest sense, a discipline that deals with the description of the Earth's surface; its division
into regions, continents, and countries; climate, plants, animals; natural resources and industries; people,
their cultures, and religions.

Branches of Geography
1. Physical Geography. Any basic understanding of Geography always starts with the study of Physical
Geography that focuses on the following, among others; Land forms and processes and the Working of
various ecosystems, their relationship with one another. It is an integrated study of the Earth’s visible
natural environment and understanding the characteristics of land, water and climate.

2. Human Geography concentrates on the patterns of human settlements, human activities and their
relations with the environment. Emphasis is given to the study of a real differentiation, regional synthesis,
Dichotomy, dualism and environmentalism. It also deals with the locational analysis, radical, behavioural,
human and welfare approaches, languages, religions and secularization.

3. Economic Geography deals with the primary, secondary tertiary and quaternary sectors of economy,
availability and distribution of natural resources, productivity and their role in industrial development. This
subject focuses on the role of geographic elements in the growth of Economy of a region and the world. It
also deals with the energy crisis, food and nutrition problems and patterns of world trade.

4. Population Geography is the study of origin, growth and distribution of population and the reasons for
changes occurring in those patterns. It also focuses on the birth and death rates, spatial population of
family and communities, migration of population, demographic transition and population resource regions.
The population theories, world population problems and policies are also studied under population
geography.

5. Political Geography deals with geopolitics, global strategic views and trends, concept of a state, nation
and Nation-States, boundaries and frontiers, political instability and patterns of voting. It also emphasizes
the study of the ways people in different places make decisions or gain and use power within a political
system. Federalism and politics of world resources are also studied under Political geography.

What is Geopolitics?
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Geopolitics is the science of the relation of politics to geography. The geopolitical viewpoint is
that the strength of a nation and its chances of survival are dependent to a great extent on geographic
factors: location, size, shape, depth, climate, population and manpower, natural resources, industrial
capacity, and social and political organization.

The Geography of the Philippines

Borrowing from the broadest meaning of geography, Philippine Geography may refer to the study
of its land forms and terrain; its natural resources; its climate, plants, and animals; its industries; its
location; and its people, their cultures, and religions.

The Philippines is an archipelagic country composed of 7,100 known islands and islets, more or
less. The Philippine Archipelago lies approximately 500 miles off the Asiatic mainland and extends 1,150
miles almost due north and south from Formosa to Borneo. The Philippines is strategically situated in the
geographic heart of the Far East. The Islands are centrally located in relation to Japan, China, Burma,
French Indochina, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. They lie across the trade routes leading from Japan
and China through the South China Sea to Southeast Asia and the rich supplies of oil and minerals in
Indonesia. Vital areas in Japan and along the Chinese coast are within quick striking distance by sea and
air of the Philippines. Over 5,000 miles from Honolulu and 7,000 miles from San Francisco, Manila, the
chief city and capital of the Islands, is only 1,905 miles from Tokyo. Formosa and Hong Kong are less
than 700 miles distant, Singapore 1,500 miles, and Truk in the Caroline Islands 2,100 miles. The
Caroline, Marianas, and the Marshall Islands, stretching across the Central Pacific, lie along the United
States lines of communication with the Philippines.

The land area of the archipelago totals 115,000 square miles, more or less. Only 460 of the
Islands have an area greater than one square mile, and only eleven boast an area greater than 1,000
square miles. These eleven islands account for 94 percent of the total land area in the archipelago. The
largest and most important is Luzon (40,420 square miles) in the north, where Manila is located. Next in
size to Luzon is Mindanao (36,527 square miles) in the south, followed by the islands in the central group,
the Visayas: Samar, Negros, Panay, Leyte, Cebu, and others.
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The climate of the Islands is tropical, with an average yearly temperature between 37° and 43°C.
The year may be divided generally into dry and wet seasons, which come at different times on the east
and west coasts because of shifts in the seasonal winds or monsoons. From June to September, when
the monsoon blows from the southwest, the weather offers little difficulty to the landing of a hostile military
force on the favorable beaches along the east coasts. The period of the northeast monsoons, October
through May, is the best time for landings along the western China Sea coasts. Most of Mindanao, a
portion of the Visayas, and southern Luzon has no dry season and no pronounced maximum rainy
season.

The Philippines are predominantly agricultural, the principal crops being rice (the chief element
in the Filipino diet), copra, sugar, hemp, tobacco, and corn. The farranging mountain areas are a source
of gold and silver, and of the more important base metals, such as iron, chrome, manganese, copper, and
lead. Sixty percent of the Philippines is covered by forest, much of it hardwoods. The fishing banks off
Manila Bay, the Sulu Archipelago and its Exclusive Economic Zone supplement the Filipino diet and are
the basis of one of the more important industries in the Islands. After Wold War 2, the Philippines initiated
a program to reduce the economy's reliance on agriculture and instead focus on service and
manufacturing industries such as manufacturing, mining, construction, tourism and processing of
agricultural products. In fact, the Philippines was engaged in exporting manufactured goods such as
electronic equipment. Unfortunately, the Philippines is not engaged in heavy industries such as
manufacturing machineries related to national security.

Importance of studying Geography to National Security

Any credible military response to a national threat requires an understanding of the geography of
that country, as the geographic conditions may enhance or constrain the exercise of military power.

“In order to build a strategy one must have an understanding of geography in its broadest sense
and how it impacts on national power and strategy.”

“Accordingly, statesmen must possess a thorough knowledge of a broad range of geographic

factors in order to effectively wield the elements of national power in pursuit of their national interests.”
(National Security)

“To be effective in dealing with national security concern, military leaders must understand the
way in which geography affects strategic and operational planning, tactics, logistics operations, relations
with civilian populations, and the military evaluations of areas.”

Location is an extremely important factor in the development of power because it determines

climates, economics, natural resources strategic position, and even national policies. Favorable
geographic location results in tremendous economic and strategic advantages.

The size and shape of a nation are also important considerations that have impact on the
political, economic, and military policies it adopts. Compactness may foster political unity and help in the
rapid mobilization of military, labor and industrial forces. This can also be a liability. Small countries such
as Belgium may be extremely susceptible to sudden attack. Countries that are elongated, such as Chile
or Italy, or that have separated areas, such as Turkey or the United States and Philippines, may be more
vulnerable to invasion. Very large countries may have to contend with the problems of regionalism, which
can adversely affect national unity and stability.

A climatic condition determines the nature and distribution of food supplies and influences the
peoples' living habits. Nations that are large in area, such as the United States, benefit from the fact that
climates of different types contribute to variety and balance of productive capabilities.
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In evaluating nations or regions, consideration must be given to their physiography - highlands,

lowlands, coastlines, plains, forests, and cultivated areas. Physiography plays a vital role in a nation’s
position of strength or weakness.

For example, a country divided up by a mountain range or bodies of water may be difficult to unify
and thus be vulnerable. Cohesion is the ability of the people to work together in pursuit of the national
interest in spite of individual or group differences. This important consideration also includes such things
as common languages, religion, law, class problems and racial differences.

Of great importance in determining the strategic position and military potential of a nation is its
location with respect to the major land and sea trade routes, and the development and extent of its
external transportation system.

Effects of the Geographic Location of the Philippines

a. It could be a source of threat to national security because it makes the Philippines a target for
occupation.
Examples:
a. The United States took the Philippines as its colony because it serves as the first line of defense
for USfrom an aggression coming from the Asia Pacific region
b. Japan took the Philippines during world War 2 because it is a gate way to the southern resource
area (approximately the countries of Malaysia, Indonesia and other islands nearby) the Source of
Japan’s war materials

b. It could be a source of opportunity/ies

The Philippines can establish industries that are essential to both foreign and domestic interest
and it can attract foreign direct investments in order to strengthen its economy which is essential to
national security.
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The effect of the geographic make-up of the Philippines to national security

The Archipelagic makeup of the Philippines is considered as a stumbling block to national unity. It
is an accepted fact that a country divided by mountain range or bodies of water may be difficult to unify
and thus be vulnerable. On the other hand, compactness may foster political unity and help in the rapid
mobilization of military, labor and industrial forces for national security purposes.

The archipelagic makeup of the country makes it difficult to secure. In fact, in a speech of
President Diosdado Macapagal in 1962 he stated that “The geographical positions of our island-groups
present a vulnerable target for clandestine illicit operations which, if not effectively neutralized or quelled,
will gravely imperil national security x xx.”

Ethnicity and Language

The Filipino people are composed of different groups. The major ethnic groups of the Filipinos
are tagalogs, Cebuano, Ilocano, visaya, Hiligaynon, Bicol, waray, pangasinanse, kapampangan and
Chinese Mestizos. Aside from the major ethnic groups, there are ethnic groups known as indigenous
people living within the Philippines – from the northern and southern parts of the Philippines. The
indigenous people living in the northern part of the country are called the Igorots, whereas those non-
Muslim indigenous tribes living in the south are referred to as Lumad. The Igorots, which comprises
numerous tribes in the northern part of the country, are mostly residing in the mountain ranges of the
Cordillera Region. The Igorot  tribe also includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanaey and
Tinguian groups. Other tribes living in the north are Isnag from Apayao, Gaddang (found between Kalinga
and Isabela provinces), and the Ilongots  living within the east mountains of Luzon called the Sierra Madre
and the Caraballo Mountains. The Ilongots  are known for their intense aggressiveness and cultural
conservatism.

Meanwhile, in the southern part of the country, indigenous tribes are mostly found
in Mindanao and Western Visayas. In Mindanao, these existing non-Muslim indigenous groups are
collectively known as the Lumad – a Cebuano term which means ‘native’ or ‘indigenous’.
There Lumad tribes comprise about 13 ethnic groups which are the Blaan, Bukidnon, Higaonon,
Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and  T’boli.

Apart from the two main indigenous groups mentioned above, the following tribes have also kept
their customs and traditions: Badjao, Ati and Tumandok, Palawan tribes, Mangyan, and Aetas or
Negritos.

As consequences of the above situation, the Filipino people spoke different languages/dialects.
They also developed different cultures, traditions and practices. Finally, they developed their strong
attachment to their tribes or ethnic groups.

Threat of the multi-ethno-linguistic nature of the Filipinos

1. The multi-lingual nature of the Filipinos is considered as a stumbling block for national unity
which is essential in national security. It must be remembered that cohesion is the ability of the people to
work together in pursuit of the national interest such as national security in spite of individual or group
differences. This important consideration includes such things as common language, religion, law, among
others. The need for a common language, for national unity, calls for the establishment of a national
language.

Note: Language is also important in developing the sense of belongingness because it is considered as
an identity for people. Thus, having a common language will lead to national unity.

Meanwhile, in the 1934 Constitutional Conventional that was called upon to draft the Philippine
constitution provided in Article 2 that the Philippine National assembly shall “take steps towards the
development and adoption of a common language based on one of the existing native language.”
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Consequently, on November 13, 1936, the Philippine National Assembly enacted CA No. 184 establishing
the institute of National Language tasked to study the different Philippine Languages for the purpose of
evolving and adopting a national language.

2. The fact that the Filipino people are composed of different ethnic groups threatens national security
because they are divided. The division of the Filipinos because of the existing ethno-linguistic grouping is
aggravated by the attitude of some groups of looking at their ethnic customs, traditions, and practices to
be superior as compared to others. The above situation became more complex because of the acts of
those superior groups in marginalizing the so called inferior groups. In consideration of the above
circumstances, it is recommended that all groups should be educated to respect each other customs,
traditions, and practices.
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DAY 2
Instructions
1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in your test booklet.
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1045H

Lesson 2 The Pre-Colonial Period of the Philippines

Objectives
1. Discuss the unit of government, leadership selection process and decision making process of the
Pre-colonial Philippines
2. Discuss the religious belief of the Pre-colonial Filipinos
3. Discuss the effects of Political system, government and religion of the Pre-colonial Philippines to
the present National Security situation
4. Describe the Battle of Mactan
5. Discuss the meaning of the Battle of Mactan to the national security of the Philippines

The Pre-Colonial Filipinos were divided into three classes, namely;

1. The Nobles
2. Freemen
3. Slaves
From among these pre-colonial classes, only members of the nobles were entitled to become a Datu or
Rajah. The members of the two other classes were just subjects.

The Pre-Colonial Filipinos live in a barangay which served as a political entity that bonded the people into
a body politic.

Note, that the social classes during the pre-colonial period was not only considered as a social
stratification but it was seen as a political hierarchy of people in the barangay.

A. The unit of government of the Pre-colonial Philippines

1. Barangay
a. form of government of the Pre-colonial Philippines (Visayas and Luzon)
b. headed by a datu or rajah
c. it is kin-based which means that most of its members are related by blood.
d. Leader (datu or rajah) is put to office by hereditary succession or by Merit
If the leader is appointed through Merit, he shall be selected through consensus using the following
qualifications, to wit; wealth, followers, physical ability and military prowess
e. Decision is reached after consultation. The leader consult the council of Elders before a decision is
made final and executory
f. the leader, in exercising his powers, is
- assisted by the council of elders. They served as adviser to the datu or
rajah.
- limited by traditional customs and procedures
-the leader can be replaced if he is no longer capable of leading the
community

g. The barangays are independent from each other. They are also powerful within their respective
jurisdiction. The Barangay may expand its sphere of influence. But not its territorial jurisdiction.
h. The Barangays may formed federation sealed by Blood Compact.
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Functions of the Datu/Rajah

- responsible for mediation and conciliation of disputes within his jurisdiction
- prevention or redress of wrongs
- govern his people (exercise legislative, executive and judicial powers of government)
- protect his people from enemies
- lead them in battle (supreme commander)

2. The Sultanate Government ( Sulu and Mindanao)

Islam is a religion founded by Mohammad of Saudi Arabia.
From Saudi Arabia it spread worldwide to include the Philippines.

Theories on how Islam came to the Philippines

1. Trade Theory
– It maintains that Muslim traders brought Islam to the Philippines together with their merchandise.
Consequently they became the first religious mentors in the Philippines
- A variation of this theory states that Muslim Traders intermarried with the natives and their
family served as a nucleus in spreading Islam
- - Another variation is that traders married a member of a ruling class enabling them and their
descendants to have political power which served as means to spread Islam.
2. Missionary Theory
- - it maintains that Islam was spread by professional teacher of Islam
3. Political Theory
- It maintains that the adoption of Islam by the rulers and the courts for political motives explain the
growth of Islam in the Philippines.
- Example: Islam was utilized as a political instrument with Muslim traders enjoying the protection
of Muslim rulers while they, in turn, supported the rulers with their economic resources.
- - It also legitimized the rule of the leaders of minor principalities in their conflict with the
Madjapahit or desire to throw off its yoke.
4. Economic Theory
- - it maintains that with conversion to Islam, the rulers of principalities were able to participate
more extensively and profitably in the international trade in the area from the Red sea to the
China Sea.
- -it also assumed that Muslim traders had in their power to patronize and enrich or boycott and
cause to fall any port they desired.
5...Attractiveness theory
- Islam was adopted by many natives because the manner in which it was introduced to them
satisfied certain spiritual aspirations and expectations
- - Islam gave a sense of individual worth while at the same time gave them a sense of belonging
to an international community.
- - it freed them from the degrading social stratification
- 6. Crusader Theory: Two facets
- 1. Religious – under this facet
- - it views the spread of Islam as a result of a conscious response to the Christian zeal at
proselytizing
- -this implied that Islamic missionary activities had become the work of the defenders of the faith
- 2. Political. Under this facet
- - it views Islam as an ideological force or source of identity integrating natives to present a united
force to resist the introduction of western ideas which have come to be regarded as alien
compared to Islamic ones
- -
Introduction of Islam in the Philippines was attributed to the following personalities, namely;
1. Makdum -
- noted Arabian judge or scholar who arrived at Malacca about the middle of the fourteenth
century, converted Sultan Mohammed Shah, the ruler, to Islam and established this religion
throughout the state of Malacca
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- Continuing farther east, he reached Sulu and Mindanao about the year 1380
- - In Sulu, he visited almost every island of the Archipelago and made converts to Islam in many
places
- - his success in preaching Islam to people of Sulu is remarkable and creditable to a high degree.
2. Raja Baginda
- a prince from Menangkabaw , Sumatra
3. Abu Bakr
- was a famous authority in law and religion from Juhur (Jahore) Malacca
- - reached Sulu about 1450 and later married the daughter of Rajah Baginda and ultimately
became the successor of Rajah Baginda in ruling Sulu
- He established mosques in Sulu and taught religion and law to the people and chiefs who abandoned
their former gods and practiced the new religion
- Claiming descent from Mohammed, he assumed the powers of a caliph and entitled himself
sultan
4. Shariff Kabungsuan from the royal house of Jahore, Malacca introduced Islam in Maguindanao in
1520 then later to other place nearby. The introduction was done through the mass conversion of the
people of Rajah Tabunaway and his brother Mamalu

Note:
- For embracing Islam, the Sulu people, Maguindanaoan and other converts of Islam considered
themselves ethnologically distinct from the people of Luzon and the Visayas for their religious
faith being those of the Semitic lands and not of the Malay and Polynesian Islands.

The Sultanate government in Mindanao

- In Mindanao, there were three major sultanates established and organized by various
missionaries from either Arabia or Brunei. They were the Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of
Maguindanao and the Sultanate of Buayan (Lanao). 

The sultanate of Sulu

- - The Sultanate of Sulu was founded by Abu Bakr
- - He declared himself as His Royal Highness Paduka Maulana Mahasari Sharif Sultan Hashem
Abu Bakr in 1457
- Under Abu Bakr, Sulu became a monarchial sovereign state, in the form of sultanate political
system, ruled by the Sultan whose powers are derived from Islamic faith, customs, traditions and
practices.
- -The Sultanate was divided into political districts, namely; Parang, Pansul, Lati, Gitung, and Lu-
uk, districts each -headed by a panglima or district leader.
- the Sulu sultanate was considered the most centralized political system in the Philippines during
the pre-colonial Philippines
- The Sultanate of Sulu extended its powers over Basilan, Palawan, and some coastal settlements
in Zamboanga and North Borneo.
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The Sultanate of Maguindanao

- After Shariff Kabungsuan established his royal credentials, Raja Tabunaway and his people
decided to offer and voluntarily give the rulership of Maguindanao to SharifF Kabungsuan who
accepted it .
- it was in this manner that Shariff Kabungsuan introduced the Sultanate system of governance in
Maguindanao.
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- And through his marriages first with Raja Tabunaway’s full sister – PutriSarab-anon (who died
later without any issue), and another adopted sister – PutriTunina, was he eventually able to
establish himself later as the first Islamic Sultan of Maguindanao and Buayan. 
- the Sultanate of Maguindanao was formed consisting of the:
- Pulangi Valley in Kota Bato, and the lower valley (Si Ilud) controlled by a descendant, the Sultan
Muham-mad Dipatuan Kudarat, coupled with the upper valley (Si Raya) which was controlled by
Rajah Buhayen together with the jurisdiction of Rajah Buhisan (around Lake Lanao), and the
confederation of the Ranao Sultanates which all merged to form the expanded Sultanate of
Maguindanao. 
- The Cotabato Valley formed the sultanate’s heartland but its influence extended from the
Zamboanga Peninsula to Sarangani Bay and Davao. 

The Sultanate of Lanao

The Sultanates of Lanao in Mindanao were founded in the 16th century through the influence of Shariff
Kabungsuanm, who was enthroned as first Sultan of Maguindanao in 1520.

-the Sultanate system in Lanao was uniquely decentralized.

-The area was divided into Four Principalities of Lanao which are composed of a number of royal houses
with specific territorial jurisdictions within mainland Mindanao.
This decentralized structure of royal power in Lanao was adopted by the founders, and maintained up to
the present day, in recognition of the shared power and prestige of the ruling clans in the area,
emphasizing the values of unity of the nation, patronage and fraternity.
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Note:

For adopting the sultanate form of government, the people of Mindanao considered themselves
ethnologically distinct from the people of Luzon and the Visayas for their political system being those of
the Semitic lands and not of the Malay and Polynesian Islands.

The Battle of Mactan

“We reached Matan three hours before dawn. The captain did not wish to fight then, but sent a message
to the natives by the Moro to the effect that if they would obey the king of Spagnia, recognize the
Christian king as their sovereign, and pay us our tribute, he would be their friend; but that if they wished
otherwise, they should wait to see how our lances wounded. They replied that if we had lances they had
lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fire. [They asked us] not to proceed to attack them at once,
but to wait until morning, so that they might have more men. They said that in order to induce us to go in
search of them; for they had dug certain pitholes between the houses in order that we might fall into
them. 

When morning came forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and walked through water for
more than two crossbow flights before we could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer
because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When
we reached land, those men had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five
hundred persons. When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries, two divisions
on our flanks and the other on our front. When the captain saw that, he formed us into two divisions, and
thus did we begin to fight. The musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a distance for about a halfhour,
but uselessly; for the shots only passed through the shields which were made of thin wood and the arms
[of the bearers]. The captain cried to them, " Cease firing! cease firing I " but his order was not at all
heeded. When the natives saw that we were shooting our muskets to no purpose, crying out they
determined to stand firm, but they redoubled their shouts. When our muskets were discharged, the
natives would never stand still, but leaped hither and thither, covering themselves with their shields. They
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shot so many arrows at us and hurled so many bamboo spears (some of them tipped with iron) at the
captain-general, besides pointed stakes hardened with fire, stones, and mud, that we could scarcely
defend ourselves. Seeing that, the captain-general sent some men to burn their houses in order to terrify
them. 

When they saw their houses burning, they were roused to greater fury. Two of our men were killed near
the houses, while we burned twenty or thirty houses. So many of them charged us. They shot the captain
through the right leg with a poisoned arrow. On that account, he ordered us to retire slowly, but the men
took to flight, except six or eight of us who remained with the captain. The natives shot only at our legs,
for the latter were bare; and so many were the spears and stones that they hurled at us, that we could
offer no resistance. The mortars in the boats could not aid us as they were too far away. So we continued
to retire for more than a good crossbow flight from the shore always fighting up to our knees in the water.
The natives continued to pursue us, and picking up the same spear four or six times, hurled it at us again
and again. Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head
twice, but he always stood firmly like a good knight, together with some others. Thus did we fight for more
than one hour, refusing to retire farther. 

An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his
lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but
halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that,
they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which
resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately
they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror,
our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When they wounded him, he turned back many times to see
whether we were all in the boats. Thereupon, beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we
could, to the boats, which were already pulling off. 

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

The captain desired to fight on Saturday, because it was the day especially holy to him. Eight of our men
were killed with him in that battle, and four Indians, who had become Christians and who had come
afterward to aid us were killed by the mortars of the boats. Of the enemy, only fifteen were killed, while
many of us were wounded.

In the afternoon the Christian king sent a message with our consent to the people of Matan, to the effect
that if they would give us the captain and the other men who had been killed, we would give them as
much merchandise as they wished. They answered that they would not give up such a man, as we
imagined [they would do], and that they would not give him for all the riches in the world, but that they
intended to keep him as a memorial."

Excerpt from Magellan's voyage around the world (1906)

Antonio Pigafetta
 15

DAY 3

Instructions
1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in your test booklet.
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1045H

Lesson 3 The Philippines Under Spanish Rule

Objectives

1. Discuss the processes of selecting local and national government officials during the Spanish
Period;
2. Discuss the structure of the Philippine Government during the Spanish Period;
3. Discuss the concept of national security during the Spanish Period
4. Discuss the objective/s of the Philippine Government during the Spanish Period
5. Discuss the different government institutions established by the Spaniards in the Philippines
6. Discuss how the different Philippine Government Institutions, during the Spanish Period, affected
the present Philippine National Security.
7. Discuss how the Spanish Policy of Divide and Rule affected the present Philippine National
Security.

The Spanish Political System in the Philippines

In the initial stage of Spanish rule in the Philippines, approximately from 1565 to 1572, the
Philippines was ruled by the Captain General (a political-military leader). To effectively control the
Philippines, the Spaniards established the encomienda system. The encomienda served as the local
government of the Spanish government in the Philippines before the institutionalization of the local
government. The encomienda was administered by the encomiendero who was appointed by the king of
Spain. The people who were appointed as encomienderos were the conquistadors, friars, and the
members of native nobility. The encomienderos were given the privilege to collect tribute from its
inhabitants. In return they were tasked to provide military protection to the inhabitants, justice and
governance. In times of war, they were duty bound to provide soldiers for the King, in particular, for the
complete defense of the colony from invaders.

To facilitate the consolidation of power by the Spaniards over the Filipinos, the Spaniards
instituted the Reduccion system where the natives were relocated to settlements.

The Spanish Government in the Philippines was hierarchical.

The Spanish Colonial Bureaucracy

a. Monarch of Spain - Civil and Spiritual Authority

b. Council of Indies –
 Composed of 6 to 10 appointed royal councilors
 Governed all the Spanish colonies in the King’s name, and had legislative power
 Served as the court of appeals for the colonies

c. Viceroy of New Spain - Governed New Spain on the King’s behalf (the office was abolished in 1821
when Mexico got its independence)

Structure of Spanish Government in the Philippines

The National Government
 16

a. Captain General- The office of the Captain-General was established in 1573. Later change to Governor
General

 From 1565–1821, The governor/ captain-general was appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain
upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes. After 1821, the governor General was appointed by
te king upon recommendation by the Council of Inides and the Spanish Cortes. In case of
vacancy, the Royal Audiencia in Manila appoints a temporary governor from among its members.

 By 1821 or 1875, the office became Governor General

 head of the supreme court, the Royal Audiencia of Manila;
 Commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and the
 economic planner of the country

b. Archbishop of Manila

 Had full spiritual authority over the army and navy as military Vicar General of the islands
 Advised the Captain General, especially in matters concerning the governance and provisioning
of the Church in the Philippines
 Ecclesiastical governor of the islands’ suffragan dioceses, headed by bishops.
 Appointed dignitaries or the staff of a diocese, if the captain general failed to do so

c. Royal Audiencia de Manila

 Established in 1584
 Functioned as the Supreme Court and advised the Captain General/Governor General
 Initially composed of four judges (oidores), an attorney-general (fiscal), and a constable, with
attached advocates for the accused, a defender of the naturales (“natives”), and other minor
officials; the number of oidores and fiscales would be increased after
 Took charge of government upon the death of the governor (mayor) up to the arrival of his
successor

The Local Government

a. Bishops of Dioceses

b-1. Province/ Alcaldia (pacified territory) – administered by the Alcalde Mayor (civil administrator)

 Exercised executive and judiciary powers in the province

 Collected tribute
 Until the mid-19th century, he had the privilege to engage in trade (indulto de comercio), which
occasioned many abuses against the local population
 No provision was made restricting the alcalde mayor to engage in trade

Junta Provincial ( under the Maura Law)

 Provincial council which assisted the alcalde mayor

 Composed of a public prosecutor, finance administrator, treasurer, vicars forane, provincial
doctor, and four principles of the capital elected by the capitanes municipales of the province

b-2. Corregimientos (unpacified territory) – administered by the Corregidor (Poilitico-Military

Administrator)

 Exercised executive and judicial power

 17

c -1. Pueblo - Administered by a Gobernadorcilloassisted by other pueblo officials (Before the Maura
Law)
 By 1768, the position became elective. Any person elected acquired elite status, diluting the
political power given by the Spanish to the hereditary datus of the old Principalía class.
 The Gobernadorcillo was initially restricted to the local married men of the elite (principalia)
 who speaks or who has knowledge of the Spanish language and has been a Cabeza de
Barangay of 4 years

c-2. Ayuntamiento(City) governed by an Alcalde Mayor

c-3. Municipio - Capitan Municipal (1893-1898) Under the Maura Law)
 Head of the tribunal municipal
 Elected by the residents of the municipio

Tribunal Municipal (1893-1898) - Municipal council composed of the municipal captain, the chief
lieutenant, the lieutenant of police, the lieutenant of fields and the lieutenant of livestock, all of which were
elected by the residents of the municipio

d. Barangay/Barrio –administered by the Cabeza de Barangay

 Administered over a barangay of 40 to 50 families

 Collected tribute in the barangay
 Position was originally hereditary among the local elites of the pre-colonial period
 Position was made elective in 1786; the gobernadorcillo and other cabezas chose a name and
presented it to the Governor General for appointment to the position in a specific barangay.
 After three years of service, a cabeza was qualified for election to the office of the
gobernadorcillo.

Note:
In order to understand the history of the Philippines, we must not forget that these islands
formed a part of this great colonial empire and were under the same administration; that for over two
centuries the Philippines were reached through Mexico and to a certain extent governed by Mexico; that
the same governors, judges, and soldiers held office in both hemispheres, passing from America to the
Philippines and being promoted from the Islands to the higher official positions of Mexico and Peru. So to
understand the rule of Spain in the Philippines, we must study the great administrative machinery and the
great body of laws which she developed for the government of the Indies. [21]

Character of the Spanish Explorers.--The conquests themselves were largely effected through
the enterprise and wealth of private individuals; but these men held commissions from the Spanish crown,
their actions were subject to strict royal control, and a large proportion of the profits and plunder of their
expeditions were paid to the royal treasury. Upon some of these conquerors the crown bestowed the
proud title of "adelantado." The Spanish nobility threw themselves into these hazardous undertakings with
the courage and fixed determination born of their long struggle with the Moors. Out of the soul-trying
circumstances of Western conquest many obscure menrose, through their brilliant qualities of spirit, to
positions of eminence and power; but the exalted offices of viceroy and governor were reserved for the
titled favorites of the king.

Treatment of the Natives by the Spanish.--In his treatment of the natives, whose lands he
captured, the Spanish king attempted three things,--first, to secure to the colonist and to the crown the
advantages of his labor, second, to convert the Indians to the Christian religion as maintained by the
Roman Catholic Church, and third, to protect them from cruelty and inhumanity. Edict after edict, law after
law, issued from the Spanish throne with these ends in view. As they stand upon the greatest of colonial
law-books, the Recopilacion de Leyes de las Indias, they display an admirable sensitiveness to the needs
of the Indian and an appreciation of the dangers to which he was subjected; but in the actual practice
these beneficent provisions were largely useless.
 18

The first and third of Spain's purposes in her treatment of the native proved incompatible. History
has shown that liberty and enlightenment cannot be taken from a race with one hand and protection given
it with the other. All classes of Spain's colonial government were frankly in pursuit of wealth. Greed filled
them all, and was the main spring of every discovery and every settlement. The king wanted revenue for
his treasury; the noble and the soldier, booty for their private purse; the friar, wealth for his order; the
bishop, power for his church. All this wealth had to come out of the native toiler on the lands which the
Spanish conqueror had seized; and while noble motives were probably never absent and at certain times
prevailed, yet in the main the native of America and of the Philippines was a sufferer under the hand and
power of the Spaniard.

The Government Institutions Established by the Spaniards in the Philippines

The Colonization of the Philippines by Spain led to the

a. establishment of a National government that effectively controlled Luzon and visayas
b. establishment of Christianity in Luzon and Visayas led to the differentiation of the Filipinos into
Christian and Muslim or Moro and Indio
c. establishment of two powerful governments controlling the Philippines which are Philippine government
under Spanish control and the sultanate government in Sulu and Mindanao

Government Institutions Established by the Spain in the Philippines

1. Encomiendas - is a grant to Spanish conquistadores and other worthy persons for services rendered to
the crown whom we call as encomiendero.

In principle, an encomiendero was obliged to

a. ensure the permanent colonization of new territories in the Philippines
b. provide for the internal and external defense of the newly acquired territory
c. impart to the natives the rudiments of European civilization
d. indoctrinate the natives in Christianity
e. protect the natives
f. collect taxes/tributes from the natives
g. demand services from the natives

In practice. the encomienda system was exploited by the colonial elite for their greed, to make it one of
the harshest labor systems in the Philip[pines. The goal eventually changed to obtaining revenue for the
grantees/ encomiendero instead of doing their jobs as stated previously. It becamea source of corruption
committed by representative of the encomienderos who wants to get their share from the indios. The
encomienda system gradually evolved into the hacienda system

What is the hacienda system?

A hacienda is a large landed estate which originated in Spanish America during the colonial
period, and acted as a traditional institution of rural life. Haciendas were originally profit-making
enterprises owned by hacendados/ hacienderos/hacienderas.

Today, there are still a lot who owns a large estate which are cultivated by farmer-worker giving
rise to the landlord- tenant relationship. The landlord-tenant relationship often caused a conflict between
the two because of the oppressive and exploitative treatment committed by the landlord to the tenant.
Ultimately, the situation will be a threat to our National security.

2. Galleon Trade a commercial trading carried out between Accapulco and Manila from 1565 to 1815.

Effects of the Galleon Trade

a. led to the rise of the Middle Class/ Illustrados
b. government inefficiency
c. led to corruption in government
d. abandonment of other industries
 19

e. practice of forced labor

3. Forced Labor A system where all male Filipinos from 18 to 60 years of age were required to give their
free labor to the government
However the following were exempted:
• members of the principalia (town aristocracy)
• Rich Filipinos who could pay an annual falla
• local officials (former and incumbent gobernadorcillos, cabezas de barangay, etc.) and
• schoolteachers

4. Taxation - is was a mandatory contribution of the Filipinos to the government paid in cash or in kind.
The taxes paid by the Filipinos were exorbitant and without being benefited in return. The fact that
Filipinos during the Spanish time did not received any benefit in return of the taxes they paid had become
a common belief that continued up to the present.This belief made the people, at present, hesitant to pay
their taxes to the government which would affect the financial capability of the government to do its
function in relation to national security.

The Policy of Divide and Rule - is the conscious effort of Spanish authorities in the Philippines to create
and / or turn to its own advantage the ethnic, linguistic, cultural, tribal, or religious differences of the
Filipinos. It does not, as here used, include the recruitment of individual renegades nor the subject people
if these differences are of a purely ideological, rather than ethnic, nature.

The policy made it difficult to unify the Filipino efforts in promoting and protecting national interest
because the Filipinos do not think and act as one people. This fact makes the Filipinos vulnerable to
destabilization activities of the enemy of the state.
 20

DAY 4
Instructions
1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in your test booklet.
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1045H

Lesson 4. Religion, The Propaganda Movement, The Katipunan and National Security

Objectives
1. Discuss the effects of the introduction of Islam and Christianity to the political landscape of the
Philippines;
2. Compare and contrast the processes in introducing Christianity and Islam to the Philippines;
3. Discuss the effects of the establishments of Christianity and Islam to the national security of the
Philippines;
4. Discuss religious fundamentalism/extremism in relation to national security
5. Describe the Reform Movement;
6. Discuss the political ideas of the reformist;
7. Discuss the achievement/s of the Reform Movement
8. Describe the armed revolution
9. Discuss the legacy of the Reform Movement in relation Philippine National Security

Religion and national security

The pre-Hispanic belief system of the Filipinos consisted of a pantheon of gods, spirits, creatures, and
men that guarded the streams, fields, trees, mountains, forests, and houses. Bathala, who created earth
and man, was superior to these other gods and spirits. Regular sacrifices and prayers were offered to
placate these deities and spirits--some of which were benevolent, some malevolent. Wood and metal
images represented ancestral spirits, and no distinction was made between the spirits and their physical
symbol. Reward or punishment after death was dependent upon behavior in this life.

Upon this indigenous religious base two foreign religions were introduced -- Islam and Christianity -- and
a process of cultural adaptation and synthesis began that is still evolving. Spain introduced Christianity to
the Philippines in 1565 with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. Earlier, beginning in 1350, Islam had
been spreading northward from Indonesia into the Philippine archipelago. By the time the Spanish arrived
in the 16th century, Islam was firmly established on Mindanao and Sulu and had outposts on Cebu and
Luzon. At the time of the Spanish arrival, the Muslim areas had the highest and most politically integrated
culture on the islands. Carrying on their historical tradition of expelling the Jews and Moros [Moors] from
Spain (a commitment to eliminating any non-Christians), Legaspi quickly dispersed the Muslims from
Luzon and the Visayan islands and began the process of Christianization. (Religion in the Philippines By
Jack Miller PDF)

Historically, organized churches have been involved in electoral politics in the Philippines, including in the
selection of candidates and church members who have run in elections themselves. The involvement of
religious groups in Philippine politics is not new. During the Spanish colonial era, the “indio priests”
advocated for the “secularization” of the Catholic church to allow “native priests” to head parishes. At that
time, it was an act of treason that demanded the death penalty, for only “Filipinos” (i.e., Spaniards born in
the Philippines) were deemed to have the capacity to govern and thus native priests could not serve as
parish priests. The 1872 mutiny which resulted in the death of the three priests, Gomez, Burgos, and
Zamora, became the “seed” of the Philippine Revolution, inspiring the Filipino heroes Rizal and Bonifacio
to “imagine a Filipino nation” and lead a revolution against Spain to achieve it. ( The Politics of Religion in
the Philippines By Maria Isabel T. Buenaobra)
In the contemporary times, the Catholic Church has remained a powerful opposing force on various
issues, outside the realm of religion, such as the Reproductive Health Bill and divorce bill. The Iglesiani
 21

Cristo (Church of Christ), with a tradition of bloc voting required from its 1 million voting members, has
allegedly supported presidential candidates throughout history. The Jesus is Lord movement ran
campaigns themselves and most recently, the Pilipino Movement for Transformational Leadership
(PMTL), a community composed of Catholics, Protestants, and Born Again groups, bonded together to
elect “God-centered servants.”
The Catholic Church, though not endorsing political candidates, exhorts the voters to vote “according to
one’s conscience.” In the launch of the “One Good Vote” campaign against bribery and vote buying, Luis
Antonio Cardinal Tagleexhorted voters to pray and have a formulation based on one’s religion.

The Impact of Religious Fundamentalism to National security

The expression ‘religious fundamentalism’ first came into common use in approximately 1920 in the USA
as the name of a vigorous Christian movement to oppose Christian liberalism, which had earlier swept the
Western world from the mid 19th century onwards. The fundamentalist’s looked upon the ongoing wave of
liberal Christianity as a grave dilution of the very essentials or fundamentals of the Christian faith, as they
saw it. They aimed to restore the said fundamentals to their central position in the Christian belief system.
They also desired that religion should function as the rock bottom foundation of all human activity instead
of being regarded merely as one of the players on the human scene, as it were.

Today one hears a lot about Islamic fundamentalism, but hardly about the fundamentalist versions of
other religions. The reason for this is not any prejudice or hostility against Islam or the Muslims, as the
latter generally tend to believe. The plain fact is that while religious fundamentalism has practically
withered away or is merely peripheral in major religions, other than Islam, fundamentalist thinking remains
fairly strong and vigorous in Muslim societies.

The ongoing struggle of Muslim countries to free them-selves from the iron grip of Western political and
economic domination also goes to reinforce fundamentalist thinking among Muslims. The search for
national or regional self-assertion and dignity of the ‘Muslim David’ against the ‘Western Goliath’ often
takes the form of or seeks inspiration from religious fundamentalism with the hopes of the eventual
triumph of Islam in the world at large

Sizeable sections of Muslims in different parts of the world still gravitate to the pre-modern fundamentalist
approach to religion. A very large number of conventional Muslims are still in the grip of the rather facile
assumption that there is only one model or paradigm of true Islam; their own conception. All other
versions are looked upon as heresies. The traditional version or concept does not include the dimension
of the unfettered ‘freedom of conscience’ as a basic human right. The ‘Fear of Freedom’, as beautifully
put by Erich Fromm, still grips the Muslim mind. This fear leads to their distrust of democracy.

Muslim believers are generally inclined to hold that other religions may allow the separation of politics and
religion since their scriptures or founders have not provided complete and detailed guidance for life as a
totality.

The world that emerged after the Second World War saw the emergence of many former colonial and
semi-colonial countries as independent nations. Their development caused ferment among the Muslim
countries also. It took the form of a resurgence of fundamentalism, Islamic fundamentalism. During the
last several decades, the Islamic revival that is sweeping from Morocco in the West to Mindanao in the
Philippines is considered with some reason as a response to the predatory policies of Western
imperialism. This was the reassertion and the response of the Muslims to the challenge of the West. This
was the promise of the fundamentalist Muslims: self assertive Islamic nationalism and simplicity of
argument in the hope of recapturing the pristine purity and political glory of Islam (Ahmad, 1991).
(POLITICAL DIMENSIONSOF ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN SOUTHASIA By Kalim Bahadur)

Islamic fundamentalism implies going back to the original sources and roots of Islam .It has its own
constant, immutable, and clearly defined nature. It means commitment to the original principles of Islam in
their literalism interpretations as fundamental and unchanging beliefs, thus transcending all social,
economic, political, and cultural transformations ever since the emergence of Islam 14 centuries
 22

ago(Haque,1992). The Ulama demand complete and total implementation of the Shariah without regard
to the nature of the political system; this is fundamentalism stricto sensu, which also requires place of
power (Roy, 1995). The term Islamic fundamentalism is used in a wide variety of meanings and different
Islamic movements. Thus ,it is used synonymously with revivalism, Islamism, political Islam, etc .In the
media and in common parlance, it is mistakenly used for communalism, extremism, and orthodoxy.

Contemporary Islamic fundamentalism is distinguished by two currents; one is traditionalist and accepts
continuity between the original scriptures and their commentaries. It follows strictly the texts and refuses
to innovate or reinterpret. The other is reformist fundamentalism, which criticises tradition, the
commentaries, and popular religious practices (Roy, 1995, pp. 30–31). Islamic fundamentalism is also
seen in two forms; one is radical fundamentalism and the other conservative fundamentalism. The
followers of radical fundamentalism are militant and aggressive because they believe that the Muslim
elites, the state, and the classes are incapable of bringing about any change in the existing society. The
second type, i.e., the conservative fundamentalists, are supporters of the status quo (Haque 1992). Most
fundamentalists agree that Western civilization and its models of political and social systems have failed,
and there was need for overthrowing the cultural and political domination that is based on secularism,
materialism, and the need to return to the ideals and goals of Islam and the doctrine of the unity of God,
i.e., belief that religion is integral to politics and society and the introduction of Shariah law (Esposito,
1984).

There have been three leading ideologues of Islamic fundamentalism in modern times, namely, Mawlana
Abul Ala Maududi (1903–1979), Ayatollah Khomeini (1902–1989), and Syed Qutb (1906–1966).

1. Maududi

In his first book al Jihad fil Islam(1930), Maududi explained the objective of the book as the need for
objectively describing Islamic teachings and its rules of jihad and war(Ali, 1980). In his book on jihad, he
had taken the traditional viewpoint of the Ulama who define jihad as warfare in defence of Islam, its
honour, and Muslims as a whole(Bahadur,1977). Maududi believed that civilization, by which he meant
capitalism, socialism, and communism, would only lead to its doom. Only the ideology of Islam could
salvage it. But a right ideology needed a right party (Bahadur, 1977, p. 134). The central idea of
Maududi’s ideology is the transcendence of the Islamic law. It is the only law, the Sharia, imposed from
above by God, who is the only lawmaker (Grare, 2001). However, Maududi believed that society could be
Islamized only through social and political action. For this, mass movement had to be launched. The
Islamic movements should aim at seizing power (Roy, 1995, p. 36). Maududi believed that Islam was not
only a way of life but also a complete code of life (Mahmood, 1995). He was the first Islamic scholar who
argued that Islam was a complete system of politics, economics, and culture. The theme of
comprehensive Islam pervaded all his writings on social, political, and economic spheres of life. He
believed that Shariah was an organic set of regulations that ruled every aspect. Though he appeared to
be against any change in Shariah, he did accept the possibility of advancement and evolution in it to meet
the needs of humanity in every age. His concept of establishment of religion meant total subordination of
all the institutions of civil society and state to the authority of the Shariah. He believed that Islam had
given solutions to all the fundamental issues of constitutional law, and that Shariah was a complete
scheme of life and an all embracing social order where nothing is superfluous and nothing is lacking
(Mahmood, 1995, p. 106; Esposito, 1984, p. 145).

2. Syed Qutb

He also, like Maududi, believed in Islam being perfect and a complete code of life. Men should fight for
the cause of God so that His wishes become absolute. Muslims should struggle against those who do not
obey God’s will (Mahmood, 1995, p. 119). Syed Qutb was critical of Western culture and said that it had
already lost its effectiveness. Syed Qutb thought that Islam stood for freedom of men from slavery to
other men and his desires, which is also a form of slavery. He appeared to be an extremist who
advocated the destruction of un-Islamic governments. He took a radical and aggressive approach in his
writings. In order to implement the real Islam, there should be a party dedicated to fight the forces fighting
 23

against Islam. Both Maududi and Qutb had sanctioned the use of violence for the establishment of Islam
(Mahmood, 1995, p. 129). This has been one of the inspirations of the present day Mujahideen to justify
terrorist violence in many countries. Qutb believed that tyranny only could be fought through the use of
force. According to another view, Syed Qutb’s key contribution was that he redefined the Islamic ideal of
jihad. Syed Qutb argued not only that jihad was an offensive war but also that it could also be waged
against internal enemies, including the state, if it had lost its legitimacy (Khan, 2007). Qutb believed that
the Quran was the complete moral code to regulate all human actions to the exclusion of all other laws.
The political system should be based on the Quran. He believed that an Islamic state would be a social
welfare state. Qutb’s view on ignorance (Jahiliya) is the central theme of his philosophy. He divided
societies into two kinds: Islamic and ignorant. Ignorant are those that are without the values of Islam and
the Islamic way of life and hence are illegitimate. The ruler must govern in accordance with the values of
Islam.

3. AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI
Khomeini believed in the perfection of Islam and that it had nothing to learn from alien ideologies. His
basic concept of Islam was that it was a religion of militancy and was dedicated to truth and justice. He
believed that politics was a religious task of which the goal was the establishment of an Islamic state
(Mahmood, 1995, p. 78). In the period before revolution, his main target was imperialism. For him,
Western imperialism and Israel were the main enemies of Islam. He thought that imperialism aimed at
separating religion from politics. With the decadence of the regime of the Shah of Iran, Khomeini ceased
to call him a Muslim and began to denounce him as anti-Islamic and therefore gave a call for a jihad
against him by the people of Iran (Esposito, 1984, p. 189). Khomeini rejected monarchy and said an
Islamic state will be ruled by religious authorities. Khomeini spelt his concept of the Vilayat-eFaqih, which
meant the rule by Islamic jurists. It implied that the Ulama should exercise the authority of the Twelfth
Imam. Khomeini stressed the place of jurists (fuqaha) in his vision of the Islamic state. He wanted the
jurists to employ the state institutions to administer Shariah laws and create a just Islamic system. He
argued that since jurists were the only authentic experts on the Islamic law, they would rule the state. In
Khomeini’s notion of the governance of jurists, which is also an example of the appropriation of the
philosophical/Islamic ideal for a specific political programme, Khomeini argues that the jurists (fuqaha) are
the true representatives of the hidden Imam. As such in Khomeini’s activist appropriation of the Islamic
philosophical tradition, a just jurist (fuqaha) is not only the authority in religious and legal matters but also
the perfect political leader.

The impact of Religious Extremism to national security

Islamic extremism is driven by an interpretation of Islam that believes that Islamic law, or sharia, is an all-
encompassing religious-political system. Since it is believed to be proscribed by Allah (Arabic for “God”)
sharia must be enforced in the public sphere by a global Islamic state. As such, Islamic extremists
consider it to be the only truly legitimate form of governance and reject democracy and human rights
values.

The ultimate objective of Islamic extremists is the merger of “mosque and state” under sharia law. Those
who favor such an approach are called Islamists. Their ideology is called Islamism, or political Islam.
Islamic extremists believe they are obligated to install this form of governance in Muslim-majority
territories, countries and, eventually, the entire world. In the minds of Islamic extremists, they are
promoting justice and freedom by instituting sharia.
Islamic extremists have intermediate political goals which they believe will pave the way for the global
implementation of sharia. One of these goals is the removal of non-Muslim military forces from Muslim
lands and the overthrow of “enemy” regimes.
Acts of Islamic extremism includes terrorism, human rights abuses, the advancement of sharia-based
governance, bigotry towards non-Muslims and rival Muslims and overall hostility to the West and, in
particular, Western democracy

The Propaganda/Reform Movement

The Nature of the Movement

 24

A peaceful Campaign for political reforms in the Philippines.

In order to persuade the Spaniards to grant them their desired reforms, the Filipinos used reason. The
propagandist simply exposed the abuses of the Spanish authorities in the Philippines.

To the propagandist, the reform movement, did not demand for independence but there should be social
and political equality between Filipinos and Spaniards and there should also be “the sovereignty of law,
which means the absence of what was arbitrary in government and that the law held equally for both
Filipinos and Spaniards.

M.H Del Pilar stated that the Reform Movement means “a peaceful struggle for reforms in order to gain
the sovereignty of law and social equilibrium.”

Rizal in his Essay “The Philippines a Century Hence”, stated that the Philippines will remain under
Spanish domination, but with more law and greater liberty.”

Target Audience of the Campaign

a. The Spanish Authorities in Spain: The propagandist hoped that, through their expose’, they will be able
to get the help of the Spanish authorities in Spain for the implementation of political reforms in the
Philippines
b. The People of the International Community: with their expose’ about the abuses of the Spanish
authorities in the Philippines, the propagandist hoped that they will be able to get the sympathy of the
international community in order to help them persuade or pressure the Spanish government in Spain to
introduce political reforms in the Philippines that were favorable to the Filipinos.

The propagandist desired that the Philippines will be made province of Spain. They believed that the
Filipinos would be better off if they were to become citizen of Spain enjoying all the rights and privileges of
the latter.

Composition of the Propaganda Movement

Middle Class:
a. Spanish mestizos
b. Chinese mestizos
c. Elite natives

Methods used by the propagandist

a. Writings: Essays, Articles, Novels, Pamphlets publish mostly in the La Solidaridad
b. Speeches : Gatherings (political or social)
c. Organizations: Indios Bravos

The Katipunan
Nature of the organization: It was a revolutionary organization the members of which came from the grass
roots of Philippine society

Objective: To Fight for the Separation of the Philippines from Spain

Methods used to attain objective; Armed struggle

What is a revolution, to the Filipino political thinkers

Apolinario Mabini stated that – A revolution is a violent means utilized by people, in the employment of the
right to sovereignty that properly belongs to them, to destroy a duly constituted government, substituting it
for another that is more in consonance with reason and justice. To Fight for the Separation of the
Philippines from Spain through armed struggle
 25

Emilio Aguinaldo stated that – Political revolution, properly understood, are violent means which people
employ to recover the sovereignty which naturally belongs to them, usurped and trampled upon by a
tyrannical and arbitrary government.
Justification of a Revolution
1. When the government denied the people of their rights and liberties.
Rizal said “ When a people is denied light, home, liberty, and justice-things that are essential to life-that
people has the right to treat him who so despoils it as we would do a rubber who intercepts us on the
highway.”
Mabini stated that a Revolution may be conducted against a national government, if such gov’t has
abused the power placed at its disposal by the people with the purpose of having justice administered, by
using this power to drown out the public voice and at the same time to administer to its convenience or
caprice.
2. When the powers of government were utilized to maintain its own interests – that is for the betterment
of the officials controlling the reins of gov’t or when it was biased in its functions in favor of a special group
or class in society
Mabini stated that – “When a government produces a stagnation of a people in order that it may
perpetuate its own interests or that of a definite class . . . A revolution is inevitable.”
3. When the government is either foreign or usurper.
Mabini stated that “a revolution is always just, if it attempts to destroy a foreign government or a foreign
usurper.”
Note:
M.H. Del Pilar said that
“A powerful movement for reform and a revolution aiming at independence have the same ends. These
are the sovereignty of law and the elimination of social disequilibrium. Thus, if reform movement can be
successful, a revolution becomes impractical and unnecessary.”
“a revolution does not and cannot constitute an aspiration or an end. It is an extreme means or recourse.
A people victimized by tyranny finds recourse to revolution when by successive deceptions on the part of
government, they arrive at the sad conviction that all peaceful negotiation to redress their wrongs are
useless.

Significance of the Propaganda and Katipunan to national security

In order to preserve or protect national security, the government may either used peaceful or violent
means. This is in consonance with the Philippine Constitution providing that “he Philippines renounces
war as an instrument of national policy x x x x adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom,
cooperation, and amity with all nations.”
Using the example of the Propaganda/Reform movement and Katipunan it was shown that peaceful
means, such as diplomacy, was first employed before using the violent means or war.

It was shown that armed revolution or war was employed as a last resort. This is in accordance with our
constitution providing that congress may declare the existence of war. This means that if our security is
threaten our government can go to war in order t preserve or protect our security.

Note: The Filipinos, in working for their independence, utilized both armed struggle and diplomacy. In both
means, the Filipinos were very aggressive in their clamor for independence.

Lesson Learned in relation to national security

Establish a government that is responsive to the needs of the people in order to make the people
supportive to the government and
 26

DAY 5

Instructions
1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in your text booklet.
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1045H

Lesson 5 The Philippines under American Occupation

a. Discuss the strategy of the Americans in colonizing the Philippines
b. Discuss the structure of the Philippines government during the period
c. Discuss the strategy of the Filipino struggle for independence during the American period
d. Discuss the implications introduction of the democratic System of government in the Philippines
to National security
e. Discuss Bell Trade Law: Its Impact to our economy and national security
f. Discuss the Laurel-Langley Agreement: Its impact to our economy
g. Discuss the Parity Rights and its effect to the Philippine National Security

Philippines under the American Occupation 1

The events prelude to the American occupation in the Philippines

The sinking of the United States warship, USS Maine, anchored in the port of Havana, Cuba ignited the
Spanish-American War. The event led to the Naval Battle of Manila Bay between the US Asiatic Squadron
headed by Commodore George Dewey and the Spanish Flotilla headed by Admiral Montojo

• The Spanish Navy was defeated leading to the tactical alliance between Dewey and
Aguinaldo against Spain because of lack of ground forces of US.
• When their ground forces arrived in the Philippines, US repudiated the alliance and fought
a mock battle with Spain

The Spanish-American war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris where Spain ceded the
Philippines to US in consideration of 20 million dollars.

By virtue of the Treaty of Paris, US assumed sovereignty over the Philippines leading to:

The establishment of a Democratic system of government in the Philippines

introduction of government structure of three independent but coordinate branches
Introduction of the system of general elections
Establishment of government with a bicameral legislative body
Filipino-American War because of their Conflicting interests that is - independence for the Filipinos while
colonization of the Philippines for the Americans

To the Filipinos, fighting the Americans means protecting their national security in the form of
independence.

The Capture of Aguinaldo

• ended the Filipino-American War

• The Filipinos work for their independence through diplomacy
 27

The Filipinos organized the Philippine Independence Mission in order to lobby for independence resulting
to the passage of the
• Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916
• Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law
• Tydings-McDuffie Law

Note
The Filipinos, in working for their independence, utilized both Armed struggle and diplomacy. In both
means, the Filipinos were very aggressive in their clamor for independence.

Lesson 5-B Philippines under the American Occupation 2

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909

Established ‘‘free trade,’’ between the Philippines and the United States with the exception of rice, and set
yearly quota limits for Philippine exports to the United States.

The Bell Trade Relations Act

The act was sponsored by congressman Jasper Bell

The law provided for a Free-Trade relations between the Philippines and the United States of America
from 1946 to 1954

The law provided that goods coming from the United States and from the Philippines would be taxed five
percent tariff increase every year until the full 100% was reached in 1974.

Quotas were established for Philippine products both for free trade and tariff periods. However, there
would be no restrictions on the entry of United States products to the Philippines, nor would there be
Philippine import duties. The Philippine peso was tied at a fixed rate to the United States dollar.

It provided for the so-called Parity Rights to the Americans – meaning the Americans would have the right
to exploit, develop, utilize, and dispose “ all agricultural, timber, and mineral lands” of the Philippines,
together with the operation of public utilities and the exploitation of the Waters, mineral coal, petroleum,
and mineral resources of the Philippines.”

Finally, the law prohibited the Philippines to sell products that are similar to American products.

The above provisions required the amendment of the Philippine constitution which provides that only
corporations of which the Filipinos owned at least 60 % could dispose exploit, develop and utilize the
public land and their mineral resources.

The Tydings Rehabilitation Act

The law was passed on April 30 1946

It provided for an outlay of $620,000.000.00 to be given to those who suffered damage during the war on
condition that the Philippine Constitution would be amended providing for Parity rights to the Americans.

The Laurel Langley Agreement

It abolished the United States authority to control the exchange rate of the peso

It made parity privileges reciprocal – Filipino citizens could also exploit, develop, utilize and dispose “ all
agricultural, timber, and mineral lands” in the United States, together with the operation of public utilities
and the exploitation of the Waters, mineral coal, petroleum, and mineral resources of the United States.”
 28

It extended the sugar quota, and extended the time period for the reduction of other quotas and for the
progressive application of tariffs on Philippine goods exported to the United States.

In economic terms, American colonial rule in the Philippines promoted an intensely dependent, export
economy based on cash-crop agriculture and extractive industries like mining. American capital had
initially regarded the Philippines as merely a ‘‘stepping stone’’ to the fabled China market, and American
trade with the Philippine Islands was initially inhibited by reciprocity treaties that preserved Spanish trade
rights. When these rights ended, U.S. capital divided politically over the question of free trade. American
manufacturers supported free trade, hoping to secure in the Philippines both inexpensive raw materials
and markets for finished goods, whereas sugar and tobacco producers opposed free trade because they
feared Philippine competition.

American trade with the Philippine Islands, which had grown since the war, boomed after 1909, and
during the decades that followed, the United States became by far the Philippines’ dominant trading
partner. American goods comprised only 7 percent of Philippine imports in 1899, but had grown to 66
percent by 1934. These goods included farm machinery, cigarettes, meat and dairy products, and cotton
cloth. The Philippines sold 26 percent of its total exports to the United States in 1899, and 84 percent in
1934. Most of these exports were hemp, sugar, tobacco, and coconut products.

Free trade promoted U.S. investment, and American companies came to dominate Philippine factories,
mills, and refineries. When a post–World War I economic boom brought increased production and
exports, Filipino nationalists feared economic and political dependence on the United States, as well as
the overspecialization of the Philippine economy around primary products, overreliance on U.S. markets,
and the political enlistment of American businesses in the indefinite colonial retention of the Philippine
Islands.
 29

DAY 6

Instructions
1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in a one (1) whole sheet of pad paper.
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1045H

Lesson 6 The Philippine National Security system and National Security Agencies
1. Discuss the evolution of the Philippine Defense System and the Philippines Security Agencies
2. Discuss the functions of the different security agencies of the Philippines

3. Discuss the evolution of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

During the Pre-Colonial Period

The security of the barangay, both internal and external, is the responsibility of the leader
(Chieftain,datu,rajah and lakan) in cooperation with the council of elders.
For internal security – the barangay chieftain and the Council of elders are responsible in the enforcement
of laws for maintenance of peace and order
For external security – The barangay chieftain, the council of elders and the citizens’ army are responsible
for the defense of the barangay.

The Spanish Period –on the Spanish side

1. Guardia Civil served as - - - - of the Spaniards in the Philippines under the command of the Governor
General
• Police force –responsible for law enforcement
• ground forces – responsible for the defense of the land
Note:
The officers of the Guardia Civil were Spaniards while the enlisted personnel could be recruited from the
Indios, mestizos and Spaniards

2. Spanish Navy under the command of the king of Spain

The Spanish Period – on the Filipino Revolutionary side

1. Katipunan (Kataastasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng Anak ng Bayan)

• To secure their independence from Spain, the Filipinos organized a revolutionary army
composed of citizens’ Army
• The revolutionary army was under the overall command of Andres Bonifacio as Supremo
•
2. The Republic of Philippine created in the Tejeros Convention replaced the katipunan
• E. Aguinaldo replaced Bonifcaio as the overall commander of the Revolutionary Army
•
General Artemio Ricarte was appointed as Captain-General of the revolutionary army.

Note:
 30

The First Filipino Revolution stop on account of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato

• After few years of lull, the Filipinos renewed their struggle for independence with the
establishment of the Dictatorial government which was replaced later by a Revolutionary
government.
• With the establishment of the Revolutionary government, the Philippine Revolutionary Army
was established.
• To train officer of the army, President Aguinaldo established the Academia Militar
• The Philippine Revolutionary Army was placed under the command of General Antonio
Luna
• On January 12, 1899, Philippine Constitution was promulgated providing that “All Filipinos
are obliged to defend his country with arms when called upon by law . . . “ and That “The
president . . . Shall have at his disposal the army and the navy, and may declare war and
ratify treaties with prior consent of the assembly. The President may also admit the
stationing of foreign troops in Philippine Territory and ratify alliance, defensive as well as
offensive …

The American Period

• The Philippine Constabulary was established on August 8, 1901 to assist the military to
fight the remaining Filipino revolutionaries to complete pacification of island after the
capture of E Aguinaldo.
• Captain Henry T Allen was named as the chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
• On February 17, 1905 a Constabulary school was established at Sta Lucia Barrack in
Intramuros
• In 1916 the school was renamed Academy for Officers of the Philippine Constabulary.
• In 1926 the school was renamed the Philippine Constabulary Academy
•
On December 21, 1935, the National Defense Act was enacted providing the following:

1. The national Defense policy of the Philippines are as follows

a. The preservation of the state is the obligation of every citizen. The security of the Philippines and
freedom, independence, and perpetual neutrality of the Republic of the Philippines shall be guaranteed by
the employment of all citizens, without distinction of age sex, and all resources.
b. The employment of the nation’s citizens and resources for national defense shall be effected by a
national mobilization.
c. The national mobilization shall include the execution of all measures necessary to pass from a peace to
a war footing.
d.The president of the Philippines as the Commander-in-Chief of all military force, shall be responsible
that mobilization measures are prepared at all times
e. A national mobilization shall be ordered in any case of threatened or actual aggression.
f. The national defense organization shall be adapted as closely as possible to the territorial and
administrative organization of the Philippines.
2. The Council of National Defense – The council shall advise the president on all matters of national
defense policy
3. The Army of the Philippines consisting of Regular force and Reserves.
Note: The Philippine Constabulary shall be transferred to the control of the Chief of Staff, who shall
thereafter be responsible in both peace and war for the functions performed by the constabulary at the
time of the passage of CA # 1.
The Regular force shall consist of the Infantry, the cavalry, the field artillery, the Coast Artillery Corps, the
Air Corps, the Corps of Engineers, the Signal Corps,and the active elements of the Offshore Patrol; the
Generl Staff Corps; the Services consisting, the Medical Service; the Ordnance Service and the Chaplain
Service, the Corps of Professors and cadets of the Military academy et.al
The Security Agencies of the Philippines
4. The Creation of the Philippine Military Academy – Its mandate is to train selected candidates for
permanent commission in the Regular Force, Armed Forces of the Philippines.
 31

Mission: “To instruct and develop the cadets so that each graduate shall possess the character, the broad
and basic military skills and education essential to the successful pursuit of a progressive military career.”
5. Citizens’ Preparatory Military Training

a. Purpose: To develop the national spirit; to make the youth physically strong; to make the youth morally
confident, and to prepare the youth for military service.
b. When conducted: The training shall begin in the elementary grade school at the age of ten years and
shall extend through the remainder of his schooling into college or the university.
c. Nature of the training: The preparatory training is compulsory upon the youth attending school and
upon others when they shall become eighteen years of age

The Armed Forces of the Philippines Mandate:

Section 3, Article ll, 1987 Philippine Constitution provides that “The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the
protector of people and the state. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the
national territory.”

Mission:

The AFP is responsible for upholding the sovereignty, supporting the Constitution, and defending the
territory of the Republic of the Philippines against all enemies foreign and domestic; advancing the
national aims, interest and policies; and planning the organization, maintenance, development, and
deployment of its regular and citizen armed force for National Security.

Composition:

Section 4, article XVl, 1987 Philippine Constitution provides that “The Armed Forces of the Philippines
shall be composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo military training and serve, as may be
provided by law. It shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of the state.”

The Department of National Defense

The executive department of the government responsible for guarding against external and internal
threats to peace and security in the country.

It exercises executive supervision over the AFP, the Office of Civil Defense (OCD), the Philippine
Veterans Affairs Office (PVAO), the National Defense College of Philippines (NDCP), the Government
Arsenal (GA), and the Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation (PADC). It is also responsible for
disaster preparation and management in the country.

The National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA)

The primary intelligence gathering and analysis arm of the Philippines, in charge of carrying out overt,
covert, and clandestine intelligence programs.

It cooperates with friendly countries and government agencies in and out of the country by posting agents
[
as liaison officers.

The agency is led by a director-general and is assisted by a deputy director general. The former reports
directly to the president.

The National Security Council

The principal advisory body on the proper coordination and integration of plans and policies affecting
national security.
 32

The National Security Council is a collegial body chaired by the President. It includes concerned officials
of the Cabinet and Congress, as members, as well as other government officials and private citizens who
may be invited by the President
The NSC Secretariat is a permanent body that provides technical support to the Council Proper.
It is headed by the Director General / National Security Adviser.

The Philippine National Police

The armed, Civilian National Police Force in the Philippines

The DILG organizes, trains and equips the PNP for the performance of police functions as a police force
that is national in scope and civilian in character.
The force is under the administrative control and operational supervision of the National Police
Commission.

Meanwhile, the NAPOLCOM is an attached agency of the Department of the Interior and Local
Government for policy and program coordination.
The Secretary of the Interior and Local government is mandated to be the Ex- Officio Chairman of
NAPOLCOM.
 33

DAY 7
Instructions
1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in your test booklet..
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1045H

Lesson 7 The Filipinos during World War 2

Objectives
1. Discuss the role played by the Filipino people during World War 2
2. Discuss the effect of the Europe First Strategy of the Allied Power for the defense of the Philippines
3. Discuss the effect of the implementation of War Plan Orange 3 to the combat capability and reputation
of the Filipino soldiers
4. Discuss the significance of the Filipino guerilla

The Philippine scouts

n 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt officially made Filipinos then serving with American forces (5,000
men in 50 companies) part of the U.S. Army by authorizing the creation of the Philippine Scouts (PS).
Made up of native Filipinos assigned to the United States Army Philippine Department, these troops were
generally enlisted and under the command of American officers, however, a handful of Filipinos received
commissions from the United States Military Academy. Philippine Scout units were given a suffix of (PS),
to distinguish them from other U.S. Army units.

In 1921, the U.S. Army created the Philippine Division, composed primarily of Philippine Scouts. The
division’s major combat units were 43d Infantry Regiment (PS), 45th Infantry Regiment (PS), 57th Infantry
Regiment (PS), 23d Field Artillery Regiment (PS), and 24th Field Artillery Regiment (PS).

When Japan invaded the Philippines in December 1941, Philippine Scouts quickly proved to be some of
the most determined and courageous defenders in General Douglas MacArthur’s U.S. Army Forces in the
Far East (USAFFE). For instance, during the 1942 Battle of Bataan they helped USAFFE delay the
Japanese conquest for four crucial months (January-April) despite suffering from widespread malnutrition
and disease.

The first three World War II Medals of Honor awarded to U.S. Army members went to a Philippine Scout
(Sergeant Jose Calugas) and two American officers who were leading Philippine Scouts units
(Lieutenants Alexander Nininger and Willibald Bianchi).
After the American surrender of Bataan, Philippine Scouts were among the prisoners of war who endured
the horrific Bataan Death March and subsequent brutal Japanese captivity. However, many of the
Filipinos escaped to form the core of the guerrilla bands throughout the Philippines that fought the
Japanese during the 1942-45 occupation. When MacArthur’s forces returned to liberate the Philippines,
surviving Philippine Scouts came forward to rejoin the U.S. Army, and the Philippine Division was
reconstituted as U.S. 12th Infantry Division.
 34

DAY8
Instructions

1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in a one (1) whole sheet of pad paper.
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1100H

Lesson 8 and 9 The Agrarian problem and Policies in the Philippines

Objectives
1. Discuss the agrarian problem in the Philippines
2. Discuss the effects of the Agrarian Problem in the Philippines
3. Discuss the background of the Agrarian Reform Program of the Philippines
4. Discuss the salient features of the different laws governing the agrarian reform in the Philippines
5. Discuss the implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program
6. Discuss the political and economic dimension of the Agrarian Reform Program

Historical Background of the Agrarian Problem in the Philippines

Spanish legacies that contributed to the Agrarian Problem in the Philippines
1. The twofold interest of Spain of making the Philippines as a base for galleon trade (between Mexico
and China) and evangelism resulted in: (1) reliance on the datus (chieftain) for colonial governance and
(2) the monopoly of land ownership by the Catholic church with powerful institutions to protect its own
economic interests. The newly endowed role of a datu (cacique), as a colonial headman (i. e., as a tax
collector, an organizer of compulsory labor services and a judge), in turn enhanced the power of a
datu/cacique over his fellow members in a barangay, and gave him opportunities to collect landholdings
from those who defaulted on loans advanced by the datu/cacique for tax payment.

2. The introduction of the notion of private property rights on land. The introduction notion of land title and
the principle that ‘all lands except those officially proved to be private or communal possessions belonged
to the Spanish crown,’ the crown’s land ownership was established over vast areas of uncultivated land.

Definition of Agrarian Reform

The redistribution of lands, regardless of crops or fruits produced, to farmers and regular farmworkers
who are landless, irrespective of tenural arrangement, to include the totality of factors and support
services designed to lift the economic status of the beneficiaries and all other arrangements alternative to
the physicl redistribution of lands, such as product or profit sharing, labor administration, and the
distribution of shares of stock. Which will allow beneficiaries to receive a just share of the fruits of the
lands they work

Land Reform is a program which seeks to change landlord-tenant relationship with the end in view of
transferring the ownership and control of the agricultural land to the actual tiller.

The principles underlying behind land reform

1. The principles mandated in Article Xlll of the 1987 constitution, particularly the principle that land has a
social responsibility
2. God owns all the lands on earth and the people are mere stewards of talent and property
3. Lands are not intended only for the few, nor for the exclusive control and benefit of the rich or of the
poor, but only for those who are willing to stay on the land and till it
4. Land reform is based on social justice which, in turn, is based on the latin maxim of SALUS POPULI
EST SUPREMA LEX
 35

Land Tenure in the Philippines

Pre-Colonial Period
1. Individual ownership is based on cultivatorship not on title
2. Communal ownership based on needs

Spanish Period
• Land ownership is acquired through the encomienda system which adheres to the Regalian
Doctrine. (No title to land can be acquired by any person except by grant of the king)
Result: The rich, the powerful, the influential and some religious corporations became owners of landed
estates.
• Later, the encomienda system was replaced by the Royal Cedula – which prescribed new modes
of land disposition; namely sale and adjustment, confirmation of imperfect title, and prescription

American Period
• 1. Individual can own up to 16 hectares (Philippine Bill of 1902)
• 2. Corporation Can own up to 1,024 hectares (Philippine Bill of 1902)

Note: Under the Land Registration Act 0f 1902, landowners are required to register their landholding
under the Torrens System.
• 3. Under the Public Land Act of 1903, individual can acquire up to 16 hectares of
uncultivated public land.

The Agrarian Program in the Philippines

Generally, the Land Reform initiatives of the Philippine Government were a combination of:
a. Regulation of tenancy
b. Resettlement to public lands through the Issuance of land patent
c. Land redistribution

A. Regulation of Tenancy
1. The Rice Tenancy Act ( Act N0. 4054 - 1933) Provided:
• a. 50- 50 sharing contract of landlord and tenant (Note: The effectivity of the contract shall
be for one year only)
• b. Tenant’s share was exempted from claims for repayment of debt to landlord
• c. Interest on loans extended to tenant shall not exceed ten percent
2. The Agricultural Tenancy Act (RA 1199 - 1954 )
• a. limited land rents at 30%
• b. Provided for an interest cap of 8 – 10 % per annum
• c. Provided for tenant’s exception from creditor’s liens
3. The Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 (RA 3844 as amended by RA 6389) provided for a
Leasehold system which converts share tenancy to leasehold with the fixed rent at 25 % of the average
harvest in the 3 normal years preceding the operations.
B. Resettlement Programs of Presidents Quezon and Marcos
The resettlement program of Pres. Quezon in resettling the landless people of Luzon and visayas to
Mindanao and other parts of the Philippines
C. Redistribution of lands
1. The Land Reform Act of 1955 Provided
• for compulsory land expropriation for rice lands
But provided for a retention limit of
• 300 contiguous hectare for land planted with rice
• 600 hectares for corporate farms 1024 hectares for private farms other than rice
2. The Agricultural Land Reform Act of 1963 – Goal
• a. Establish owner-cultivatorship and economic family-sized farm
• b. To make the small farmers more independent, self-reliant, among others
 36

The steps/procedures for land redistribution

• a. leasehold
• b. Land transfer – gov’t will expropriate land in excess of the retention limit of 75 hectares
for resell to tenants.
Note: applicable only to land planted with rice and corn
3. The Agrarian Reform Program under Martial Law(PD 27)
• Goal - Emancipation of tenants from the bondage of the soil by transferring to them the
land they till
Features
• it lowered the retention limit from 75 hectares provided under RA 3844 to 7 hectares
• It covers only lands devoted to rice and corn production
• It covers lands whether landed estate or not

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (RA 6657)

Features
• 1. Covers all kinds of agricultural lands
• 2. It lowered the retention limit from 7 hectares under PD 27 to 5 hectares
• 3. Amortization payment is 30 years with 6% annual interest
• 4. It provided for alternative to land redistribution for corporation. Tenant farmer may be given
stock instead of the land.
 37

DAY 9
Instructions
1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in a one (1) whole sheet of pad paper.
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1100H

The CPP-NPA Rebellion

Objectives

1. Discuss the historical background of the CPP-NPA Rebellion

2. State the root causes of the CPP-NPA Rebellion
3. Discuss the objectives of the CPP-NPA
4. Discuss the political and economic dimension of the CPP-NPA Rebellion
5. Discuss the steps taken by the government in solving the CPP-NPA Rebellion

The Root Causes of the CPP-NPA Rebellion By: The National Unification Commission
1. Massive and abject poverty and economic inequity, particularly in the distribution of wealth and control
over the resource base for livelihood
2. Poor governance, including lack of basic social services, absenteeism of elected local officials,
corruption and inefficiency in government bureaucracy, and poor implementation of laws, including those
that should protect the environment
3. Injustice, abuse of those in authority and power, violations of human rights, and inequity,corruption and
delays in the administration of justice 4. Structural inequities in our political system, including control by
an elite minority,
traditional politicians and political dynasties, and enforcement of such control through private armies
5. Exploitation and marginalization of indigenous cultural communities, including lack ofrespect and
recognition of ancestral domain and indigenous legal and political systems

A Recent study applying the multivariate statistical technique to draw up a vulnerability index of the
country’s 75 provinces to CPP-NPA, NDF insurgency and the main factors or causes for the insurgency
are:
1. endemic poverty,
2. educational deprivation,
3. ill health,
4. social injustice,
5. socio-economic deprivation, a

A long-time observer of Maoist insurgency since the Vietnam War argues that the causes of an
insurgency are:
1. the tension between the goals of the leadership – in the CPP’s case these are generally alienated
intellectuals who are strongly committed to Marxism-Leninism (Ideological)
2. its foot soldiers – who are primarily estranged peasants committed to armed struggle as the means to
obtain a degree of social justice (Workers’ Rebellion)

The GRP Responses to the CPP-NPA Rebellion

Generally, the government used:
a. military force (right hand tactic) and
b. socioeconomic and political measures (left hand tactic) to address the root causes the
CPP-NPA Rebellion.
 38

Depending on the a. overall political, economic, social, and environmental context, the strategic situation
on the ground and personality and policy preferences of political and military leaders.

Specifically, the government used conflicting policies to address the rebellion:

a. Pacification position – seeks a cessation of hostilities while making few concessions as possible.
Peace negotiation
b. Victory position – seeks the immediate end of armed conflicts and the defeat of rebel groups. This is
usually accompanied by large scale military operations
c. Institutional position – advocates the adoption and implementation of policies necessary to achieve
sustainable, long-term peace and the articulation of institutions to implement and consolidate these
policies. (socio-economic and political measures)

In pursuing the victory policy the, following OPLANS were designed:

OPLAN KATATAGAN
It was implemented in four stages: clearing, holding, consolidation, and development of areas recovered
from insurgents. It also involved the police, paramilitary forces through the Civil Home Defense Forces
(CHDF), civilian voluntary organizations, and local development agencies in achieving the security-
development design of the plan.
Its primary goal – defense of the state

The victory position of OPLAN KATATAGAN was reflected in the establishment of Special Operations
Teams (SOTs) that had three teams undertaking psychological, security, and
“stay-behind” operations.
The psy-ops team sought to discover guerrilla political organizations and structure,
The security team handled the safety of captured rebels
Stay-behind team took care of barangay defense. socioeconomic
and political measures socioeconomic and political measures

Lambat Bitag its long-term goal was to end the rebellion by addressing its political, economic, and social
causes
“
Immediate Aim -slash its growth through military means” which demonstrates
the “unsheathing of the sword of war,”

Note: The two goals of LAMBAT BITAG indicate the continuing incoherent policy of the military in
response to armed conflict because:
While waging a war of rapid conclusion by prioritizing and destroying guerilla fronts through simultaneous
military offensives countrywide
it also invoked the strict observance of human rights, abiding with the national reconciliation policy,
involving civic and local government officials and mobilizing various sectors like labor, peasantry, clergy,
media, etc.

OPLAN Bantay Laya, a five-year counterinsurgency program involving both the military and civilian
agencies of the government.
Its strategic goal “is to decisively defeat the insurgents’ armed groups in order to obtain and maintain
peace for national development.”
Immediate goals – a. stop the growth of the CPP-NPA,
b. to reduce the CPP-NPA affected areas,
manpower, and firearms

Long term goal: resolve the CPP-NPA threat

Bantay Laya’s operational principle: clear, hold, and support
a.The clear phase involves the conduct of combat, intelligence, and psychological (the so-called triad
concept) operations to militarily defeat the insurgents.
b.The hold phase entails limiting the movement, resources, and mass base support
 39

of the insurgents and preventing their incursion in the barangays to protect the people, defend
communities, and secure vital installations.
c.The support phase is divided into subphases where consolidation and development activities would be
undertaken by civilian agencies.

DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT AND SECURITY PLAN - Long term goal : focus on the promotion and
sustainment of internal stability long term
Immediate goals:
a. Defeat all terrorist groups and armed peace spoilers
b. Resolved all conflicts with major insurgent armed groups
c. Establish a secured environment to enable civil authorities to maintain public order
d. build the foundation for inclusive growth and a high-trust Philippine society.

The strategic execution plan are:

1) Sustained military operations;
2) Contribute to the promotion of peace;
3) Active support for law enforcement; and
4) Contribute to nation-building.
 40

DAY 10

Instructions
1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in a one (1) whole sheet of pad paper.
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1100H

Lesson 11 The Muslim Secessionism in Mindanao

Objectives
a. Discuss the immediate and underlying causes of the Muslim secessionism
b. Discuss the different secessionist movements
c. State the objectives of the different secessionist Movements
d. Discuss their methods in achieving their objectives
e. Discuss the steps taken by the government to solve the Muslim secessionism
f. Discuss the political and economic effects of the Muslim Insurgency to the Philippines
g. Discuss the impact of the Muslim secessionism to the Philippine Foreign Relations

Causes of the Muslim Secessionism

By: Soliman Santos Jr.
A. Historical Roots causes

(1) the forcible/ illegal annexation of Moroland to the Philippines under the Treaty of Paris in
1898;
(2) military pacification;
(3) imposition of confiscatory land laws;
(4) indionization (or Filipinization) of public administration in Moroland and the destruction of
traditional political institutions;
(5) Government financed/ induced land settlement and migration to Moroland;
(6) land-grabbing/conflicts; and
(7) cultural inroads against the Moros

B. Contemporary causes
1. the Jabidah Massacre in 1968;
2. Ilaga (Christian vigilante) and military atrocities in 1970-72; and
3. government neglect and inaction on Moro protests and grievances.
According to a discussion paper entitled Breaking the Links between economic and Conflict in Mindanao”
presented at the Waging Peace conference in Manila in December 2003

Root causes
1. Diverse Cultures 6. Political Marginalization
2. Historical Background
3. Dispossession
4. Poverty
5. Discrimination

Triggers of Conflict
1. Jabidah massacre
2. paramilitary atrocities against the Muslims
3. The shift of political power from the Muslims to the Christians
4. The Declaration of Martial Law
(2.) The secessionist Movements
a. The Moro National Liberation Front
 41

 Leaders: Founded and headed by Nur Misuari/ Hashim Salamat

 Ideology: Political Independence of the Moros in Mindanao but later moved back to Autonomy
 Objective: establishment of an independent state known as the Bangsamoro Republic for the
moros in Mindanao
 Means, tactics and strategy: Use of Armed struggle to gain their objective, use of guerrilla
warfare, use of military confrontation and diplomatic pressure by foreign allies
 Sphere of influence: Sulu archipelago, Mindanao and Palawan ( MINSUPALA)
 Accomplishments: Signing of the Tripoli Agreement creating an autonomous region covering
thirteen provinces in Minsupala and the FPA.

Foreign connections: Malasia, Libya, and Organization of Islamic cooperation (OIC), Saudi Arabia
b. Moro Islamic Liberation Front
Leaders: Hashim Salamat, Al-Hajj Murad Ebrahim and Mohagher Iqbal
Ideology: Political Independence of the Moro people in Mindanao
Objective: establishment of an Islamic state in Mindanao for the Moros
Means, Tactics and strategy: Used of Armed Struggle, use of Guerrilla wafare, use of Military
Confrontation and diplomatic pressure by foreign allies
Sphere of influence: Minsupala
Accomplishments:signing of the Memorandum of Agreement for Ancestral Domain (MOA-AD), which
would have extended the 1996 ARMM boundaries and eventually replaced the ARMM completely and
BBL

Foreign Connection: Malaysia, Libya, OIC, Saudi Arabia and Iran

C. Abu Sayyaf
Leaders: Abdurajak Abubakar Janjanlani, Khadaffy Janjanlani, Galib Andang, Yasser Igasan, Isnilon
Hapilon,Rabdulan Sahiron, Abu Sulaiman and Albader Parad
Ideology: Political Independence of the Moros in Mindanao
Objectives: establishment of an Islamic state
Means, Tactics, strategy: Armed Struggle, Guerrilla Warfare, Military confrontation
Sphere of influence: Sulu archielago and Mindanao
Difference with MNLF & MILF: The government considered the Abu Sayyaf as Terrorist group/ no political
ideology
Foreign Connection: Libya, Jimaah Islamiyah (Indonesia and Malaysia), Al qaeda, ISIS

D. The Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighter

Leader/s: Omra Ameril Kato, Mohammad Ali Tambako, Ismael Abubakar , Abu Misry Mama
Ideology: Political Independence of the moro people in Mindanao
Objective: set up an Islamic State in the southern Philippines
Means, tactic, strategy: Armed Struggle, Guerrilla Warfare, Military confrontation
Sphere of influence: Mindanao
Difference with the MNLF and MILF: Considered by GRP as a terrorist group/ no political ideology
Similarity/ies with Abu Sayyaf: Terrorist group, connected with international terrorist groups such as JI, Al
Qaeda, ISIS

E. Maute Group (Daulah Islamiyah

 42

Leaders:Abdullah Maute, Omarkhayam Maute, Mohammad Khayam Maute, Farhana Maute, Cayamora
Maute
Ideology: Political independence of the Moros in Mindanao
Objective: establish the Daulah Islamiyah Wilayatul Mashriq (Islamic state in East Asia) under the
leadership of Isnilon Hapilon as Amir
Means, Tactics, strategy: Armed struggle, guerrilla warfare, Military confrontation in cooperation with
international terrorists group
Foreign connections: Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from Indonesia , and its affiliate in Malaysia, Kumpulan
Mujahidin Malaysia (KMM) and Islamic State of Iraq and Syria(ISIS)

The GRP policy positions in addressing the armed conflict in Mindanao

1. Pacification position – seeks a cessation of hostilities and demobilization of the insurgent force while
making concessions as possible.
• it may be accompanied by attempts to improve the military position in order to pressure
towards cessation of hostilities and demobilization with concessions;
2. Victory position – seeks the immediate end of armed conflicts and the defeat of insurgents
3. Institutional position – advocates the adoption and implementation of policies necessary to achieve
sustainable, long-term peace and the articulation of institutions to implement and consolidate these
policies
Note: The government’s responses to the armed conflict were a compromise between civilian and military
interpretations and perceptions of armed threats and how best to respond to them.

• The balance between the use of military force (right hand) and socioeconomic and political
measures (left hand) to address the root causes of the insurgency is dependent upon:

• a. the overall political, economic, social, and environmental context, the strategic situation on the
ground,
• b. the personality and policy preferences of political and military leaders
• Government counter secessionist efforts
• Marcos administration
• 1. Military ActionThe Government's initial response to the insurgency in Mindanao was to put
more troops into the troubled area.
• Phases of the Military Operatio
• 1.1. consolidation of existing forces and build-up of troops and resources
1.2. offensive phase aimed at the destruction of rebel forces which involved :
a. Securing bases for future operation
b. Consolidation of areas not under rebel control
c. Strengthening of the CHDF -This was to enable the people to secure their respective communities and
free AFP units for operations against the main rebel forces.
1.3. reestablishment of civil authority which involved:
a. appointment of local officials,
b. reintroduction of government agencies,
c. reopening of schools, and
d. strengthening of police forces
1.4. reconstruction and rehabilitation phase
1.5. reconciliation phase -An intensive psychological operations directed towards the people to forget the
hatred, animosity and bitterness caused by the conflict will be conducted by the government.
2. Diplomatic Offensive – Because of
• the escalating cost of military operation against the rebels and
• the possibility of sanctions by the Middle East countries that controlled its oil supply
diplomatic offensive was launched aimed at closing the flow of foreign support to the Muslim rebels which
involved:
• establishing friendly relations with Islamic countries
 43

• supporting the Arab cause in the United Nations to persuade Israel to withdraw from
occupied Arab territories
• getting the support of Indonesia in presenting its case to the OIC Foreign Ministers
Conference in Kuala Lumpur that led
the conferees to agree that secession is not the solution to the 'Muslim problem' in the Mindanao.
3. Socioeconomic development
a. extending to them as much economic aid as possible, to wit:
• building more roads and irrigation systems
• revising Amanah Bank operations to conform with the Islamic concept of banking ( no
interest and partnership principle
• Removing the restrictions on the barter trade with Borneo
• Major portions of loans secured from the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and
other United Nations organizations were invested in infrastructure and socioeconomic
projects in Mindanao
• Creating the Southern Philippines Development Authority (SPDA)
b. promoting their cultural heritage and attending to their educational and social needs
• Establishment of the Institute of Islamic Studies at UP Diliman
• Proclamation of Muslim holidays for the region
• Codification of Muslim personal laws and establishment of sharia courts
4. Moves to Discredit the MNLF
• The government claimed that the MNLF does not represent the sentiments of the Filipino
Muslims
• a conference in Marawi City sponsored by the 'Federation of the Royal Houses of
Mindanao and Sulu' placed on record its unanimous vote of confidence in President
Marcos' leadership
• convince MNLF members to surrender by giving them amnesty and incentives ranging from
cash grants, logging concessions and scholarships to military commissions and placements
in the government at the municipal or regional assembly level
5. Peace Negotiation - leading to the signing of the Tripoli Agreement
2. Corazon Aquino Administration
Adopted the policy of reconciliation leading her:
• To release political prisoner from the CPP-NPA
• Resume negotiation with the MNLF leading to signing of the Jeddah Accord (Jan 4, 1987)
proposed to grant autonomy to all of Mindanao and the island provinces of Tawi-Tawi, Basilan, Sulu and
Palawan "subject to democratic processes.“
• Despite breakdown of the talks, the Government pursued to form an autonomous region in
Mindanao
• To help Congress draft an organic act, the Mindanao Regional Consultative Commission
(MRCC) was organized
Passage of the Organic Act of 1989 -creating the four Muslim-dominated provinces of Sulu, Tawi-Tawi,
Maguindanao and Lanao del Sur composed the new Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM).
He proclaimed certain provinces of Mindanao as Special Zone of Peace and Development(SZOPAD)
consisting of the following:
(a) The provinces of Basilan, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao,
Palawan, Sarangani, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, South Cotabato, Tawi-Tawi Zamboanga del Norte, and
Zamboanga del Sur; and
(b) The cities of Cotabato, Dapitan, Dipolog, General Santos, Iligan, Marawi, Pagadian, Puerto Princesa,
and Zamboanga.
The above areas shall be provided with the following development efforts:
(a) Provision for basic services in the depressed areas of the ZOPAD, such as water, electricity,
educational facilities, socialized housing, and health and sanitation, among others;
(b) Provision for adequate infrastructure facilities to support the development requirements within
the ZOPAD and enhance linkages with areas outside of it;
(c) Promotion of investments and trade, both domestic and international, to generate employment and
create opportunities for economic development;
 44

(d) Provision for entrepreneurial development support, livelihood assistance, and credit facilities so that
those in the ZOPAD, especially the vulnerable sectors such as women, farmers and fisher folk,
unemployed, urban and rural poor, among others, shall have greater control over their economic
destinies; and
(e) Provision for capability-building assistance for local communities and organizations, especially
women's groups, to take full advantage of development programs and projects in the ZOPAD.
Development efforts in the ZOPAD shall be carried out through the following:
a. Institutional Mechanisms such as
a.a. Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD)
a.b. Cabinet Officer for Regional Development (CORD) system,
a.c. area-specific development task forces,
a.d. regional development councils system,
a.e. Southern Philippines Development Authority, and
a.f. other institutional mechanisms which may be established; and

b. Existing development programs, such as but not limited to

b.a. the BIMP-East ASEAN Growth Area,
b.b. Social Reform Agenda localization programs,
b.c. flagship projects, and
b.d. Presidential Council for Countryside Development (PCCD) programs for priority provinces.
The Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD) - to coordinate and promote the
economic and social growth and development of the ZOPAD
Specifically:
(a) To take charge in promoting, monitoring, and coordinating the improvement of peace and order in the
ZOPAD;
(b) To focus on peace and development efforts more particularly in the depressed areas of the ZOPAD
and cause the implementation of peace and development projects;
(c) To provide support to local government units as necessary;
(d) To exercise such other powers and functions necessary for the effective implementation of its mandate
as may be delegated by the President;
(e) To cause the creation of such offices or instrumentalities as shall be necessary for the effective and
efficient administration of the affairs of the areas
Role of SPCPD with respect to development concerns
(a) Promote, coordinate, and monitor development efforts in the ZOPAD, including the encouragement of
domestic and foreign investments, subject to existing laws, especially from the Organization of Islamic
Conference and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations;
(b) Network with government and other development institutions to generate resources and economic
opportunities for the ZOPAD; and
(c) Coordinate for the Office of the President with concerned departments and local government units in
the promotion and the implementation of the programs and projects of the following agencies, namely: the
Southern Philippines Development Authority (SPDA), the Office of Muslim Affairs (OMA), and the Office of
Southern Cultural Communities (OSCC), only insofar as their respective offices or projects located in the
ZOPAD are concerned; and the Basilan Development Task Force, the Central Mindanao Development
Task Force the Sulu Development Planning Task Group.
Role of SPCPD with respect to Peace and Order Concerns
(a) Monitor the implementation of peace and order and public safety measures in the area;
(b) Hold consultative meetings and disseminate vital information pertaining to peace and order in the
area;
(c) Conduct advocacy and public information to drive to enhance public support for law and order in the
area;
(d) Keep itself informed of peace and order programs and situation obtaining in the area, through
coordination with military and police forces, and request such police or military forces to address specific
contingencies in accordance with law, provided however, that the control and supervision of the police
and the military forces shall remain and continue to be vested in their respective chains of command
under existing laws; and
 45

(e) Submit reports and make recommendations to the President on matters pertaining to peace and order
in the ZOPAD, in coordination with the Consultative Assembly.
The Estrada Administration
Policy on the MILF – All-out-war
Battle for Camp Abubakar then capture of Camp Abubakar
The Arroyo Administration
Signing of the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain – Bangsamoro Juridical Entity between
GRP and MILF. (Not implemented because it was declared unconstitutional
The Pnoy Administration
Negotiation for the passage of the BBL . The passage of the BBL was suspended because of the
Mamasapano encounter.
 46

DAY 11
Instructions
1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in a one (1) whole sheet of pad paper.
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1100H

Lesson 11 The Marawi Crisis, The Philippine Foreign Relations and Policies

Objectives
1. Describe the Marawi Crisis
2. Discuss the impact of the Marawi Crisis to the
a. combat capabilities of the members of the AFP
b. intelligencecapabilities of the AFP
c. Philippine Foreign Relations
d. National Security Policy of the Philippines
 Discuss the different planks of Philippine foreign relations
 Discuss how our foreign relations benefited our military and national security
 Discuss the constitutional mandate for Philippine Foreign Policy
 Discuss the pillars of the Philippine Foreign Policy
 Discuss the Foreign Policy of the President Rodrigo R. Duterte

The Philippine Foreign Policies

1. Close relations with the United States
2. Sympathy with the aspirations of all dependent states, particularly Asian state
3.Close cooperation with the United Nations
Note: President R. Duterte’s Foreign policy emphasized on Independent Foreign Policy.

First Plank: Implementation

After the declaration of Philippine Independence, RP and U.S. entered into treaties/agreements designed
to continue their so-called close friendship along
A. Military Affairs
B. Economic Affairs
C. Social/Cultural Affairs
Recognizing the mutuality of their interest in matters of defense and that measures should be taken to
protect their security, the Philippines and U.S. entered into a Military Base Agreement (March 14, 1947)
where the U.S. was
Granted the right to retain the use of their bases in the Philippines for 99 years
Allowed to use such bases as the latter may determine according to military necessity
May negotiate with the Philippines for the expansion of the bases.
(Note: The agreement was terminated on 21 December 1992)

On March 21, 1947, The Philippines and U.S. entered into a Military Assistance Pact where:
The U.S. would furnish arms, ammunitions, equipments, and supplies to the Armed Forces of the
Philippines
A Military Advisory Group composed of Filipino and American personnel is created the function of
which is to provide such advice and assistance to the Philippines
 47

U.S grants support to Philippine Defense Reform (PDR)/Philippine Defense Transportation (PDT),
counter-terrorism capacity, building, maritime security initiatives, and sustainment of major weapons
systems under the Foreign Military Financing (FMF).

 U.S Provided military hardware and funded refurbishment/shipping costs under the
Presidential Drawdown Authority
 The United States enhanced the Philippines’ Coast Watch System (CWS) program by
providing surveillance equipment such as radars, Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) pods,
arris radios, and other interdiction platforms to the Philippine Navy; Philippine Air Force, and
Philippine Marine Corps under the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 1206

On August 30,1951, the Philippines and U.S. entered into the Mutual defense Treaty
 It provides, among others, that “Each party recognizes that an armed attack in the pacific
area on either of the parties would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares
that it would act to meet the common dangers in accordance with its constitutional
processes.

The Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) was strengthened by

a. Visiting forces Agreement – providing for entry of US forces in the Philippines to conduct military
exercises.
b. Expanded Defense Cooperation Agreement – providing for the entry of US forces in the Philippines to
conduct military exercises and rotational presence in 5 locations in the Philippines.

The Constitutional Mandate on Foreign Policy

Section 7, Article 11 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution provides that “The State shall pursue an
independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states, the paramount consideration shall be national
sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination.”

The Arroyo Administration Foreign Policies

The pillars of Philippine foreign policy.
 the preservation and enhancement of national security,;
 the promotion and attainment of economic security through the mobilization of external
resources for economic advancement and social development; and
 the protection of the rights and promotion of the welfare and interests of Filipinos
overseasPresident Duterte’s Independent Foreign Policy

,1. The “separation of Philippine foreign policy from the US.” Which means lessening Manila’s
dependence on Washington while maintaining “historic alliance” with America.
2. The “improvement of relations with China.” Emphasizing that this does not mean that the Philippines
should shift to an alliance with China, this simply that strengthening ties with Beijing would focus on
economic cooperation while exploring ways of lowering tensions over the two countries’ maritime
disputes.
3. The improvement of relations with non-traditional partners,” including Russia, Japan, and India, while
striving to “maintain the centrality of ASEAN.”

Realities In foreign relations

 China, Japan and the United States have a determining influence in the security situation and
economic evolution of East Asia.
 Philippine foreign policy decisions have to be made in the context of the ASEAN.
 The International Islamic Community will become important to the Philippines.
 The coming years will see the redefinition of the role of multilateral and inter-regional
organizations in promoting common interest.
 The defense of the nation’s sovereignty, the protection of its environment, and natural resources
can be carried out only to the extent that we get others to respect our rights over our maritime
territory.
 48

 The country’s economic growth will continue to require direct foreign investment — and relations
with the EU, the largest source of portfolio investments — will remain important.
 The Philippines can benefit most quickly from international tourism.
 Filipinos overseas will continue to play a critical role in the country’s economic and social stability.
 49

DAY 12
Instructions
1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in a one (1) whole sheet of pad paper.
4. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1100H

Lesson 12 The Philippine National Security policy and Strategy

Objectives
1. Define Philippine National Security
2. Discuss the different national security interest of the Philippines
3. Discuss the different goals of national security of the Philippines
4. Discuss the strategy for national security of the Philippines

In accordance with the 1987 constitution, president Duterte directed the formulation of the 2017-2022
Philippine National Security Policy which serves as guidance for the government in facing the pressing
national security challenges.
The policy embodied the government’s effort to address all threats to Philippines’ survival.
As a policy, the Philippines will end all armed conflict and lawlessness based on three realities:
a. Economic prosperity is dependent on national security. Hence the Philippines should guard against
external threat, quell all secessionist and ideological rebellions, and address their roots
b. The risks and opportunities of a single ASEAN Economic community: We need to equip our people with
the necessary tools and skill to adapt to the regional integration
c. The expansive global community. We will pursue an independent foreign policy.
Philippine National Security: Definition
• “the state of condition wherein the people’s way of life and institutions, their territorial integrity
and sovereignty, as well as their welfare and well-being are protected and/or advanced.”
(1964 NICA)
• “a state of condition where our most cherished values and beliefs, our democratic way of life,
our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare and well-being as a nation and people
are permanently protected and continuously enhanced.”(NSC)
• “a state or condition wherein the people’s welfare, well-being, ways of life, government and its
institutions; territorial integrity; sovereignty; and core values are enhanced and protected.”
• ( 2017-2022 Philippine National Security Policy)

In pursuing national security, the Philippines identified the following as the core national interest:
1. Promotion of freedom, public safety and welfare of the people
2. Ending all armed internal conflict , i.e communist insurgency, extremism and terrorism
3. Preservation of sovereignty and integrity of the national territory
4. pursuit of independent foreign policy in the exercise of national sovereignty and self-determination
5. pursuit and sustainment of inclusive economic growth and development
6. Protection of the Filipino public from criminality, illegal drugs, pandemics, cyber-attack and weapons of
mass destruction
7. Freedom from any form of nuclear weapons within the Philippine territory
8. Protection and preservation of ecological balance
9. Promotion of cohesion and national unity
10. Deterrence of illegal migration and intrusion of foreign national across borders
11. Promotion of rights of the farmers especially the agrarian reform beneficiaries
12.Promotion of quality education

In pursuing the declared national interest, the Philippines identified the following goals of national security:
1. Guarantee public safety and achieve good governance
 50

2. Mitigate the impact of health related threats

3. Develop dynamic, inclusive and sustainable economy
4. Achieve food and water security
5. safeguard and preserve national sovereignty ant territorial integrity
6. Heighten consciousness and pride on Filipino heritage, culture and values
7. Promote human and ecological security
8. Achieve energy security
9. ensure maritime and airspace security
10. Strengthen international relations
11. Provide strong cyber infrastructure and cyber security
12. Improve vital transportation infrastructure and port security

The Challenges to Philippine National Security

A. Internal environment
1. Law and order and administration. This concerns the assurance of public safety and enforcing the
rule of law.
2. Internal armed conflicts. The CPP-NPA and the secessionist muslim rebels continues to pose a threat
to internal security.
3.Terrorism and Transnational Crimes
4. Economic and Social Threats. Poverty

B. External Environment
1.Overlapping Territorial Claims and Maritime Domain Issues. WPS
2. Gobal and Regional Geopolitical Issues. USA, China, Japan
3. Increased Global Economic uncertainties. economic crisis of one country affects other countries
because of regional integration.
4. Global security issues and the welfare of OFWs.
5. Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction

Other issues and challenges

1. The threat of cybercrime
2. Climate change
3. Institutional concerns

The strategy of the Philippines to achieve national security is the combined and coordinated use of the
instruments of national power namely:

1. Political and legal . This involves the

 strengthening of policy organization, formulation, legislation and generation and appropriation of
funds.
 Addressing the weaknesses pertaining to bureaucratic turfing, uneven playing field, poor
governance overlapping and multiple inter-agency mechanisms
 Promotion of transparency, accountability and participatory governance
 Strengthening the five pillars of criminal justice system
 Cultivating a culture of peaceand mainstreaming conflict sensitive and peace promoting
approaches in safeguarding the safety of the people

2. Diplomatic This involve the

 development of good partnership and improving all forms of foreign relations to ensure the
protection of OFW
 advancing the pursuit of common interests that aremutually beneficial to the Philippines and other
countries

3. Economic and Technology. It involves

 Broadening of economic ventures
 51

 Fostering of cooperation in the area of innovation and technology development

 Promoting sustainable development focusing on reducing poverty and income gaps through the
creation of jobs
 Improvement of the education sector
 Attraction of direct foreign investments

4. Military and Law Enforcement This involve

 Having a well-equipped, trained, disciplined and motivated members of the AFP
 Building a credible deterrence capability
 Enhancing mutual defense arrangements with other countries

5. Wealth Creation and Resource Generation

6. Human Capital Development This involve

 The establishment of quality education
 In providing global-standard education
 Developing in the mindframe of the citizen to look beyond their personal interest and look into the
interest and needs of the society also

7. National Security Legislation This involve

 Enacting appropriate law to address the country’s national security challenges i.e National
Defense Act of the Philippines, Anti-Terrorism Law, Bangsamoro Basic Law among others

8. Development of Strategic Industries

.
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Day 13
Instructions
1. Guided by the objectives, read the lesson readings for the day
2. You can discuss the lesson with your classmates if you need to in order to understand the lesson. You
can even ask help from anybody within your reach if you are allowed to do so.
3. When you are done reading the lesson, you are directed to answer the lesson exam. Write your answer
in a one (1) whole sheet of pad paper.
5. Submit your paper to your marcher on or before 1100H

Lesson 13. The West Philippines Dispute,

Objectives

1. Discuss historical background of the dispute

2. Discuss the 9-dash line concept of the Chinese Government
3. Discuss the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as source right of the Philippines over
several Islands in the West Philippines Sea
4. Discuss the implications of the West Philippines dispute to the national security of the country