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 Year 7 & 8

Chapter 1

Operations with Rational Numbers

A Rational Number can be made by dividing two integers.

Most numbers we use in everyday life are rational numbers.

How about√ 2? Is it a rational number or not? Why?

The numbers which are not rational are called Irrational.

One of the famous examples of irrational number is Pi ( π ).

A rational number is a number that can be in the form where p and q are integers and p≠0.

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 Year 7 & 8

How to Add, Subtract, Multiply and Divide Rational Numbers

Addition and Subtraction of Rational Numbers

Exercises
1. Add the following rational numbers.

−5 −15 −8 6
∧3 ∧7 ∧−4 ∧−9
(a) 7 (b) 4 (c) 11 (d) 13
7 4 11 13

2. Add the following rational numbers.

3 −7 31
∧−3 −3∧3 ∧11 ∧−5
(a) 4 (b) (c) 27 (d) −4
5
5 18 8

3. Verify the following:

(i) (3/4 + -2/5) + -7/10 = 3/4 + (-2/5 + -7/10)

(ii) (-7/11 + 2/-5) + -13/22 = -7/11 + (2/-5 + -13/22)

(iii) -1 + (-2/3 + -3/4) = (-1 + -2/3) + -3/4

4. Subtract the following rational numbers:

(i) 3/4 from 1/3 (ii) -5/6 from 1/3 (iii) -8/9 from -3/5 (iv) -9/7 from -1

(v) -18/11 from 1 (vi) -13/9 from 0 (vii) -32/13 from -6/5 (viii) -7 from -4/7

5. The sum of two rational numbers is -2. If one of the numbers is -14/5, find the other.

6. The sum of two rational numbers is -1/2. If one of the numbers is 5/6 find the other.

7. What number should be added to -5/8 so as to get -3/2?

8. What number should be added to -1 so as to get 5/7?

9. What number should be subtracted from -2/3 to get -1/6?

10. Is the difference of two rational numbers a rational number?

11. What is the negative of a negative rational number?

12. Write down ten prime numbers.

13. Write down ten rational numbers.

14. Write down ten irrational numbers.

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 Year 7 & 8

Multiplication of Rational Numbers

Exercises

1. Multiply each of the following rational numbers: 

(i) 7/11 by 5/4 (ii) 5/7 by (-3/4) (iii) (-2)/9 by 5/11 (iv) -3/17 by -5/-4

2. Find the product of each of the following:

(i) 3/5 × (-7)/8  (ii) (-9)/2 × 5/4 (iii) (-6)/11 × 5/3 (iv) (-2)/3 × 6/7 

(v) (-12)/5 × 10/-3 (vi) 25/-9 × 3/-10 (vii) 5/-18 × -9/20 (viii) (-13)/15 × (-25)/26

(ix) 16/-21 × 14/5 (x) (-7)/6 × 24 (xi) 7/24 × (-48) (xii) (-13)/5 × (-10)

3. Find the reciprocal of:

(i) 13/25 (ii) (-17)/12 (iii) (-7)/24 (iv) 18 (v) -16

4. Find the value of:

(i) (5/8)-1 (ii) (-4/9)-1 (iii) (-7)-1 (iv) (1/-3)-1

5. Fill in the blanks:

(i) The product of a rational number and its reciprocal is __________ .

(ii) Zero has __________ reciprocal.
(iii) The numbers __________ and __________ are their own reciprocals.
(iv) Zero is __________ the reciprocal of any number.
(v) The reciprocal of a, where a ≠ 0, is __________ .
(vi) The reciprocal of 1/a, where a ≠ 0, is __________ .
(vii) The reciprocal of a positive rational number is __________ .
(viii) The reciprocal of a negative rational number is __________ .

6. Simplify each of the following and express the result as a rational number:

(i) -16/21 × 14/5 (ii) 7/6 × -3/28 (iii) -19/36 × 16 (iv) -13/9 × 27/-26
Properties of Multiplication of Rational Numbers
1. Closure Property
The product of two rational numbers is always a rational number. Hence Q is closed under
multiplication.
If a/b and c/d are any two rational numbers,
then (a/b)x (c/d) = ac/bd is also a rational number. 
Example : 

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 Year 7 & 8

5/9 x 2/9  =  10/81 is a rational number. 

2. Commutative Property
Multiplication of rational numbers is commutative.
If a/b and c/d are any two rational numbers,
then (a/b)x (c/d) = (c/d)x(a/b). 
5/9 x 2/9  =  10/81
2/9 x 5/9  =  10/81
Hence, 5/9 x 2/9  =  2/9 x 5/9
Therefore, Commutative property is true for multiplication.

3. Associative Property
Multiplication of rational numbers is associative.
If a/b, c/d and e/f  are any three rational numbers,
then a/b x (c/d x e/f)  =  (a/b x c/d) x e/f
Example :
2/9 x (4/9 x 1/9)  =  2/9 x 4/81  =  8/729 
(2/9 x 4/9) x 1/9  =  8/81 x 1/9  =  8/729
Hence, 2/9 x (4/9 x 1/9)  =  (2/9 x 4/9) x 1/9
Therefore, Associative property is true for multiplication.

4. Multiplicative Identity
The product of any rational number and 1 is the rational number itself. ‘One’ is the
multiplicative identity for rational numbers.
If a/b is any rational number,
then a/b x 1 = 1 x a/b  =  a/b
Example :  5/7 x 1 = 1x 5/7  =  5/7

5. Distributive Property
(i) Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition:
If a/b, c/d and e/f  are any three rational numbers,
then a/b x (c/d + e/f)  =  a/b x c/d  +  a/b x e/f
Example :
1/3 x (2/5 + 1/5)  =  1/3 x 3/5  =  1/5
1/3 x (2/5 + 1/5)  =  1/3 x 2/5  +  1/3 x 1/5  =  (2 + 1) / 15 = 1/5

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 Year 7 & 8

Hence, 1/3 x (2/5 + 1/5)  =  1/3 x 2/5  +  1/3 x 1/5

Therefore, Multiplication is distributive over addition.

(ii) Distributive Property of Multiplication over Subtraction :

Multiplication of rational numbers is distributive over subtraction.
If a/b, c/d and e/f  are any three rational numbers,
then a/b x (c/d - e/f)  =  a/b x c/d  -  a/b x e/f
Example :
1/3 x (2/5 - 1/5)  =  1/3 x 1/5  =  1/15
1/3 x (2/5 - 1/5)  =  1/3 x 2/5  -  1/3 x 1/5  =  (2 - 1) / 15 = 1/15
Hence, 1/3 x (2/5 - 1/5)  =  1/3 x 2/5  -  1/3 x 1/5
Exercises

1. Multiply the rationales:

(i) -5/17 by 51/(-60) (ii) -6/11 by -55/36 (iii) -8/25 by -5/16 (iv) 6/7 by -49/36

2. Verify each of the following: 

(i) 4/17 × (-7)/9 = (-7)/9 × 4/17 (ii) (-8)/11 × 1/5 = 1/5 × (-8)/11
(iii) (-12)/5 × 7/(-36) = 7/-36 × (-12)/5  (iv) -8 × (-13)/12 = (-13)/12 × (-8) 

3. Verify each of the following: 

(i) (3/5 × 12/13) × 7/18 = 3/5 ×(12/13 × 7/8)

(ii) (-13)/24 × {(-12)/5 × 35/36} = {(-13)/24 × (-12)/5} × 35/36
(iii) {(-9)/5 × (-10)/3} × 21/-4 = (-9)/5 × {(-10)/3 × 21/-4}

4. Fill in the blanks:

(i) (-23)/17 × 18/35 = 18/35 × (_____)
(ii) -38 × (-7)/19 = (-7)/19 × (_____)
(iii) {15/7 × -21/10} × (-5)/6 = (_____) × {(-21)/10 × (-5)/6}
(iv) (-12)/5 × {4/15 × 25/-16} = {(-12)/5 × (4/15) × (_____)

5. Find the multiplicative inverse of:

(i) -11/-15 (ii) -5 (iii) 0/7 (iv) 2/-5 (v) (-1)/8

6. Verify the following rational numbers using the multiplication properties:

(i) 3/7 × {5/6 + 12/13} = (3/7 × 5/6) + (3/7 × 12/13)
(ii) -15/4 × (3/7 + (-12)/5) = (-15/4 × 3/7) + (-15/4 × (-12)/5)

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(iii) (-8/3 + -13/12) × 5/6 = (-8/3 × 5/6) + (-13/12 × 5/6)

(iv) -16/7 × {-8/9 + (-7)/6} = (-16/7 × (-8)/9) + ((-16)/7 × -7/6)

7. Name the property of multiplication illustrated by the following statements:

(i) -11/13 × -17/5 = -17/5 × -11/13
(ii) {(-2)/3 × 7/9} × (-9)/5 = (-2)/3 × {7/9 × (-9)/5}
(iii) (-3)/4 × {(-5)/6 + 7/8 = {(-3)/4 × (-5)/6} + {(-3)/4 × 7/8}
(iv) (-16)/9 × 1 = 1 × (-16)/9 = (-16)/9
(v) (-11)/15 × 15/-11 = 15/-11 × (-11)/15 = 1 (vi) -7/5 × 0 = 0

Division of Rational Numbers

Exercises

1. Divide the rationales:

(i) 1 by 1/2 (ii) 5 by -5/7 (iii) -3/4 by 9/-16 (iv)-7/8 by -21/16

(v) 7/-4 by 63/64 (vi) 0 by -7/5 (vii) -3/4 by -6 (viii) 2/3 by -7/12

2. Simplify: 

(i) 4/9 ÷ -5/12 (ii) -8 ÷ (-7/16) (iii) -12/7 ÷ (-18)

(iv) (-1/10) ÷ (-8/5) (v) (-16/35) ÷ (-15/14) (vi) {(-65/14) ÷ (13/7)}

3. The product of two rational numbers is 15. If one of the numbers is -10, find the other.

4. The product of two rational numbers is -9. If one of the numbers is -12, find the other.
5. The product of two rational numbers is -16/9. If one of the numbers is -4/3, find the
other.
6. By what rational number should we multiply -15/56 to get -5/7?
7. By what rational number should -8/39 be multiplied to obtain 1/26?
8. By what number should -33/8 be divided to get -11/2?

9. The product of two rational numbers is -8/9. If one of the numbers is -4/15, find the
other.

10. By what number should we multiply -1/6, so that the product may be -23/9?

11. By what number should -33/16 be divided to get -11/4?

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12. Fill in the blanks:

(i) 9/8 ÷ (_____) = -3/2 (ii) (_____) ÷ (-7/5) = 10/19

(iii) (_____) ÷ (-3) = -4/15 (iv) (-12) ÷ (_____) = -6/5

Properties of Division of Rational Numbers

Exercises

1. Verify whether the given statement is true or false: 

(i) 2/9 ÷ 5/11 = 7/9 ÷ 6/13 (ii) 13/5 ÷ 26/10 = 26/10 ÷ 13/5 
(iii) -9 ÷ 3/4 = 3/4 ÷ (-9)  (iv) -8/9 ÷ -4/3 = -4/3 ÷ (-8/9) 
(v) - 7/24 ÷ 3/-16 = (3/-16) ÷ (-7/24) 

2. Verify whether the given statement is true or false: 

(i) {-8/9 ÷ 2/7} ÷ 8/5 = -8/9 ÷ {2/7 ÷ 8/5} (ii) {4/9 ÷ -2/11} ÷ 1/2 = 4/9 ÷ {-2/11 ÷ 1/2}

(iii) {5/9 ÷ 1/3} ÷ 5/2 = 5/9 ÷ {1/3 ÷ 5/2} (iv) {(-16) ÷ 6/5} ÷ -9/10 = (-16) ÷ {6/5 ÷ (-9/10)}
(v) {-3/5 ÷ (-12/35)} ÷ 1/14 = -3/5 ÷ {-12/35 ÷ 1/14}

3. Answer the following questions:

(i) Are rational numbers always closed under division?

(ii) Are rational numbers always commutative under division?
(iii) Are rational numbers always associative under division?
(iv) Can we divide 1 by 0?

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Chapter 2

Exponents
Exponents represent repeated multiplication.

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Exercises

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Exercises
1. Solve the following.

1. x × x=¿ 2. y 2 × y 2=¿ 3. a 3 × a5=¿

4. 5 p× 2 q=¿ 5. 5 n2 ×n2 =¿ 6. 3 r ×2 r 40 =¿

7. p2 × q 2=¿ 8. x × 2 x × y ×3 y=¿ 9. 10 a b3 ×2 a3 b3 =¿
3
10. 9 p2 q ×3 p q2=¿ 11. ( ab )5= 12. ( s2 r 2 ) =
2 3 3
13. ( 4 a3 b2 ) =¿ 14. ( 32 x 2 y ) =¿ 15. ( 23 m 9 n 10 ) =
4 5 2
16. (−a2 b 2 ) = 17. (−d2 c 2 ) = 18. (−3 x 2 y ) =

3 1
19. (−4 p16 q2 ) = 20. x × 2 x=¿
2

2. Solve the following.

x2 a2 2b 2
1. =¿ 2. . =¿ 3. . =¿
x a 2b

4 b4 m 2 x2
4. =¿ 5. =¿ 6. . =¿
2 p2 m 2 x2

16 r 3 10 p2 q 2 24 x 9 y 12
7. = 8. = 9. =
4 r3 pq 6 x3 y8

23 a 3 b 3 x t8
10. 2 =¿ 11. 2 =¿ 12. 10 =¿
2 ab x t

3f 2 3 a2 3y
=¿
13. 4 =¿ 14. 4 =¿ 15.
f 2a 9 y5
2 2
p 3 32 23 q2
p ( )
16. 2 =¿
p ( )
17. 2 =¿ 18.
q3( )=¿

2 pq
=¿ 3 b2c
19. 20. =¿
22 p2 q3 6 b4 c 2

3. Calculate the following.

1. a × a ×a 2. 5 ×c ×c ×c ×d 3. g × g × g × h

1
4. 3 n × 4 n ×n 5. 5 a ×3 a × 2b × 3 b 6. g ×3 g ×8 g
3

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1 1 1 3 6 1 2
7. n ×16 n × n × 3 n 8. c ×64 c × c ×2 c 9. 16 a × a ×5a
2 4 8 4 4

3 1 5 5t −16 r 3 s
b ×11 b2 2
10. 100 a × 11. 3 t × ×12t 12.
10 4 60 r 4 s2

3 2 2 1 3 2 2b a3 5 4 y3 2 z2
13. 25 s t ×2 s t × 14. 10 a b × × 15. 16 a b × ×
−5 st 5 a b3 3 b 2 2 z2 3 y

1 1
16. × 4 a3 b3 ×
2
2a b 8 ab

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Chapter 3

Introduction to Algebra
Algebra is great fun – you get to solve puzzles.

One Step to solve (Addition/Subtraction)

A Puzzle

What is the missing number?

- 2=4

The answer is --------.

In algebra, we don’t use blank boxes, we use a letter. So, we write

x–2=4

The letter (in this case an x) just means “ we don’t know this yet”, and is often called the
unknown or the variable.

Why Use a Letter?

Because

 It is easier to write “x” than drawing empty box (easier to read x instead of reading
empty box)
 If there were several empty boxes (several unknowns), we can use a different
letter for each one.

How to Solve?

Use step by step approach

 Work out what to remove to get “x=……”

 Remove it by doing the opposite.
 Do that both side.

Here is an example:

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Why did we add 2 to both sides?

To keep the balance

Another Puzzle

Solve x + 5 = 12.

Exercises
Solve the following.

1. x + 2 = 5 2. a – 3 = 0 3. y – 3 = 2 4. u – 6 = -1 5. p
+7= 15

6. s + 3 = 7 7. m + 2 = 11 8. b + 2 = 9 9. n + 7 = 11 10.
v+2=9

One Step to solve (Multiplication)

A Puzzle

What is the missing number?

x4=8

The answer is --------.

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In algebra, a x 4 = 8

a = ------

Another Puzzle

x
=5
3

More Complicated Example (Two Steps to Solve)

x
+2=5
3

Exercises
Easy
Solve the following.

1. 6x – 4 = 26 2. 7x – 49 = -14 3. 3y – 7 = 17 4. 7y - 5 =
23

5. 4x +16 = 24 6. 3w – 6 = 15 7. 9a - 6 = 21 8. 8b – 2 =
30

9. 7p – 8 = 48 10. 2v – 7 = -1

Intermediate
Solve the following.

1. 3x + 9 = 2x + 12 2. 3y – 3 = 2y + 6 3. – 2x = - 7x + 15

4. 10x – 5 = 9x – 1 5.- 2w – 4 = - 3w - 3 6. – x – 4 = - 2x + 3

7. 3w – 6 = 2w – 3 8. 10x – 9 = 9x – 4 9. 5x – 7 = 13

10. – 3v – 8 = - 4v + 1

Advanced ( Solving equations involving like terms )

Solve the following.

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1. 4x + 2 = -3x + 65 2. – 8x + 2 = - 10x + 10 3. – 24x = 15 = -

27x + 12

4. 56x + 40 = 48x + 104 5. 6 = - 6x + 60 6. 5x – 8 = 3x + 4

7. - 10x – 4 = - 12x + 8 8. – 5z + 9 = - 8z + 27 9. – 5w + 18 = - 8w + 36

f 1 7 2 7 11
10. 90w + 7 = 81w + 70 11. + = 12. + =
15 2 10 9 a 18

1 h 5 p 5 1 1 r 5
13. + = 14. − = 15. + =
8 64 16 3 9 9 2 24 8

Order of Operations
(BODMAS)
Operations

“Operations” mean things like add, subtract, multiply, divide, squaring, etc. If it isn’t a
number, it is probably an operation.

Calculate 7 + ( 6 x 52 + 3).

Warning: Calculate them in the wrong order, and you can get a wrong answer.

Order of Operations

 Do things in bracket first

 Exponents (Powers, Roots) before multiply, divide, add or subtract
 Multiply or Divide before you add or subtract
 Otherwise just go left to right

How Do I Remember it All….> BODMAS!

B Brackets first
O Orders (i.e. Powers and square roots etc….)
 DM Division and Multiplication (Left to right)
 AS Addition and Subtraction (Left to right)

Examples

1. 3 + 6 x 2 2. (3 + 6) x 2

Exponents of Exponents

What about this example?

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43

Exponents are special: they go top – down (do the exponent at the top first).

3. 7 + (6 x 52 + 3)

Exercises
Easy
(1) 10 – 12 x 8 + 7 (2) 3 x 12 + 11 + 8 (3) 4 + 6 x 12 + 9

(4) 6 + 3 – 5 + 8 (5) 2 + 11 – 4 x 2 (6) 6 x 7 + 2 x 5

(7) 8 – 5 x 3 – 10 (8) 7 + 10 – 2 + 7 (9) 6 – 9 x 3 + 4

(10) 8 – 5 x 3 – 10 (11) 7 + 9 – 2 x 10 (12) 7 x 12 – 12 + 3

Intermediate
(1) 10 – 12 x 8 + 7 (2) 3 x 12 + 11 + 8 (3) 4 + 6 x 12 + 9

(4) 6 + 3 – 5 + 8 (5) 2 + 11 – 4 x 2 (6) 6 x 7 + 2 x 5

(7) 8 – 5 x 3 – 10 (8) 7 + 10 – 2 + 7 (9) 6 – 9 x 3 + 4

(10) 8 – 5 x 3 – 10 (11) 7 + 9 – 2 x 10 (12) 7 x 12 – 12 + 3

Advanced
(1) 5 + 7 x 4 – (11+6) (2) 5 x 2 x 8 – (12 x 9) (3) 9 – 12 + 9 – (9 x 2)

(4) 2 – 5 x 12 + (5 x 10) (5) 11 x (11 – 12) x 11 – 9 (6) 12 + (11 x 5 – 5) + 10

(7) (& + 3 x 3) x 10 + 11 (8) 5 – 7 x (5 – 7 + 4) (9) 3 x 4 – 5 – ( 11 + 9)

(10) (5 – 5 + 4) – 7 + 12

Substitution
Substitution

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In algebra, “substitution” means putting numbers where the letters are.

Examples

10 x
1. When x = 2, what is +4? 2. When x = 5, what is x + ?
x 2

3. When x = 3 and y = 4, what is x2 + xy?

Negative Numbers

Warning: When substituting negative numbers, put () around them so you get calculation
right.

4. When x = -2, then what is 1 – x + x2?

In that example,

 -(-2) =
 (-2)2=

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Exercises
12
1. When x = 4, then what is the value of +3 ?
x
5( y−4)
2. If y = 10, then what is the value of ?
2
3. If x = 2 and y = 3, what is the value of xy + y?
12
4. If x = 5 and y = 6, what is 2x - ?
y
5. If x = 4 and y = 2, what is the value of x2 + y2?
6. If z = -3, then what is z2 – z -1?
7. If y = -5, then what is 3y2 + 7y – 4?
a−b
8. If a = 6 and b = -2, what is ?
a+b
m 2−n2
9. If m = 4 and n = 3, what is 2 2 ?
m +n
1 1
10. If x = 4 and y = 12. What is + ?
x y
Equations and Formulas
What is an equation?

An equation says that two things are equal. It will have an equals sign “ = “ like this:
x+2=6
That equation says : what is on the left ( x+2 ) is equal to what is on the right ( 6 ).
So an equation is like a statement “this equals that”.
What is a solution?
A solution is a value we can put in place of a variable (such as x) that makes the equation
true.
Example: x+2=6
When we put 4 in the place of x, we get
4+2=6
6 = 6 ( True )
So, x = 4 is a solution.
How about other values for x?
 For x = 3, we get “3+2=6” which is not true, so x = 3 is not a solution.
 For x = 7, we get “7+2=6” which is not true, so x = 7 is not a solution.
 Etc
In this case, x = 6 is the only solution.
More than one Solution
There can be more than one solution.

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When we gather all solutions together, it is called a Solution Set.

The above solution set = { 2 , 3 }

What is a formula?
A formula is a fact or rule that uses mathematical symbols.

It will usually have

 An equal sign
 Two or more variables that stand in for values we don’t know

It shows us how things are related to each other.

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Exercises
1. For the formula x = 3y – z, what is the value of x when y = 4 and z = 1?
2. For the formulaa 2+b 2=c 2, what is the value of c when a = 7 and b = 24?
u+ v
3. For the formulad= ( )2
t , what is the value of d when u = 3, v = 11 and t = 5?

4. For the formula v 2=u2 +2 ad , what is the value of v when u = 15, a = 10 and d = 20?
5.
The formula for the total surface area of a cylinder of a radius r and
height h is A=2 π r 2 +2 πrh. What is the value of A when r = 7 and h
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= 10? Use π= .
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 Year 7 & 8

6. Rearrange the formula P = 2a + 2b to make b the subject.

5
7. Rearrange the formula C = (F−32) to make F the subject.
9
8. Rearrange the formula A=2 a2+ 4 ab so that b is the subject of the formula.
C2
9. A= is a formula to calculate the area of a circle from its circumference. Make C
4π
the subject of the formula.
1 2
10. s=ut+ a t is a formula used in Physics to calculate distance. Make “a” the subject
2
of the formula.

Chapter 4

Number Sequence
A list of numbers that are linked by a rule.

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Photo Credit – Google

Exercises
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1.

2. Write the missing numbers.

1) 1, 3, 5, --------, --------,----------
2) 7, 14, 21, --------, --------,----------
3) 8, 12, 16, --------, --------,----------
4) 20, 40, 60, --------, --------,----------
5) 8, 15, 22, --------, --------,----------
6) 15, 40, 65, --------, --------,----------
7) 17, --------, 27, 32, --------, --------
8) 31, --------, 61, 76, --------, --------
9) --------, --------, 63, 72, 81, ---------
10) --------, --------, 84, 96, 112, -------
11) 6, --------, 14, 18, --------, --------
12) 50,--------, 60, 65, --------, --------
13) 64, 56, 48, --------, --------,----------
14) 95, 60, 25, --------, --------,----------
15) 175, 200, 250, --------, --------,----------
16) 108, 97, 25, --------, 75,---------- ,----------
17) 2, --------,---------- ,----------, 30, 42
18) 38, --------,---------- ,----------, 14, 8
19) 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, --------,---------- ,----------
20) 4, 4.2, 4.4, --------,---------- ,----------
21) 3, --------,---------- ,----------, 4, 4.25
22) 1.61, --------,---------- ,----------, 1.33, 1.26
23) 4.2, --------, 3.2, 2.7, --------,--------
24) 3, --------, 6, 7.5,--------,--------

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25) 120, 110, --------,--------, 80, --------

26) 5, 5.2, 5.4, --------,--------,--------
27) 24, 36, 48, --------,--------,--------
28) 38, --------, 48, 53, --------,--------,
29) -5, -7, -9, --------,--------,--------,
30) 2, 0, --------,--------,--------,

3. Draw the next two diagrams of the sequence.

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Chapter 5

Looking for a Pattern

In mathematics, there are various patterns: some are relatively straightforward and others
are more challenging. We, therefore, have to think outside the box and be flexible in our
search for answers.

Besides adding or subtracting the terms in a number pattern, applying multiplication,

division or even the use of any two arithmetic skills may help in the solving of the problems.

In Fibonacci numbers, the third term in the number pattern is the sum of the first and
second terms; the fourth term is the sum of the second and third terms; the fifth term is the
sum of the third and fourth terms, and so on. In essence, each term, after the first two
terms, is the sum of the two preceding terms.

Example: Complete each number pattern.

a) 4, 7, 10, 13, ( )….

Analysis:

The next term is ---------.

b) 2, 6, 12, 20, ( )……
Analysis:

The next term is ---------.

c) 2, 6, 18, , ( )……
Analysis:

The next term is ---------.

d) 44, 22, 20, 10, 8, ( ), ( )…
Analysis:

The next two terms are ---------.

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e) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ( ), ( ), 55, 59, …

Analysis:

The two terms are ---------.

Exercises
1. Complete each number pattern below.

a) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, ( ), ( )…
b) 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 7, 13, ( )…
c) 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, 45, ( )…
d) 1, 3, 6, 10, ( ), 21, 28, 36, -----
e) 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, ( ), 48, 63, -----
f) 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, ( ), 5040, -----
g) 0, 1, 3, 8, 21, 55, ( ), ( )…
h) 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, ( ), 127, -----
i) 1, 1, 3, 7, 13, ( ), 31, -----
j) 1, 2, 5, 13, 34, 89, ( ), ( )…

2. Ah, the magical trick of 9!

Observe the pattern and write the correct answers in the brackets provided.

21 x 9 = 189

321 x 9 = 2 889

4321 x 9 = 38 889

54321 x 9 = ( )

654321 x 9 = ( )

7654321 x 9 = ( )

87654321 x 9 = ( )

987654321 x 9 = ( )

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3. Complete the Pascal Triangle and write the correct answers in the brackets provided.

1 1

1 2 1

1 3 3 1

1 4 6 4 1

1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1

1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1

1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1

4. The marvel of multiplication of 101.

Observe the pattern and write the correct answers in the brackets provided.

101 x 11 = 1111

101 x 22 = 2222

101 x 33 = 3333

101 x 44 = 4444

101 x 55 = ------

101 x 66 = ------

101 x 77 = ------

101 x 88 = ------

101 x 99 = ------

5. What are the missing numbers in the number patterns below?

a)
30 40 24 28 25
0
14
20

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b) 14 11 12 10 20

22 20

c)
18 15 14 11 20

23 20

d)
8 48 14 54 17

32 19

e)
3 12 8 32 20

24 44

6. Find the 8th term of the sequence.

3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, 45, ( )…….

7. Find the 8th term of the sequence.

1, 4, 11, 29, 76, 199, 521, ( )…….

8. Find the 6th term of the sequence.

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ( ), 49, 64,…….

9. Find the 7th term and 8th term of the sequence.

1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, ( ), ( )…….

10. Find the 7th term and 8th term of the sequence.

2, 4, 8, 14, 22, 32, ( ), ( )…….

11. Find the 6th term, 7th term and 8th term of the sequence.

3, 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, ( ), ( ),( )…….

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Chapter 6

The Story of Gauss

Carl Gauss, one of the greatest mathematicians, was born in 1777 in Brunswick, Germany.
He was gifted in mathematics and showed a talent in that field at an early age

A popular story about this mathematical genius goes like this.

One day, his primary school teacher asked all the pupils to find the value of

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ---------------------------------------+ 98 + 99 + 100

It was his teacher’s hope to use this lengthy addition of integers to quieten down the class.

Surprisingly, the mathematical prodigy worked out the correct answer almost
instantaneously.

Well. Don’t you want to know how he did it?

Examples

1. Find the value of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8.

Analysis:

2. Find the value of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10.

Analysis:

3. Find the value of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15.

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Analysis:

Exercises
1. Find the value of 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14.
2. Find the value of 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8.
3. Find the value of 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10.
4. Find the value of 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11.
5. Find the value of 16 + 18 + 20 + 22 + 24 + 26 + 28 + 30
6. Find the value of 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15.
7. Find the value of 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + 17 + 20.
8. Find the value of 9 + 13 + 17 + 21 + 25 + 29.
9. Find the value of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + --------- + 47 + 48 + 49 + 50.
10. Find the value of 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 +----------- + 44 + 46 + 48 + 50.
11. Find the value of 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ------------ + 43 + 45 + 47 + 49.
12. Find the value of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ---------------------------------------+ 98 + 99 + 100.
13. Cindy saved $ 15 in the first month, $ 30 in the second month, $ 45 in the third
month and so on. The amount of money she saved in the last month was $ 120. How
much money did Cindy save in all?
14. There are 12 rows of seats in a cinema. There are 10 seats in the first row, 12 seats in
the second row, 14 seats in the third row, and so on. How many seats are there in
the cinema altogether.
15. Danny read 20 pages of a storybook on the first day. On the second day, the number
of pages he read increased by 5. The number of pages he read on the third day was
10 more than that of the first day, the number of pages he read on the fourth day
was 5 more than that of the third day, and so on. If he read the remaining 80 pages
of the storybook on the last day, how many pages were there in the storybook?
16. There are 16 rows of seats in a school hall. There are 75 seats in the last row. If there
is an increase of 3 seats, starting from the first row,
(a) How many seats are there in the first row?
(b) How many seats are there in the school hall?
17. Given a sequence 3, 3, 1, 9, 4, 3, 3, 1, 9, 4, 3, 3, 1, 9, 4, ------
(a) What is the 33rd term?
(b) What is the sum of the first 40 terms?
18. There were 7 books in a series of mystery novels. Each book was written and
published every two years. The fifth book in this series was written and published in
2003. In which years were the remaining books written and published?

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19. There are 54 tennis ball altogether. Are you able to group them into 10 groups so
that each group has a different number of balls?
20. There are 20 players in a table tennis competition. Each player must play exactly one
match against the rest of the players. How many matches are there in the
competition?

Chapter 7

Angles

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An angle measures the amount of turn.

Names of Angles

As the angle increases, the name changes.

Types of Angle Description

Acute Angle is less than 90°
Right Angle is 90° exactly
Obtuse Angle is greater than 90°but less than 180°
Straight Angle is exactly 180°
Reflex Angle is greater than 180° but less than 360°
Full Rotation is 360° exactly

Positive and negative angles

When measuring from a line

 A positive angle goes counter clockwise (opposite direction that clock goes on).
 A negative angle goes clockwise.

Parts of an Angle

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The corner point of an angle is called the vertex.

And the two straight sides are called arms.

The angle is the amount of turn between each arm.

How to Label Angles

Two ways to label angles

1. Give the angle a name usually a lower case letter like a or b or sometimes a Greek
letter like α ∨β∨γ ∨δ ∨θ etc .
2. Or by the three letters on the shape that define the angle, with the middle letter
being where the angle actually is (its vertex).

Eg. Angle a is “ BAC” AND angle θ is “ BCD”

Exercises
1. The angle 89° is -------- angle.
2. The angle 234° is --------- angle.
3. The angle 98° is ---------- angle.
4.

Which is closest to the size of angle AOB?

A. 33° B. 57° C. 123° D. 147°

5.

Which is closest to the size of angle EOF?

A. 106° B. 164° C. 254° D. 286°

6.

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Which is closest to the size of angle COD?

A. 41° B. 49° C. 131° D. 169°

7.

For the angle shown in the diagram, the arrow points to its

A. arm B. corner C. vertex D. bend

8.

By using three letters on the shape, label the angles α ∧β.

9. If two acute angles are added together, which of the
following is not possible for their sum:
A. Acute B. Right C. Obtuse D. Straight

Degrees (Angles)
We can measure angles in Degrees.
It can also be measured in Radians.
The Degree Symbol
We use a little circle “following the number to mean degrees”.
For example 90° mean 90 degrees.

One Degree

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The Full Circle

 A full circle is 360°.

 Half a circle is 180°. (called a straight angle)
 Quarter of a circle is 90°. (called a right angle)

Measuring Degrees
We often measure degree using protractors.

Exercises
1. How many degrees are there in one right angle?

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2. How many degrees are there in one straight angle?

3. How many degrees are there in one full rotation?
4.

One of these angles is 30° . Which one do

you think it is?

5.

One of these angles is 300°. Which one do

you think it is?

6. How many degrees are there in three straight angles?

7. How many degrees are there in three right angles?

8.

One of these angles is 130°. Which one do you

think it is?

9.

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One of these angles is 250°. Which one do you

think it is?

10. How many degrees are there in 5 straight angles?

Parallel Lines and Pairs of Angles

Parallel Lines
Lines are parallel if they are always in the same distance apart (called “equidistant”), and
will never meet. Just remember:

Always the same distance apart and never touching.

The red line is parallel to the red line in each of these examples;

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Parallel lines also point in the same direction.

Pairs of Angles
When parallel lines get crossed by another line (which is called a transversal), you can see
that many angles are the same, as in this example.

These angles can be made into pairs of angles which

have special names like

 Vertical angles
 Corresponding angles
 Alternate interior angles
 Alternate exterior angles
 Consecutive interior angles

Vertical Angles
Vertical angles are the angles opposite each other when two lines cross.

Corresponding Angles
The angles in matching corners are called corresponding angles.

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Alternate Interior Angles

Alternate interior angles are a pair of angles on the inner side of each of those two lines but
on opposite sides of the transversal.

Alternate Exterior Angles

Alternate exterior angles are a pair of angles on the outer side of each of those two lines but
on opposite sides of the transversal.

Consecutive Interior Angles

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Consecutive interior angles are the pairs of angles on one side of the transversal but inside
the two lines are called consecutive interior angles.

Testing for Parallel Lines

Exercises
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1.
Check whether the straight lines AB and CD are parallel or
not. Give reason for your answer.

2.

AB and CD are parallel lines and EH is transversal. What is

the measure of angle AFG?

3.

AB and CD are parallel lines and EH is transversal. What is

the measure of angle AFG?

4.

AB and CD are parallel lines and EH is transversal. What is

the measure of angle DGH?

5.

ST and UV are parallel lines. What kind of angles are c and e?

6. From the above figure, what kind of angles are g and f?

7. From the above figure, what kind of angles are d and e?
8. From the above figure, what kind of angles are d and h?
9.

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PQ and RS are parallel lines and TW is a

transversal. The measure of ∠TUQ is (x + 12)°
and the measure of ∠SVW is (3x + 48)° . What is
the value of x?

10.

AB and CD are parallel lines and EH is a

transversal. The measure of ∠EFB is (2x - 100)°
and the measure of ∠CGF is (x + 52)° . What is
the measure of ∠EFB?

Angles on One Side of A Straight Line

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Angles on one side of a straight line always add to 180 degrees.

Exercises
1.

What is angle “a”?

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2.

What is angle a?

3.

What is angle b?

4.

5.

6.

7.

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8.

9.

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Angles Around A Point

Angles around a point will always add up to 360°.

Exercises
1.

2.

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3.

4. What is the size of one angle at a center of a regular pentagon (five-sided polygon)?
5.

6.

7. There are 6 angles at a point. One of them is 45° and the other five angles are all
equal. What is the size of each of those equal angles?
8.

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9.

10.

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Supplementary Angles

Two angles are supplementary when they add up to 180°.

These two angles (120° and 60°) are supplementary
because they add up to 180°.

Notice that together they make a straight line.

What do you observe from the following figure?

Complementary Angles

Two angles are complementary when they add up to 90°.

These two angles (27° and 63°) are complementary

because they add up to 90°.

Notice that together they make a right angle.

What do you observe from the following figure?

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Complementary vs Supplementary

Exercises
1.

ABCD is a rectangle. Write down the pairs of angles

which are complementary.

2.

ABC is a triangle. Write down the pair of angles

which are complementary.

3. If two angles are complementary and one of them is 77°, what is the measure of the
other angle?
4. If two angles are supplementary and one of them is 34°, what is the measure of the
other angle?
5. Two angles are complementary and one of them is four times as big as the other.
What is the size of the larger of the two angles?
6. Two angles are complementary and their sizes are in the ratio 5 : 7. What is the size
of the smaller of the two angles?

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7.
AB is parallel to CD. IK and EH are transversals with EH
perpendicular to AB. Write down the pairs of angles
which are complementary.

8. Two angles are complementary and their sizes are in the ratio 11 : 4. What is the
difference between the measures of the two angles?
9.

ABC is a right angle. What is the value of x?

10.

PQR is a right angle. What are the measures of the two angles?

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Chapter 8

Two Dimensional Figures

Geometry
Geometry is all about shapes and their properties.
If you like playing with objects or like drawing, then geometry is for you!

Dimensions
In geometry, we can have different dimension.
The number of dimensions is how many values are needed to locate point on a shape.
Point, Line, Plane and Solid

A point has no dimension, only position.

A line is one dimensional.
A plane is two dimensional (2D).
A solid is three dimensional (3D).

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Quizzes

1. A three - dimensional shape is called a ----------.

2. A one - dimensional shape is called a ----------.
3. A two - dimensional shape is called a ----------.
4. Which one of the following is not three - dimensional?
A. a square B. a sphere C. a cone D. a cylinder
5. Which one of the following is not two - dimensional?
B. a rectangle B. a parallelogram C. a square prism D. a circle
6. A triangle has ------ dimension(s).
7. A pyramid has -------- dimension(s).
8.
ABCDEF is a rectangular prism (cuboid).
The face ABCD has ----------- dimension(s).

9. In above figure, the side EF has -------- dimension(s).

10. In above figure, the vertex C has --------- dimension(s).

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Plane Geometry
Plane geometry is all about shapes on a flat surface (like on an endless piece of paper).
2D shapes
Regular Polygons
A polygon is a plane shape (2D) with straight line.

To be a regular polygon, all the sides and angles must be the same.

Types of polygons

Regular or Irregular

ConcaveAorregular polygon has all angles equal and

Convex
all sides equal, otherwise it is irregular. Ac
inw
can
If a
the

Simple or Complex

A simple polygon has only one boundary

and it doesn’t cross over itself.
A complex polygon intersects itself.
Many rules about polygon don’t work
when it is complex.

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Quizzes

1. A six-sided polygon is called a ----------.

2. A four-sided polygon is called a ----------.
3.

Which of the following most accurately describes the

polygon in the diagram?

A. A regular hexagon
B. An irregular convex polygon
C. An irregular concave polygon
D. A complex hexagon

Which of the following most accurately describes the

4. polygon in the diagram?

A. A regular hexagon
B. An irregular convex heptagon
C. An irregular concave heptagon
D. An irregular complex hexagon

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5. Distinguish the following figures into irregular and regular polygons.

Activity

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6. Fill in the table.

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7. Find the unknown angle ‘w’ in each of the following figures.

8. Find the unknown angle ‘w’ in each of the following figures.

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Chapter 9

Finding the Numbers of Triangles

Type 1: Counting the number of triangles with in Square, Rectangle, Quadrilateral

Find the number of triangles in the above figures.

In figure 1, In figure 2,

No of diagonals = 2 No of diagonals =

No of blocks = 4 No of blocks =

No of triangles = 2 x 4 = 8 No of triangles =

In figure 3, In figure 4,

Each square has 8 triangles.

Two squares have 16 triangles.

No of triangles = 16 + 2 = 18 triangles.

Type 2: Counting the number of triangles with the triangle having number of
bisects with vertex

In figure 5,

No of triangles = 1

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In figure 6,

1∆ =

2 ∆s =

Total number of triangles =

In figure 7,

1∆ =

2 ∆s =

3 ∆s =

Total number of triangles =

In figure 8,

1∆ =

2 ∆s =

3 ∆s =

4 ∆s =

Total number of triangles =

Type 3: Counting the number of triangles with the triangle having number of
bisects with vertex and horizontal line

Formula

Let n be the number of vertical parts and m be the number of horizontal parts.

No of triangles =

In figure 9,
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No of triangles = 2 (counting)

In figure 10,

No of triangles = 6 (counting)

In figure 11,

m = 3, n = 4

4 × 3× ( 4 +1 ) 60
No of triangles = = = 30 (Using Formula)
2 2

In figure 12,

m= ,n=

No of triangles =

Type 4: Counting triangles with in embedded triangle

Formula

Let n be the number embedded triangles in outer triangle and m be the number of
horizontal parts.
No of triangles = 4n + 1

In figure 13,

No of triangles = 5 (Counting)

In figure 14,

n=2

No of triangles = 4(2) + 1 = 9 (Using Formula)

In figure 15,

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n=

No of triangles =

Type 5: Counting triangles with in the particular pattern of triangle

Formula

Let n be the number of unit triangle in a side.

No of triangles =

In figure 16,

n=

No of triangles=

In figure 17,

n=

No of triangles=

In figure 18,

n=

No of triangles=

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Hands on Activity
(1) Triangular Numbers

(2) Make a Fractal

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A fractal is a never ending pattern. It is an irregular geometric shape that can be repeatedly
subdivided into parts each of which is the small copy of the whole.

Koch Snowflake

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(3) Dream Vacation Budget Activity

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