One Dimensional Flows
1. Air flows adiabatically through a duct. At section 1, p1=140 kPa, T1=260°C, and V1=75 m/s. Farther
downstream, p2=30 kPa and T2=207°C. Calculate V2 and s2-s1.
2. The Concorde aircraft flies at M=2.3 at 11 km standard altitude, where T=216.66 K. Estimate the
temperature in °C at the front stagnation point. At what Mach number would it have a front stagnation-
point temperature of 450°C?
3. A large rocket engine delivers hydrogen at 1500°C and 3 MPa, γ = 1.41, R = 4124 J/(kg K), to a nozzle
which exits with gas pressure equal to the ambient pressure of 54 kPa. Assuming isentropic flow, if the
rocket thrust is 2 MN, what is (a) the exit velocity and (b) the mass flow of hydrogen?
Normal Shock Waves
4. Air is expanded from a large reservoir in which the pressure and temperature are 500 kPa and 35°C through
a variable area duct. A normal shock occurs at a point in the duct where the Mach number is 2.5. Find the
pressure and temperature in the flow just downstream of the shock wave. Downstream of the shock wave,
the flow is brought to rest in another large reservoir. Find the pressure and temperature in this reservoir.
Assume that the flow is one-dimensional and isentropic everywhere except through the shock wave.
5. Air flows over a blunt-nosed body. The air flow in the freestream ahead of the body has Mach 1.5 and a
static pressure of 40 kPa. Find the pressure acting on the front of this body.
6. A shock wave across which the pressure ratio is 1.25 is moving into still air at a pressure of 100 kPa and
a temperature of 15°C. Find the velocity, pressure, and temperature of the air behind the shock wave.
7. Consider a normal shock wave that moves with a speed of 696 m/s into still air at 100kPa and 300 K.
Determine the static and stagnation properties ahead of and behind the shock wave in stationary and
moving frames of reference.
Flow with Heat Transfer
8. Air flows through a constant area duct. The pressure and temperature of the air at the inlet to the duct are
100 kPa and 10°C, respectively, and the inlet Mach number is 2.8. Heat is transferred to the air as it flows
through the duct, and as a result, the Mach number at the exit is 1.3. Find the pressure and temperature at
the exit. If no shock waves occur in the flow, find the maximum amount of heat that can be transferred to
the air per unit mass of air. Also, find the exit pressure and temperature that would exist with this maximum
heat transfer rate. Assume that the flow is steady, that the effects of wall friction can be neglected and that
the air behaves as a perfect gas.
9. Air (γ=1.4, molecular weight = 28.8 kg/kmol), enters a combustion chamber at 69 m/s, 300 K and 150
kPa, where 900 kJ/kg of heat is added. Determine (a) the mass flow rate per unit duct area, (b) exit
properties and (c) inlet Mach number if the heat added is 1825 kJ/kg.
Flow with Friction
10. Air flows in a 5-cm-diameter pipe. The air enters at M = 2.5 and is to leave at M = 1.5. What length of
pipe is required? What length of pipe would give M = 1 at the exit? Assume that f = 0.002 and that the
flow is adiabatic.
11. Air flows out of a pipe with a diameter of 0.3 m at a rate of 1000 m3/min at a pressure and temperature of
150 kPa and 293 K, respectively. If the pipe is 50 m long, find assuming that f = 0.005, the Mach number
at the exit, the inlet pressure, and the inlet temperature.
12. Air, in a large reservoir, at a pressure of 200 kPa and a temperature of 30°C is expanded through a
convergent nozzle. The air then flows down a pipe with a diameter of 25 mm. If the Mach number at the
exit of the nozzle, i.e., at the inlet to pipe is 0.2 and the Mach number at the end of this pipe is 0.8, assuming
that the flow in the nozzle is isentropic and the flow in the pipe adiabatic, find the length of the pipe and
the pressure at the exit of the pipe. Also, find the pressure at which the pipe discharges at which choking
first occurs and the inlet Mach number under these conditions. It can be assumed in all calculations that f
= 0.005.
13. Air flows steadily from a large reservoir through a convergent–divergent nozzle into a 0.3 m diameter pipe
with a length of 3.5 m. The conditions in the reservoir are such that the Mach number and the pressure at
the inlet to the pipe are 2 and 101.3 kPa, respectively. The average friction factor, f, for the flow in the pipe
is estimated to be 0.005
a) If no shocks occur, find M and p at the exit of the pipe
b) If there is a normal shock at the exit of the pipe, find the back-pressure in the chamber into which
the pipe is discharging
c) Find the back-pressure in the chamber into which the pipe is discharging when there is a shock
halfway down the pipe
Oblique Shock Waves
14. Air flowing at Mach 2 with a pressure of 80 kPa and a temperature of 30°C passes over a component of
an aircraft that can be modeled as a wedge with an included angle of 8° that is aligned with the flow, i.e.,
the flow is turned by both the upper and lower surfaces of the wedge through an angle of 4°, leading to the
generation of a oblique shock waves. Find the pressure acting on the surfaces of the wedge.
15. Supersonic flow at M=3, P=100 kPa and T=300 K is deflected through 20° at a compression corner.
Determine the shock wave angle and the flow properties downstream of the shock.
16. Air flowing at Mach 2.5 with a pressure of 60 kPa and a temperature of –20°C passes over a wedge which
turns the flow through an angle of 4° leading to the generation of oblique shock waves. One of the oblique
shock waves impinges on a flat wall, which is parallel to the flow upstream of the wedge and is “reflected”
from it. Find the pressure and velocity behind the reflected shock wave.
Prandtl Meyer Flow
17. Air flows at Mach 3 with a pressure of 100 kPa and a temperature of 300 K. The flow is deflected through
20° at a compression corner. Determine the flow properties downstream of the corner, assuming the
process to be isentropic.
18. Air flows at Mach 1.8 with a pressure of 90 kPa and a temperature of 15°C down a wide channel. The
upper wall of this channel turns through an angle of 5° “away from the flow” leading to the generation of
an expansion wave. Find the pressure, Mach number, and temperature behind this expansion wave.
