REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

Bicol University
College of Industrial Technology
East Campus, Legazpi City
A.Y.: 2020-2021
ISO 9001:2015
TÜV Rheinland ID 910863351

AS 1: Introduction to Industrial Arts

Lesson 3.7: Refrigeration
(Part 1)

Prepared By:

Aira Mae Millena

BTVTED 2A
 “Life without industry is guilt; industry without art is brutally”
- John Rushkin
Contents:
- Refrigeration
- Tools and Equipment
- Maintenance of Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia

3.7 Refrigeration
- Literally, the word
“refrigerate “ is to make or
High Temperature
keep cool or cold; to preserve Reservoir
(food, biologicals, etc.) by
keeping cold and freezing, as
in Webster’s New Dictionary. Heat Rejected
- According to ASRE
(American Society of
Refrigeration Engineering),
refrigeration is defined as the Work
science of providing and
maintaining temperatures
R Input
below that of surroundings.
- It may also defined as the
artificial withdrawal of heat, Heat Absorbed
producing in a substance or
within a space a temperature
lower that which would exist
under the natural influence of Low Temperature
surroundings. Reservoir
The following refrigeration systems exist for industrial processes (e.g. chilling plants) and
domestic purposes (modular units, i.e. refrigerators):
 Small capacity modular units of the direct expansion type similar to domestic
refrigerators. (50 Tons of Refrigeration)
 Centralized chilled water plants with chilled water as a secondary coolant for a
temperature range over typically 5 oC. They can also be used for iced bank formation.
(50-250 TR)
 Brine plants, which used brines as a lower temperature, secondary coolant for typically
sub-zero temperature applications, which come as modular unit capacities as well as large
centralized plant capacities. (>250 TR)
NOTE: 50 TR = small capacity
50-250 TR = medium capacity
>250 TR = large capacity
Types of Refrigeration Systems

 Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR)

o Uses mechanical energy
o Highly compressed fluids tend to get colder when allowed to expand
o If pressure high enough, then the compressed air will be hooter that our source of
cooling (outside air, for instance) and the expanded gas will be cooler than our
desired cold temperature. In this case, fluid is used to cool a low temperature
environment and reject the heat to a high temperature environment.

Figure 1: VCR Refrigeration Cycle

 Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR)
o Uses thermal energy
o The absorption system differs fundamentally from vapour compression systems
only in the method of employed for compressing the refrigerant.
o In the absorption system, the compressor is replaced by an absorber, generator
and a pump.

Figure 2: VAR Refrigeration Cycle

 Magnetic Refrigeration
o Remove heat and maintain low temperature
o Magnetic refrigerator is a cooling technology based on magneto caloric effect.
o It is used to attain temperature well below 1 kelvin.

Figure 3: Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle

 Industrial Refrigeration
o Used in cold storage, process cooling, water chilling, individual quick freezing.
o Up to 500 TR capacity using halocarbon or ammonia
o Complete with compressors, condensers, all vessels and electrical equipment
required.

Figure 4: Industrial Refrigeration Cycle

3.7.1 Refrigeration Tools and Equipment
Refrigeration Tools are used in performing preventive maintenance and repair on air
conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, and automotive air conditioner.

Screwdrivers
 Standard slot is a tool used for turning with a slot-head bolt or screw.

 Philips is a tool used for turning with Philips-head bolts or screw

 Clutch head is a tool used for turning with a clutch head bolt or screw.

 Torx head is a tool used for turning with a torx bolt or screw
  Stub is a tool used for tightening or loosening in places where a longer blade will not fit
especially in narrow places.

 Offset is a tool used for tightening or loosening in extremely close places.

 Nut Drivers – Hand held driver to drive or remove hex nuts or bolts. Mostly applicable to deep
down places where our hand is not able to reach. Straight hand grip type and the T-type drivers
are available for you to choose.

Wrenches
 Open wrench is a tool used for working with hex-head bolts, nuts, or screws.
 Box wrench refers to the tool with flat interior surfaces so that it is less likely to slip off
when working with hex-head bolts, nuts, or screws when added torque is applied.

 Combination wrench is a tool with an open end and a box end. It is designed for the
convenience of an operator who may need an open end for speed tightening and
loosening while the box end is used for adding torque.

 Adjustable open wrench is a tool used for working with hex-head bolts, nuts, and
screws of various sizes.

 Pipe wrench is a tool used for working with pipe, pipe fittings, and other rounded
surfaces.
  Flare nut wrench is a tool used for working with hex-head nuts, bolts, or screws in
which the open end permits the wrench to slip over tubing.

Pliers
 Slip joint is a tool used for holding or turning a part where surface marring is not a
problem.

 Slip groove is a tool used on a wider surface and where more leverage may be required.

 Long Nose is a tools used for holding small nuts, screws, or for reaching hard reached
places.
 Diagonal cutter is a tool used for cutting wire only.

 Self-locking pliers is a tool used for working where tight grip is needed. It also locks in
place to free operator to use another tool.

 Pinch-off wrench is a tool designed especially to crimp refrigeration tubing to prevent

loss of refrigerant when a tube is being soldered or brazed.

 Bench Vise – a refrigeration tool with two jaws for holding works. Most of the time we need a
vise to hold the copper tube so that we can braze the joints correctly. Or we must clamp the
machine bolt so that we can remove the hex nut. Or simply clamp a piece of steel bar so that we
can cut it into the size we need.
  Yoke Vise – a pipe vise. It is good to have a yoke vise in your working bench. Yoke vise is a
common refrigeration tool a mechanic should have. Either you are lengthening your water pipes
or removing electrical conduit pipes, a yoke vise clamps the tubing without deforming them.

 Electrical Plier – Insulated plier use by electrician. An 8 inch electrical plier is a must have in
your tool box. There are times when it is necessary to remove a live fuse from a fuse box. Or
arranging the stranded wires.

Hammer
 Ball peen hammer is a tool used for hammering metal tools such as punches and chisels.
  Soft face hammer is a tool made of plastic, rawhide or material that will not mar or
break other tools or materials being hammered.

 Sledge hammer is a tool made with a heavy steel head and a long handle for breaking or
pounding with substantial force.

 Claw hammer is a tool used for driving or pulling nails

Punches, Chisels, and Bars

 Pin punch is a tool used for driving both straight and tapered pins into or out of hubs or
shafts.
 Centre punch is a tool used for indenting metal to safely start a drill.

 Flat chisel is a tool used for cutting off bolt heads or splitting nuts.

 Pry bar is a tool used for a variety of jobs, but generally for prying equipment into
alignment.

 Scratch awl is a tool used for making on metal, making screw holes in sheet metal, and
for aligning screw holes.
Files
 Flat file is a tool used for smoothing metal surfaces; the surface is double-cut to help
promote even application.

 Half round file is a tool used for fitting rounded surfaces.

 Round File is a tool used for smoothing or enlarging holes in metal; because of the
tapered end, they are often called “rat-tail” files.

 Point file is a tool used for cleaning up damaged threads or other “fine” work; it is
sometimes called a “saw” file.

 Triangular file a tool used for working in tight places and “fine” finish work.
Socket Sets
 Ratchet Handle is used to drive handle socket that fits on so that tightening or loosening
motion can be limited to a short back and forth motion.

 Socket is a device that snaps onto a ratchet handle so the device can be used to work
on hex-head bolts or nuts.

 Deep socket is a device that snaps on to a ratchet handle so the device can be used to
work on hex-head bolts or nuts that are in recessed places that a regular socket cannot
reach.

 Extension refers to a rod that extends from the socket to the handle to extend the socket
into hard-to-reach places.
 Torque wrench is a tool used for tightening hex-head bolts and nuts to specified limits

 Speed handle is a tool used to drive by operating with both hands so that an operator can
loosen or tighten nuts and bolts quickly.

 Universal joint refers to device that fits between a handle and a socket to permit the
socket to be turned to any one of several angles and to facilitate hard-to-reach nuts and
bolts.
Tubing Tools
 Tubing cutter is a tool used for smoothly cutting tubing with opposing cutting wheels
that are slowly tightened by a ratchet-like control as the cutter is turned around.

 Flaring block is a tool used for holding tubing according to its size so that it can be
flared.

 Tube reamer is a tool used for cleaning burrs inside the tubing that has been cut; it is
often built into a tubing cutter.
 Double flare punch is a tool used with a flaring block to bend tubing back and force it
down and roll it into the open tubing end to make a tube with double thickness.

 Swage punch is a tool used for enlarging the end cut tubing so that another tube size can
be placed into the tubing and soldered

 Lever-type bender is a tool used for bending tube in such a way that the tubing will
retain its rounded shape and not flatten out at the point of the bend.

 Bending spring is a tool used for placement over the outside of the tubing to keep the
tubing from collapsing while it is being bent.
  Brazing torch – is a refrigeration tool to use in soldering the joints of two copper tubes together.
800 degrees Fahrenheit is required to solder copper tubing. Map gas is generally used in these
applications, although oxygen-acetylene is also popular except they are bulky and heavy. It can
reach a temperature of 3600 degrees Fahrenheit. When brazing copper tube joints, do it in a well-
ventilated area. Prolong inhalation can cause cancer.

Threading Tools
 Tap is a tool used for cutting inside threads in a hole.

 Hand tap wrench refers to the handle used for threading inside threads with a tap.
 T-handle tap Wrench refers to the handle with an adjustable holding device mush like
the chuck on a drill. Used with a tap to drill inside threads, especially smaller size
threads.

 Round stock die is a tool used for cutting external threads on round stock and is
available in many sizes and specifications

 Die stock refers to the handle that fits over a round a die to secure it and facilitate
turning.

 Pipe cutter refers to the adjustable clamp-type device with sharp-edged rollers that cut
into pipe as they are tightened and turned

 Pipe die is a tool used for cutting external threads on pipe.

  Pipe die stock ratchet is a tool used for handle designed especially for speeding up the
cutting of external pipe threads.

Other Hand Tools and Equipment

 Wire stripper is a tool used for removing insulation from electrical wires without
damaging the wires.

 Drop light is a tool used to provide light in dark or poorly-lit work areas. These lights
frequently have an electrical outlet in the handle, but because they are made of small-
gauge wire, they should not be used to power appliances such as refrigerators.
 Oil can refers to a tool that has a long, flexible spout to reach hard-to-reach places, a cap
to prevent oil from dripping out.

 Hack saw is a tool used for cutting metals in installation and service work, but not
recommended for cutting refrigeration tubing because the fittings can contaminate a
system.

 Screw starter is used for starting small slot or Philips head screws in hard-to-reach
places.

 Carpenter Saw – a hand tool with tooth blade used to cut wood. Fabricating wooden frame for a
window type air conditioner, cutting wooden sticks to be used to elevate an air conditioner unit.
Fabricating elevated stand for a split type stand-alone indoor unit.
 Tape Measure – steel tape measuring device. Put one in your pocket whenever you are going out
into the field. Either you are going to make measurement for the length of the copper tubing you
will need for a certain project, or measuring the volume of a room.

 Electric Drill Gun – is also a good refrigeration tool a refrigeration mechanic should have. We
measure the size of a drill gun by the size of the chuck. I have with me a 1/2 inch chuck, and it is
all I need in doing different things, like installing a new compressor and I need to make new holes
for the anchor bolts.

 Gauge Manifold – refrigeration tool pressure gauges. Whenever you are reprocessing a
refrigerator, or replacing a new compressor for a freezer, or charging refrigerant to your
automotive air conditioner, you need a gauge manifold to tell you if you are doing it right.
3.7.2 Maintenance of Tools, Equipment and Paraphernalia
If you take care of your tools, they will return the favor. Proper care and routine
maintenance of your hand tools and power tools makes any home improvement or repair project
easier, safer and more successful. Proper tool care also saves you money because the better
they’re cared for, the longer they’ll last.

Hand Tools
Hand tools such as screwdrivers, wrenches, hammers, pliers, levels, and wire cutters are
examples of common household tools that are often left out in places such as basements, garages
and tool sheds. Tools are tough, but they are not indestructible and exposure to the elements can
take its toll.
Below are some tips on how to take care of your tools and store them properly so that you
get optimum use out of them:

Clean, Inspect and Care for Tools

Make it a habit to clean tools after each use before you return them to storage. Wipe them
down with a rag or old towel and be sure they are free of dust, grease and debris before you put
them into their proper places. This is also an opportunity to look for any damage or defects.
Check your tools' handles for splinters, breaks and cracks. Also, make sure that metal parts show
no signs of corrosion or rust. Repair or replace any tools that show signs of damage.

Cold chisels, log-splitting wedges and other striking tools can be very dangerous if they are
not maintained properly. Because these types of tools are used for repeated striking, the surface
of the metal head eventually mushrooms out and spreads to form a lip or ridge around the edge.
With continued use, there is more spreading and the metal lip may continue to thin, split or curl
until it finally breaks. If the metal head separates from the handle while in use, this could result
in a dangerous projectile. To prevent this hazard, just grind off the metal edges with a powered
grinder on a regular basis.

Safety Alerts!
 Don’t use tools that need repair or replacement. Broken tools can cause injury.
 Don’t use tools inappropriately; you risk injury to yourself, others and damage to the
tools.

After cleaning, use all-purpose oil, such as WD-40® to lubricate tools with adjustable parts.
Lightly spray other metal tool parts as well (avoid getting oil on handles), such as screwdrivers
and bladed lawn and garden tools. Wipe away any excess with a rag before storing. This will
help fight corrosion and rust.

If your tools already show signs of rust, there are a number of rust removers available at True
Value, such as Evapo-Rust Rust Remover. You can also try spraying tools with WD-40® and
then scrubbing them with steel wool or a stiff wire brush. Afterwards, wash them with warm,
soapy water and scrub them again with a cloth or rag until all signs of rust are gone. Then dry
them thoroughly with a clean, dry rag. Apply a light coat of WD-40® and wipe away excess oil
before storing.
Safety Alert!
 You should wear heavy gloves when cleaning or removing rust from tools that can cut.
Wear safety goggles when using a wire brush to remove rust.

Smooth weathered, rough wooden handles with a medium-grit emery cloth. Handles should
be smooth enough to slide your hand along. If the wood is very rough, first sand across the grain
in a shoe-shine fashion. Finish by sanding with the grain. Wipe a dry handle down with a heavy
coat of linseed oil to rejuvenate and protect the wood.

Bladed tools, such as shovels, pruners and other lawn and garden tools should be sharpened
once per season. Use files to sharpen digging tools and to sharpen nicked or dull cutting tools.
For digging tools, file the working edge to a 45-degree bevel with a coarse file. Hone and
maintain the sharp edge of all cutting tools with a medium-grit sharpening stone. For faster
cutting, wet the stone with water or lubricate it with honing oil depending on the type of stone
you have.

Store Tools Properly

A proper storage system is a must for hand tools. A toolbox, storage container, shelving
unit, or a combination of all of these can be used to keep your tools protected and in peak
condition. Ideally, your storage units should be kept somewhere with minimal exposure to
moisture and temperature changes. Remember to keep tools in their respective places or hung on
designated hangers when a job has been completed.

Helpful Tips
 Use a small tool bag for the tools you use most often such as tools for simple jobs around
the house. The rest of your tool arsenal can remain in your main toolbox.

You should have a space where you can inspect your tools and perform necessary
maintenance tasks, such as a worktable. Cover it with newspaper or plastic sheeting to protect
the table and make it easier to clean up after you're done with the job.

Hang lawn and garden tools, such as shovels and rakes, on a wall to get them off of the
ground and to protect them from moisture.

Power Tools
Power tools such as electric drills, saws, sanders and nailers need routine maintenance
just like your hand tools. Because of their mechanical and electrical parts, power tools are more
susceptible to problems caused by poor maintenance, dust and debris accumulation and general
malfunction. The following are some helpful tips on how to clean and properly store your tools.

Keep Power Tools Clean

Dust and grime can bring your power tools to a grinding halt if left unchecked over time.
Wipe them clean with a rag after every job has been completed and then store them. Deep clean
periodically by using a damp cloth. Get into exhausts and intakes and other hard-to-clean areas
with lightly oiled cotton swabs or other slender tools.
Helpful Tip
 Using an air compressor or a can of compressed air to blow air into vents and crevices is
the best way to remove dirt and dust from inside tools.

For tools that use filters, replace the filters as specified by the manufacturer’s instructions.

Store Power Tools Correctly

Keep your power tools protected from dust, moisture and other adverse conditions by
storing them properly after use. Keep them in their original cases if possible, or tuck them away
in storage drawers or tool chests, preferably in a garage or basement with a moderately
controlled climate. This not only protects them, it also keeps them organized so you can easily
find the tool you need when you need it.

Helpful Tip
 Remember to keep instruction manuals for all of your tools. They are provided to you by
the manufacturer so that you can safely and competently operate your tools. They’ll also
have valuable information on how to care for the tool, find replacement parts and other
important pieces of information. Store manuals either in a toolbox drawer or a cabinet in
your workspace/storage area so that they are readily available.

Inspect for Wear or Damage

Periodically inspect power tools for any signs of wear or damage. Pay special attention to
power cords. If you see frayed insulation or exposed wires, have the cord repaired or replaced
immediately by a professional, unless you have the expertise to do it yourself. Damaged power
cords can potentially lead to injury from electric shock or can cause a fire. Also, check the cord’s
prongs to see if they are bent or loose. If any are, repair or replace.

Safety Alert!
 Always unplug electric tools when cleaning them or making any repairs to avoid the
danger of electric shock. It’s also a good practice to unplug them when not in use.

Lubricate Moving Parts

Keep moving parts lubricated for premium performance. Not only does it keep the
mechanics of a tool running smoothly, it also decreases the chance of rust developing. While
common machine oil is a good choice, consult your owner’s manual to see if the manufacturer
recommends or requires a specific type of oil.

Keep Batteries in Shape

Cordless, battery-powered tools are convenient and portable and have become very
popular for contractors and homeowners alike. To keep them running efficiently and effectively,
it is essential for their batteries to be maintained.

Batteries remain working at peak level by fully charging and then fully discharging their
power once every couple of weeks. Don’t let batteries sit unused for extended periods of time.
Try to use batteries once every two weeks.
 Care for batteries by cleaning contacts with cotton swabs and alcohol. Store batteries you
won’t be using for a while in a dry, clean place away from excessive heat.

References:
https://projects.truevalue.com/maintenance_and_repair/basic_maintenance/proper_tool_mainte
nance.aspx
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/ShubhamHadadare/refrigeration-and-air-conditioning-ppt-
63954927
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.depedbataan.com/resou
rces/9/k_to_12_rac_learning_module.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj4-o-
4l6LtAhVZIqYKHeczC6cQ6sMDMAB6BAgDEAc&usg=AOvVaw05N_d5mQbwjyaWTDNC4TOl