Swaminarayan College of Engg &

Tech. Saij, Kalol (Degree)

Prepared by,
Sujith Velloor S.
Assistant Professor,
Civil Engg Dept.
SCET Kalol.
Introduction to GIS
❑ Geographic information system (GIS) is a
conceptualized framework that provides the
ability to capture and
analyze spatial and geographic data.
❑ GIS applications are computer-based tools
that allow the user to create interactive
queries (user-created searches), store and
edit spatial and non-spatial data, analyze
spatial information output, and visually share
the results of these operations by presenting
them as maps
GIS Layers
Define - GIS
❑ A geographic information system is a system
designed to capture, store, manipulate,
analysis, manage, and present spatial or
geographic data which appear as graphics on
a base layer which may be a map or
orthographic aerial photo.
❑ GIS is a systematic integration of computer
hardware, software and spatial data, for
capturing, storing, displaying, updating
manipulating and analysing in order to solve
complex management problems.
Objectives Of GIS
❑ Identify principles and functional issues pertaining to
physical geography applications of GIS.
❑ Examine and review specific application areas where
GIS is a useful tool.
❑ Investigate techniques provided by GIS which have
particular relevance to physical geography
applications and problem solving.
❑ To supply information in useful formats for logical
decision making for planners.
❑ To support research activities using spatial as well as
non-spatial data.
❑ Identify and address problem areas such as data
sources, modelling, error and uncertainly.
Advantages
❑ GIS is a key of making best decision in any
different science, business, etc.
❑ GIS can explore both geographical and
thematic components of data.
❑ GIS can handle, connect and analyse of large
volumes of data.
❑ GIS can connect and integrate data from any
disparate sources.
❑ GIS allows a wide variety of forms of
visualisation.
Disadvantages
❑Data are expensive.
❑Leaning curves on GIS software can be
long.
❑Shows spatial relationships but does not
provide absolute solution.
❑Origins in the earth sciences and computer
science. Solutions may not be appropriate
for humanities research.
Components of GIS
Hardware
❑ Hardware is Computer on which GIS software runs.
❑ Nowadays there are a different range of computer, it
might be Desktop or server based.
❑ ArcGIS Server is server based computer where GIS
software runs on network computer or cloud based.
❑ For computer to perform well all hardware
component must have high capacity.
❑ Some of the hardware components are:
Motherboard, Hard driver, processor, graphics card,
printer and so on.
❑ These all component function together to run a GIS
software smoothly.
Software
❑ Next component is GIS software which provide
tools to run and edit spatial information.
❑ It helps to query, edit, run and display GIS data.
❑ It uses RDBMS (Relational Database
Management System) to store the data.
❑ Few GIS software list: ArcGis, ArcView 3.2,
QGIS, SAGA GIS.
Data
❑ The most important and expensive component
of the Geographic Information System is Data
which is generally known as fuel for GIS.
❑ GIS data is combination of graphic and tabular
data.
❑ Graphic can be vector or raster. Both type of
data can be created in house using GIS software
or can be purchased.
❑ The process of creating the GIS data from the
analog data or paper format is called
digitization.
Data
❑ Digitization process involves registering of
raster image using few GCP (ground control
point) or known coordinates. This process is
widely known as rubber sheeting or
georefrencing.
❑ Polygon, lines and points are created by
digitizing raster image. Raster image itself can
be registered with coordinates which is widely
known as rectifying the image.
❑ Registered image are mostly exported in TIFF
format. As mentioned above, GIS data can be
Raster or Vector.
People
❑ People are user of Geographic Information
System.
❑ They run the GIS software. Hardware and
software have seen tremendous development
which made people easy to run the GIS
software.
❑ Also computer are affordable so people are
using for GIS task.
❑ These task may be creating simple map or
performing advance GIS analysis.
❑ The people are main component for the
successful GIS.
Methods
❑ For successful GIS operation a well-designed
plan and business operation rules are important.
❑ Methods can vary with different organizations.
❑ Any organization has documented their process
plan for GIS operation.
❑ These document address number question about
the GIS methods: number of GIS expert required,
GIS software and hardware, Process to store the
data, what type of DBMS (database management
system) and more.
❑ Well designed plan will address all these question.
Function of GIS
❑ Data capture:- The input of data into a GIS can
be achieved through many different method of
gathering . For example: aerial photography
scanning digitizing. GPS or global positioning
system is just a few of the ways a GIS user could
obtain data.
❑ Data storage:- Some data is stored such as a map
in a drawer, while others, such as digital data ,
can be as hardcopy, stored on CD or on your hard
drive.
❑ Data manipulation:- The digital geographical
data can be edited, this allows for many attribute
to be added, edited, or deleted to the specification
of the project.
Function of GIS
❑Query and analysis:- GIS was used
widely in decision making process for the
new commission districts. We use
population data to help establish an equal
representation of population to area for
each district.
❑Visualization:- This represents the ability
to display your data, your maps, and
information.
GIS Data
Type of Data
❑Data Types
❑Vector: Points
Lines
Polygons
❑Raster: Cell
Pixels
Elements
Vector Data v/s Raster Data
Georeferenced data
❑ Georeferencing means that the internal
coordinate system of a map or aerial photo
image can be related to a ground system of
geographic coordinates.
❑ The relevant coordinate transforms are typically
stored within the image file (GeoPDF &
GeoTIFF are example), though there are many
possible mechanisms for implementing
georeferencing.
Example of Georeferenced data
Data input and output
Data input
❑Data input is the procedure of
encoding data into a computer-readable
form and writing the data to the GIS
data base.
❑There are two types of data to be entered
in a GIS - spatial (geographic location of
features) and non-spatial (descriptive or
numeric information about features).
Data Output
 Output is the final product of any analysis.
 Geographic data analysis
using GIS software provides a tool to
effectively communicate the results to
decision makers. ...
 Other, non-cartographic forms of GIS
output are tables and charts containing
spatial and non-spatial attribute information.
Data quality and Management
❑ The quality of data depends on various
factors, e.g., accuracy, precision, consistency,
and linkage.
❑ In the data quality management it is
necessary to estimate the values of
the quality components before the
realization of the database (a priori
estimation) in the period of the design of
databases.
Quality management
Data Management
❑ ArcGIS is a complete,
integrated GIS platform.
❑ It is a system for managing information,
organizing and visualizing maps and data,
and analyzing relationships and patterns over
any geography.
❑ This allows you to design, plan, and perform
predictive analytics.
ArcGIS