ENTROPY – Tutorials
1. In a Carnot cycle, heat is supplied and rejected at 350oC and 27oC respectively. The working
fluid is water, which evaporates from liquid at 350oC to steam at 350oC. The change in entropy is
1.44 kJ/kgK. Find the following:
(i) If the cycle operates on a stationary mass of 1 kg of water, how much is the work
done per cycle and what is the amount of heat supplied.
(ii) If the cycle operates in steady flow with a power output of 20 kW what is the steam
flow rate.
Given Data:
T1 = 350oC = 623 K
o
T2 = 27 C = 300 K
S1 – S4 = 1.44 kJ/kg K Q 1
4
m = 1 kg T 1
1
Power output = 20 kW T
To find:
Work done per cycle W T2 2
Heat supplied Q 3 Q2
Steam flow rate at 20 kW power output m.
S
Solution:
(a) For stationary mass system. Q1= heat supplied at reversible isothermal process 1 - 4
= T1 (S1 – S4)
= 623 x 1.44 K x kJ/kg.K
= 897.12 kJ/kg. Ans.
Now, thermal efficiency of Carnot cycle.
T1 T2 623 300 323
th=
T1 623 623
work done by the system w
Again th=
heat sup plied to the system Q1
323
w = x 987.12 = 465.12 kJ/kg Ans.
623
(b) For steady state flow system.
Say, m = Steam rate flow.
power output 20kW
= 0.043kg / s. Ans.
(Workdone by system / kg ) 465.12kJ / kg
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2. In a system, heat engine receives reversibly 420 kJ/cycle
of heat from a source at 327oC and rejects heat reversibly 4
Q1
to a sink at 27oC. There are no other heat transfers. T1 1
T
Compute the cyclic integral of dQ/T for the following
conditions.
T2 2
3 Q2
S
(i) 210 kJ/ cycle is rejected.
(ii) 105 kJ/cycle is rejected
(iii) 315 kJ/cycle is rejected.
Given data:
Q1 = 420 kJ/cycle; T1 = 327oC = 600 K
T2 = 27oC = 300 K.
(i) Q2 = 210 kJ/cycle.
(ii) Q2 = 105 kJ/cycle
(iii) Q2 = 315 kJ/cycle.
To find:
dQ / T =
Solution:
(i) Q2 = 210 kJ/cycle.
dQ Q1 Q2 420 210
T T1 T2 600 300 0
Hence, given cycle is reversible.
(ii) Q2 = 105 kJ/cycle.
dQ Q1 Q2 420 105
T T1 T2 600 300 0.35
Here dQ / T 0, hence cycle is impossible.
(iii) Q2 = 315 kJ/cycle.
dQ Q1 Q2 420 315
T T1 T2 600 300 0.35
Here dQ / T 0, hence cycle is irreversible.
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3. Water is heated at constant pressure of 0.8 Mpa. The boiling point of water is 164.97oC. The
initial temperature of water is 0oC. The latent heat of evaporation is 2066.3 kJ/kg. Find the
increase of entropy of water, if the final condition is steam.
Given Data:
Initial temperature (T1)= 0oC = 273 K. T
Boiling point of water T2= 164.97oC = 437.97 K
164.97oC
Latent heat of evaporation Q = 2063.3 kJ/kg
0oC
To find: S1 S2
Enropy change of water S.
S S=S1 + S2
Solution:
dH V
From property relation, ds = dp
T T
For constant pressure process, dp=0, we get,
dH
ds =
T
f
dT
S = Sf-Si = mCp T
i
entropy change of water as heated from 0oC to 164.97oC
T
S1 = mCp ln 2
T1
437.97
= 1 x 4.187 x ln
273
= 1.9791 kJ/kgK
Entropy change of water at 164.97oC to steam at 164.97oC
L 2063.3
S2 = 4.711 kJ/kgK
T2 437.97
Total entropy change of water
S1+S2 = 6.6902 kJ/kgK Ans.
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4) 20 grammes of water at 20oC is converted into ice at –10oC at constant atmospheric pressure.
Assuming the specific heat of liquid water to remain constant at 4.2 J/g.K and that of ice to be
half of this value, and taking the latent heat of fusion of ice at 0oC to be 335 J/g. Calculate the
total entropy change of the system.
Given Data:
T
Mass of water = m = 10 gm
Latent heat of fusion of ice at 0oC = 335 J/g
20oC
Sp. Heat of water, C1 = 4.2 J/g.K
Sp. Heat of water C2 = 2.1 J/g.K 0oC
-10oC S2
III II I
To find:
S S=S1 + SII+SIII
Total entropy change of the system S
Solution:
dH V
From property relation, ds = dp
T T
For constant pressure process, dp = 0.
dH
ds =
T
f
dT
S = Sf – Si = mCp
i
T
Entropy change of system as water at 20oC converts into water at 0oC.
Tf 273
S1 = mCp ln = 10 x 4.2 ln 2.9694 J/K
Ti 293
Entropy change of system as water at 0oC converts into ice at 0oC
335
SII = 10 x - 12.2711 J/K
273
Entropy change of system as ice at 0oC converts into ice at – 10oC.
263
dT
SIII = mCp
273
T
263
= 10 x 2.1 ln 0.7837 J/K
273
Total entropy change of system water converts into ice
Stotal = SI + SII + SIII =16.02416 J/K Ans.
---------------------
5) A reversible engine, as shown in figure during a cycle of operation draws 5 MJ from the 400
K reservoir and does 840 kJ of work. Find the amount and direction of heat interaction with other
reservoirs.
Given Data:
Q = - 5 MJ 200 K 300 K 400 K
T1 = 400 K
W = 840 kJ Q2
Q3 Q1=5MJ
E
To find:
Amount of heat interaction (Q2) and (Q3) W=840kJ
Solution:
Now considering reversible process.
dQ
S = kJ/K
T
Change in entropy of reservoir at 400 K
Q1 5
S1 = = - MJ/K
400 400
Suppose Q2 and Q3 are heat transferred to the reservoir then change in entropy of reservoir at 300
K
Q2
S2 = MJ/K
300
and change in entropy of reservoir at 200 K
Q3
S3 = MJ/K
200
By entropy principle, for a reversible engine total change of entropy of universe Suniv=
0.
5 Q2 Q
3 0
400 300 200
Q2 Q 5
3 … (i)
300 200 400
From 1st law of thermodynamics, for a cyclic process dw dQ
w = Q1 – Q2 – Q3 MJ … (ii)
from (i)
5
2 Q2 + 3Q3 = x 6 = 7.5 MJ … (a)
4
from (ii)
Q2 + Q3 = 5 MJ – 0.84 MJ = 4.16 MJ … (b)
Now (a) – 2 x (b), we get
Q3 = 7.5 – 8.32 = - 0.82 MJ
Q2 = 4.16 – Q3 = 4.98 MJ
Hence, (Q3) heat is transferred from the reservoir at 200 K and (Q2) heat transferred to the
reservoir at 300 K Ans.
-------------------------
6) A rod, which is made up of copper, has 1 m length and 0.01 m dia. It is maintained 100oC at
one end and 0oC at the other. It is insulated along its length and thermal conductivity is 380
W/mK. Find the rate of heat transfer along the rod and the rate of entropy production due to
irreversibility of this heat transfer.
T1
Given data: T2
Length of copper rod (L) = 1m
Dia of copper rod (d) = 0.01 m Q1 Q2
T1 = 100oC = 373 K
T2 = 0oC = 273 K
Thermal conductivity of Copper K = 380 W /mK L
To find:
Rate of heat transfer (Q)
Rate of entropy production:
Solution.
Condensing the steady state rate of heat flow through the system from Fourier law.
T
Q = Rate of heat transfer = KA
L
Where A = Area of cross section to the flow direction = (/4) d2.
r
100
=380 x (0.01) 2 x = 2.985 W Ans.
4 1
Now, rate of entropy production = Change in entropy – Entropy transfer of system.
2
dQ
= (S2 – S1) - kW / K
1
T
Now, (S2 – S1) = Change in entropy of system.
= 0 = due to steady state heat flow rate.
2
dQ Q Q
Entropy transfer =
1
T T1 T2
= Since, it is the boundary phenomena.
rate of entropy produce.
Q Q
= 0-
T1 T2
T T
= Q 1 2
T xT
1 2
(373 273)
= 2.985 x = 0.002931 W/K.
373x 273
----------------------
T1 T2
BLOCK I
7) Two blocks having mass of 10 kg and specific heat of
0.4kJ/kgK one at a temperature of 40oC. A refrigerator Q1
(reversible) is used to receive heat from one block and rejects W
heat to the other. Find the work required to cause a temperature R
difference of 100oC between the two blocks.
Q2
Given Data:
T1 T3
M = 10 kg BLOCK II
Cp = 0.4 kJ/kgK
T1 = 40oC = 313 K
Temperature difference T3 – T2 = 100oC
To find:
Work required (W)
Solution:
Let after finite number of cycle temperature of first block becomes T2 and that of 2nd block is T3
where T3 > T2 and T3 – T2 = 100oC.
Q1 = heat absorbed from block 1, kJ
= mC (T1 – T2)
Q2 = heat absorbed from block II, kJ
= mC (T3 – T1)
w = work input to the refrigerator, kJ
then by energy balance,
Q1 + W = Q2
W = Q2 – Q1 …. (i)
Now for reversible process.
T final
dQ
S =
Tinitial
T
S = change of entropy of block I
T
= mc ln 2
T1
S = change of entropy of block II
T3
= mc ln
T1
change of entropy of working fluid of refrigerator.
= s 0
T T
Stotal = S1 + S2 = mc ln 2 ln 3
T1 T1
= for reversible system.
TT
= mc ln 2 2 3 = 0
T1
T2T3 = T12
work required = Q2 – Q1 = from (i)
= mc [T3 – T1 – T1 + T2]
= mc [T3 + T2 – 2T1]
for T3 – T2 = 100 K
(T3 – T2) = (T3 T2 ) 2 4T2T3
= 100 2 4 x313 2 = 633.94 K
Work required = 10 x 0.4 x (633.94 – 2 x 313) = 31.76 kJ Ans.
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8) A thermally insulated 60 ohm resistor carries a current of 1 A for 1 s. The initial temperature
of the resistor is 10oC. Its mass is 8 g and its specific heat is 0.85 J/g.K. (a) What is the change in
entropy of the resistor? (b) What is the change in entropy of the universe?
W
Given Data:
M = mass of resistor = 5 g.
C = Specific heat = 0.85 J/g.K 1 1
T1 = Initial temperature = 10oC
R = Resistance = 50 ohm
d = Current = 1A
t = time of flow of current = 1 sec.
To find:
(i) Change in entropy of resistor
(ii) Change in entropy of the universe.
Solution:
For steady flow.
(w) work supplied to the resistor by electric current = heat produced (Q)
Q = I2Rt = I2 x 50 x 1 = 50 J
Now, Q = mc T
Or 50 = 5 x 0.85 (T2 – T1)
T2 = 21.76oC
T2
(a) Change in entropy of resistor = mc ln
T1
2176 273
= 5 x 0.85 ln 0.173 J/K
10 273
(b) Since resistor is insulated
Change in entropy of the atmosphere = 0
Change in entropy of resistor = 0.173 J/K Ans.
------------------------
9) An insulated vessel is divided into two compartments connected by a valve. Initially, one
compartment contains steam at 10 bar, 500oC and the other is evacuated. The valve is opened
and the steam is allowed to fill the entire volume, achieving a final pressure of 1 bar. Determine
the final temperature, in oC, the percentage of the vessel volume initially occupied by steam, and
the amount of entropy produced in kJ/kgK.
Given data:
Initial: PA = 10 bar
PB = 0
TA = 500oC
Final PA = 1 bar
PB = 1 bar.
To find:
(i) Final temperature;
VA V
(ii) (i.e.) A
(V A VB ) V AB
(iii) Entropy produced;
Solution:
From Steam tables – at 10 bar pressure (1 MPa) Tsat = 179.91oC
And 500oC v = 0.3541m3/kg
u = 3124.4 kJ/kg
h = 3478.5 kJ/kg
S = 7.7622 kJ/kgK
Final pressure – 1 bar = 0.1 MPa.
As there is no heat transfer and work transfer Q= W = 0
But Q = U + W
U = 0
(i) Since there is no change in U, final temp = initial te mp = 500oC.
(ii) From Steam tables – for 0.1 MPa pressure and T = 500oC
m3 kJ kJ
V h S
kg kg kgK
3.565 3488.1 8.8342
3
v = 3.565 m /kg
h = 3488.1 kJ/kg
S = 8.835 kJ/kgK
Percentage of vessel volume initially occupied by steam:
VA 0.3541
= 10%
V AB 3.565
(iii) Entropy produced
= 8.835 – 7.7623 = 1.073 kJ/kg.K
--------------------
10) 0.14 m3 of steam at 20 bar and 250oC is expanded reversibly and polytropically to 2 bar. Find
the final temperature, work done, heat transferred and change of entropy if the index of
expansion is 1.25.
Given data:
Volume (V) = 0.14 m3
Initial Pressure (P1)= 20 bar 20 b
1
o o
Initial temperature (T1)= 250 C 250 C
Final pressure (P2) = 2 bar
Index of expansion (n)= 1.25
To find:
Final temperature (T2)
Heat transfer (Q)
2 b t2=? 2
Change in entropy S
S1 S2
Solution:
n 1
0.25
T1 P1 n
(10) 1.25 1.585
T2 P2
T1 (273 250)
T2 = 330 K
1.585 1.585
R(T1 T2 ) 0.287(523 330)
Work done =
n 1 0.25
= 223 kJ/kg
Heat transferred,
n
Q = w
1
1.4 1.25
= x 223
1.4 1
= 83.5 kJ/kg
Change in entropy
v2
= S2 – S1 = R loge
v1
We knowthat,
P1V1n = P2V2n
n
v2 P
1 10
v1 P2
1.25
v2
10
v1
v2
6.31
v1
S = S2 – S1 = 0.287 loge 6.31 = 0.287 x 1.8421
= 0.53 kJ/kgK.
----------------------
11) A system operating in a reversible cycle receives 25 kJ of heat at 225oC (1-2). This is
followed by an adiabatic expansion (2-3) 1 2
to 115oC at which temperature 15 kJ of o
225 C
Temperature
heat is received (3-4). Then a further 7 3 4
adiabatic expansion (4-5) to 32oC occurs o
115 C
after which 25 kJ of heat is rejected at
constant temperature (5-6) followed by 5
32oC 6
an adiabatic compression (6-7). Find the
change in entropy during the last process
(7-1), which occurs after adiabatic
compressions (6-7) to 115oC. S3-4 Entropy
S1-2
Solution: S6-1 S5-6
dQ 25
S1-2= 0.0502 kJ/K
T (225 273)
15
S3-4 = 0.0387 kJ/K
(115 273)
15
S5-6 = 0.0820 kJ/K
(32 273)
Change in entropy in the process 7 – 1 is
= 0.0502 + 0.0387 – 0.0820 = 0.0069 kJ/K
Since there is a decrease in entropy the change during process 7 – 1 is – 0.0069 kJ/K.
----------------------
12) The steam, initially at a pressure of 15 bar and a temperature of 250oC, expand reversibly
and polytropically to 1.5 bar. Find the final temperature, workdone and change of entropy, if the
index of expansion is 1.25. State the assumptions made (1 bar = 1 kgf/cm2).
Given data:
P1 =15 bar; T1 = 250oC 1
Specific entholpy
P2 = 1.5 bar; n = 1.25
To find:
Final temperature T2
Work done W 2
Change in entropy S.
Solution: Specific entropy
Let 1 and 2 represent the initial and final condition of steam
P1 =15 bar; T1 = 250oC
P2 = 1.5 bar; n = 1.25
From Steam tables,
Saturation temperature for 15 bar = 198.3oC. Hence, the steam in state 1 is in superheated
condition.
v1 = 0.152 m3/kg. From steam tables at 1.5 bar pressure saturation temperature T2 = 111.4oC.
Specific volume (Vf) of water = 0.001 m3/kg
Specific volume (Vg) of steam = 1.1590 m3/kg
Specific volume of steam at 2
1
P n
= v2 = v1 1
P2
= 0.152 (10)(1/1.25) = 0.959 m3/kg
Hence dryness fraction
0.959
= x = 82.7%
1.159
P1V1 P2V2
Workdone: = kcal/kg
n 1
1500 x0.152 150 x0.959
= = 336.6 kJ/kg
1.25 1
Change in entropy
Initial entropy S1 = 6.710 kJ/kgK
Final entropy S2 = 1.434 + (0.83 x 5.790)= 6.2397 kJ/kgK
Change in entropy
S2 - S1 = 6.2397 – 6.710
= - 0.4703 kJ/kgK
Assumptions made
1. Specific volume of water at condition 2(1.5 bar pressure) is very low. Hence, it is taken
as zero. While calculating the dryness fraction.
2. Above statement is applicable for the calculation of entropy at condition 2 also.
3. It is assumed that steam behaves like an ideal gas in the superheated region and therefore
its volume can be approximately determined by Charles’ law (P is constant).
