Equipment DiagramsEquipment DiagramsLaboratory Teaching Exercises Index to Exercises Exercise A - Flow through pipes with diferent diameters“ Exercise B - Flow through pipes connected in paralle! Exercise C - Flow through pipes connected in series Exercise D - Flow through pipes connected in a ring main rcise E - Usi Nomenclature Name [Unit Symbol|type” [Definition > inside Diameter 0,006m, 0,008m, 0.0m, 0.010m of pipe 2 [Constant | or 0.0t4m as appropriate Length ofpipe fm |L [Constant [0.7 mor alltest pipes Volume of water collected n'a Volume collected |m* |v | Measured. |known time period (1). per Note: Convert to cubic metres for calculations (divide itres by 1000) : FTime taken to collect a known Timotocotect Js |t [Measured [Tine faken 0 cotec Volume Flow |y 7 Welume calected \Rate rls |Q, |Calouted | Oe = ea Friction Head | iyo |y, _ |Caleulated 108 fee 10 | 2) Frialion constant K [Empirical | Where x defines the measurement Head loss mH,0|H, — |Moasured [Where » ia headless JmH,0 |Hs [Calculated |Hr= Hy + He + Hy Total flowrate — Calculated [yo pipes in parallel |™ 420 )Qr Qr=Q1 + Q2+.Q5 16Laboratory Teaching Exercises In the diagrams that accompany the exercises, the following symbols are used to identity if valves should be fully open, fully closed or adjusted as required to give the required flow. Xt Vatve fully open >< Valve fully closed pb Flow Control Valve 7Exercise A - Flow through pipes with different diameters Objective To measure head loss versus discharge for water flowing through individual pipes with different internal diameters. Method By measuring the flowrate and corresponding head loss (pressure drop) across pipes with different inside diameters. Equipment Required In order to complete the demonstration the following equipment is required: C11-MKII Pipe Network apparatus F1-10 Hydraulics Bench Stop clock (not supplied by Armfield) Optional Equipment None. Theory Hydraulic gradient 18Exercise A ‘Any pipeline with diameter d and length L carrying a flow rate of Q will have a head loss H, due to friction along its length that is defined by the equation: EO, ee ae H, = Head loss due to friction mH,O K = Constant Dimensionless Length of pipe 0.7m (constant) Q. = Volumetric flowrate m'/s, D = Inside diameter of pipe m (0.006, 0.009, 0.010 or 0.014 M as appropriate) ‘The actual Head Loss due to friction Hy.2 can be measured using the hand hold pressure meter so K can be determined from the equation Fuad t K 22, (Dimensionless) ‘A graph of Hagainst Q, willbe similar to the diagram below showing ndreasing head ' loss with reducing pipe diameter and increasing flow. H small ' Googe Note: There will be additional losses in the pipework and fitings between the test, pipes. These losses have been minimised on C11-MKIl by using large diameter ‘Components in comparison with the bore of the test pipes. In 2 real application the losses from the fitings are likely to be more significant and it wll be necessary to include these losses in any calculations. 19‘Armfield Instruction Manual Equipment Set Up Configure the network on C11-MKil with the standard arrangement of test pipes, namely: A= 9mm, B = 6mm, C = 10mm and different configuration is required. = 9mm from left to right, unless a Locate the C11-MKII at the right hand end of the F1-10 Hydraulics Bench, positioned ‘0 that the four outlets at the top will discharge into the side of the volumetric tank on the F1-10. If necessary refer to the Operating procedures section for details on how to connect and prime the F1-10 and C1 1-MKIl Before using the apparatus for taking measurements it is essential to prime all of the test pipes and interconnecting pipework to eliminate trapped air. Procedure 20Exercise A Ensure that all of the pipework is fully primed then configure the system to allow testing of pipe A by opening and closing the appropriate isolating valves as shown in the diagram to the right. Open the inlet flow control valve at the base fully, ensure that the system is fully primed then connect the hand held pressure meter to tappings H; and H, to measure the head loss across pipe A. Before taking readings the pressure meter should be primed by holding the meter over the volumetric tank on F1-10 then opening the bleed valves at the connection to the meter unti all air has been expelled from the flexible tubing to the meter. Vary the flow through the test pipe from zero to maximum flowrate by adjusting the ‘outlet flow control valve at the top or the inlet flow control valve at the bottom as convenient. At each setting allow the conditions to settle then measure and record the head loss using the hand held pressure meter and the corresponding flowrate using the volumetric tank on F1-10 with a stop clock. When a head versus flow characteristic has been obtained for test pipe A reconfigure the isolating valves for test pipe B as shown below then repeat the procedure, Repeat this for test pipes C and D in turn. 24For each test pipe create a table of measurements and for each run calculate a value of K as follows: Test ] Pipe | Pipe ] Head | Volume | Elapsed | Flow K Bore | Length | loss | collected | Time | Rate Hae d L Hua v t 2, a m | m__|_ mH,o mt secs_| m/sec i or a 0 0 0 a 7 aT z uF a a7 5 UT e oT Note all measurements converted to metres for purposes of calculation. Results Compare the values obtained for K with the same diameter pipe at different flowrates and different diameter pipes at the same flowrate. . (On a common chart draw graphs of head loss against flowrate for each of the test pipes so that the characteristics can be compared, Note: Care should be taken when plotting the curves as these willbe used for the analysis of later exercises involving head and flow relationships of pipes in parallel, pipes in series, pipes arranged in a ring main and doubling pipes. Conclusion Your results should confirm that head loss increases with the square of the velocity in a pipe Le. for the same pipe, doubling the velocity increases the head loss by a factor of four times. Your results should also confirm that for the same flowrate, increasing the diameter of a pipe reduces the velocity with a resulting drop in head loss. 22Exercise B - Flow through pipes connected in parallel Objective To measure head loss versus discharge for water flowing through pipes with different internal diameters that are connected in parallel. Method By measuring the flowrate and corresponding head loss (pressure drop) across different combinations of pipes in parallel then comparing the loss with the predicted loss from the individual pipes at the same flowrate. Equipment Required In order to complete the demonstration the following equipment is required: C11-MKII Pipe Network apparatus F1-10 Hydraulics Bench Stop clock (not supplied by Armfield) Optional Equipment None Theory Hydraulic gradient 2! 23Armfield Instruction Manual Ina pipe network consisting of pipes of various diameters in parallel with each other, the pressure in the common manifolds, at the junction of the pipes, must be the same for all of the pipes. |.e. Hiis the same for each of the pipes. The total flow Qy therefore distributes itself between the individual pipes in accordance with the controlling end pressures and: Q; = Q, + Qe for two pipes in parallel Qr= Q_ + Qs + Qe for three pipes in parallel Qr = Qk + Qs + Qc + Qo for four pipes in parallel Note: There will be additional losses in the pipework and fitings between the test pipes. These losses have been minimised on C11-MKII by using large diameter ‘components in comparison with the bore of the test pipes. In a real application the losses from the fitings are likely to be more significant and it will be necessary to include these losses in any calculations. On the C11-MKIl all four test pipes are the same length. In a practical application the pipe lengths may vary. Equipment Set Up Configure the network on C11-MKII with the standard arrangement of test pipes, namely: ‘A= 9mm, B = 6mm, C = 10mm and D = 9mm from left to right, unless a different configuration is required. Locate the C11-MKil at the right hand end of the F1-10 Hydraulics Bench, positioned so that the four outlets at the top will discharge into the side of the volumetric tank on the F1-10. If necessary refer to the Operating procedures section for details on how to connect and prime the F1-10 and C11-MKIl Before using the apparatus for taking measurements it is essential to prime alll of the test pipes and interconnecting pipework to eliminate trapped air. Procedure Ensure that all ofthe pipework is fully primed then configure the system to allow testing of pipes A and B in parallel by opening and closing the appropriate isolating valves as shown in the diagram to the right. Open the inlet flow control valve at the base fully, ensure that the system is fully primed then connect the hand held pressure meter to tapings H, and H,to measure the head loss across pipes A and B in parallel. Before taking readings the pressure meter should be primed by holding the meter over the volumetric tank on F110 then opening the bleed valves atthe connection to the meter until all air has been expelled from the flexible tubing to the meter. Vary the flow through the test pipes from zero to maximum flowrate i outlet flow contra valve at the top ortho inet flow control valve att ‘ottoman convenient. At each setting allow the conditions to settle then measure and record the head loss using the hand held pressure meter and the corresponding flowrate using the volumetric tank on F1-10 with a stop clock. 24Exercise B Repeat these measurements with the network of pipe configured for three pipes in parallel then four pipes in parallel as shown in the diagram below: 25‘Armfield Instruction Manual Results, For each set of readings construct a table as follows: Test] Pipe] Head | Voume ) Glapsed | Weasured | Calculated Bores | loss | collected Time Flow Flow a Hig v t a, m_| mio mo secs. misec m/sec 7 0 T 0 0 0 7 a a 3 e 26Exercise B Note all measurements converted to metres for purposes of calculation. Note: The calculated flow in the table is the sum of the flows through the individual pipes concemed, These flows cannot be measured directly and are obtained from the calibration curve for each individual size of pipe obtained in exercise A. The individual flow rate can be obtained by entering the measured head loss on the appropriate graph. ‘The flow in each of the pipes should be added together and the result compared to the total flow measured using the hydraulic bench. Conclusion Comment on the correlation between the total flow rate determined by measurement and by calculation from the individual flowrates determined by head loss. Account for any differences. Comment on the magnitude of the flow rates in each of the pipes and account for their respective differences. ‘Advanced students should calculate the theoretical flow rate in any pipe for a given head difference from a knowledge of the pipe geometry and an estimated pipe friction factor. The values obtained should be compared to the experimentally determined values. ‘Suggest practical situations where parallel pipe networks might be found. 27Exercise C - Flow through pipes connected in series Objective ‘To measure head loss versus dischar rge for water flowing through pipes with different internal diameters that are connecte 3d in series, Method By measuring the flowrate and corresponding head loss (pressure drop) across pipes with diferent inside diameters. Equipment Required 'm order to complete the demonstration the following equipment is required: (C11-MKII Pipe Network apparatus F1-10 Hydraulics Bench Stop clock (not supplied by Armfield) Optional Equipment None Theory In a pipe network consisting of pipes of verious diameters in series with each other, the same total flow Q, must pass through each of the pipes in turn. The velocity in each section of pipe will vary, depending on the diameter, so the head loss will vary. Where pipe lengths differ, the head loss will also be affected. A flow Q, through the series network will have a total head loss H, along the whole length which is the sum. of the losses in each of the individual pipes. For example Hi= Ha + Has for two pipes in series: Hy= Hz + Hoa + Hos for three pipes in series 28Exercise C Note: There will be additional losses in the pipework and fittings between the test pipes. These losses have been minimised on C11-MKIl by using large diameter Components in comparison with the bore of the test pipes. In areal application the tosses from the fitings are likely to be more significant and it will be necessary to include these losses in any calculations. Equipment Set Up Configure the network on C11-MKil with the standard arrangement of test pipes, namely 0mm and D = 9mm from left to right, unless a different A=9m,B=6mm,C ‘configuration is required. Locate the C14-MKIl at the right hand end of the F1-10 Hydraulics Bench, positioned 0 that the four outlets at the top will discharge into the side of the volumetric tank on the F1-10. If necessary refer to the Operating procedures section for details on how to connect and prime the F1-10 and C11-MKll. Before using the apparatus for taking measurements it is essential to prime all of the test pipes and interconnecting pipework to eliminate trapped air. Procedure 29‘Armfield Instruction Manual Ensure that all of the pipework is fully primed then configure the system to allow {esting of pipes B and C in series by opening and closing the appropriate isolating valves as shown in the diagram to the right. Open the inlet flow control valve at the base fully, ensure that the system is fully primed then connect the hand held pressure meter to tapings Hy and Hy to measure the head loss across pipes B and C in series. Before taking readings the pressure meter should be primed by holding the meter over the volumetric tank on F1-10 then opening the bleed valves at the connection to the meter unti all ais has been expelled from the flexible tubing to the meter. Adjust the outlet flow control valve at the top or the inlet flow control valve at the bottom as convenient to give a low flow through the network then measure and record the head loss using the hand held pressure meter and the corresponding flowrate using the volumetric tank on F1=10 with a stop clock. Before making any adjustments to the flowrate etc. reconnect the hand held pressure meter to tappings H, and H, to measure the head loss across pipe B only. The meter can also be connected to tapings H, and Hs if required to prove that the head loss across pipe C is the difference between the measured losses across pipe B only and pipes B + Cin series, Vary the flow through the test pipes from zero to maximum flowrate by adjusting the outlet flow control valve at the top or the inlet flow control valve at the bottom as convenient. At each setting allow the conditions to settle then measure and record the head losses as before using the hand held pressure meter and the corresponding flowrate using the volumetric tank on F1-10 with a stop clock. Repeat these measurements with the network of pipe configured for two alternative pipes in series then three pipes in series as shown in the diagram below. 30Exercise C Results Tex] Pre] Pre | Head | Head [Head] voume ] Elapse | Flow | Total Bores | Length | loss | loss | loss 3 | Rete | Head d Lo] Hae | Hes | How v | time | @ | toss m | m | mo | mo | mo | me t | mise] Hy secs | c_| mio T a T 7 T a | 0 a 7 oT 3 oT a a7 5 oT @ oT Note all measurements converted to metres for purposes of calculation. 31‘Armfield Instruction Manual Conclusion From the results obtained confirm that tho (otal head loss across the series network His equal to the sum of the head losses in the individual pipes for all flow rates. Comment on the magnitude of the individual head losses and account for the differences despite the flow through each being identical. ‘Advanced students should calculate the theoretical head loss in any section for a given flow from knowledge of the pipe geometry and an estimated pipe friction factor. The values obtained should be compared to the experimentally determined values. Why is knowledge of the energy degradation in a pipe network of importance to a pistem designer? Suggest practical situations where series pipe networks might be found, 32. AMM mmm mm mnExercise D - Flow through pipes connected in a ring main Objective To measure head loss versus discharge for water flowing through parallel pipes with different intemal diameters. Method By measuring the flowrate and corresponding head loss (pressure drop) across pipes with different inside diameters. Equipment Required In order to complete the demonstration the following equipment is required: C11-MKIl Pipe Network apparatus F1-10 Hydraulics Bench ‘Stop clock (not supplied by Armfield) Optional Equipment None Theory 33Armfield Instruction Manual Solving any problem involving a ring main requires complex analysis of the head at teach of the junctions and the flow through each of the individual pipes in the ring main, where all variables interact. For example, a reduction in flow at one outlet will affect the head loss in the pipes supplying water to it with a resulting change in flow to other parts of the network ‘At any junction in the ring main the algebraic sum of the flows to or from the junction ‘must be zero (the flow is positive or negative depending on the direction of flow). For example in the diagram: Qy,+ Q, + Qo = 0 where flows Q, and Q, are negative because the flow is away from the junction There will be additional losses in the pipework and fittings between the test pipes. These losses have been minimised on C11-MKIl by using large diameter components in comparison with the bore of the test pipes. In a real application the losses from the fitings are likely to be more significant and it will be necessary to include these losses in any calculations. Equipment Set Up Configure the network on C11-Mkil with the standard arrangement of test pipes, namely: A= 9mm, B = 6mm, C = 10mm and D = 9mm from left to right, unless a different configuration is required. Locate the C11-MKIl at the right hand end of the F1-10 Hydraulics Bench, positioned ‘so that the four outlets at the top will discharge into the side of the volumetric tank on the F1-10. If necessary refer to the Operating procedures section for details on how to connect and prime the F1-10 and C11-MKII. Before using the apparatus for taking measurements itis essential to prime all of the test pipes and interconnecting pipework to eliminate trapped air.Exercise D Procedure Ensure that all of the pipework is fully primed then configure the system to allow testing of pipes A, B, C and D ina ring main by opening and closing the appropriate isolating valves as shown in the diagram to the right. Open the inlet flow control valve at the base fully, ensure that the system is fully primed then connect the hand held pressure meter to tapings H, and H, to measure the head loss across pipe A. Before taking readings the pressure meter should be primed by holding the meter over the volumetric tank on F1-10 then opening the bleed valves at the connection to the meter unti all air has been expelled from the flexible tubing to the meter. Adjust the three outlet flow control valves at the top to give a low flow through the network then measure and record the head loss H,.2 Using the hand held pressure meter and the corresponding flowrates using the volumetric tank on F110 with a stop 35Armfield Instruction Manual clock (to measure the flow from individual outlets direct the flow from the other outlets to the overflow in the side wall of the volumetric tank). Before making any adjustments to the flowrate etc. reconnect the hand held pressure meter to tappings H, and H, then H, and Hy then H, and H; to measure the head loss ‘across the individual pipes. Vary the flow through the pipe network by adjusting the outlet flow control valves at the top in different combinations to give different flows in different parts of the ring main. At each setting allow the conditions to settle then measure and record the head losses as before using the hand held pressure meter and the corresponding flowrates using the volumetric tank on F1-10 with a stop clock. Leave the three outlet control valves fixed then perform one run with the inlet flow Control valve throttled to give reduced flow. Results For each configuration construct tables of measured and calculated values as follows: vol | Time [Flew] Vol] Time | Flow | Vol] Time | Flow | Flow Gast | Qast | Quai | Qasr | Quaa | Quer | Qozr | Ones | Ones | Qn lives | secs | m/s | itres | secs | mis | titres | secs | mils | mits ‘Where Qu is the sum of Quay + Qara + Qaus Using the calibration data obtained in exercise A estimate the flow through each test. piipe base on the head loss then complete the following table. The direction of flow is indicated by the direction ofthe fallin head. Pipe | Pipe | Measured | Estimated | Sumar | Sumat | Sumer] Samat Bore | Head | Flaw | fiows at | flows at | flows at | flows at a | oss Rate | junction | junction | junetion | juncton m_| m0 | msec | we | Bc. | “oD DIA of of of >| Note all measurements converted to metres for purposes of calculation, Advanced students may wish to analyse the ring main theoretically and predict the flow and head distribution from knowledge of ring geometry and basic-assumptions regarding pipe ftition factors and inlet conditions, Several methods are available, ‘some using techniques of successive approximation, Conclusion Confirm that net zero flow is obtained at each junction inthe network and comment con any discrepancies.Exercise D Comment on the variations in the network when the flow is changed at any of the outlets. Comment on the variation in the network when the flow into the network is varied. Comment on the distribution of the flow around the ring main and suggest practical situations for the use of ring mains. ‘Comment on the difficulty of analysing the flows around and through a typical ‘network with varying inflow and varying outflows. 37 iExercise E - Using doubling pipes to increase capacity of a pipeline Objective To show how the flow carrying capacity of a pipeline is increased when the pipe is doubled for part of its length. Method By measuring the flowrate and corresponding head loss (pressure drop) across two pipes in series then one pipes doubled. Equipment Required | order to complete the demonstration the following equipment is required: C11-MKil Pipe Network apparatus F1-10 Hydraulics Bench Stop clock (not supplied by Armfield) Optional Equipment None Theory ‘Two pipes connected In series 38Exercise E Hydraulic gradiont Hydraullo gradient, o a ee => Sty a LIL . oF _ |, ! L [F Left hand pipe doubled to reduce head loss In order to increase the flow carrying capacity, a pipeline can be replaced with a pipe having larger diameter or a parallel pipe could be added as described in exercise B. However, this is likely to be very expensive and may not be practicable because of the location of the pipeline, ‘An improvement can be effected by adding a parallel pipe over part of the pipe line, especialy if [part ofthe pipeline is smaller in diameter than the rest. This additional pipe is called a doubling pipe. is a series arrangement as described in exercise C. The The original pipe line is n parallel section in series as shown in the addition of the doubling pipe creates a diagram. 12 head loss across pipe B is unaffected because the flow through this pipe remains the same. But the flow through pipe A is now shared with pipe € reducing the head loss in this section. Since most systems are dependent on erechcad available (from a reservoir or from a circulating pump), the reduction in head loge means that more water can flow through the doubled pipe arrangement. Ata given flow rate, thi 39‘Armfield Instruction Manual There will be additional losses in the pipework and fittings between the test pipes. ‘These losses have been minimised on C11-MKil by using large diameter Components in comparison with the bore of the test pipes. In a real application the losses from the fittings are likely to be more significant and it will be necessary to include these losses in any calculations. Equipment Set Up Configure the network on C11-MKIl with the standard arrangement of test pipes, namely: ‘A= Smm, B= 6mm, C= 10mm and D = Omm from left to right, unless a different configuration is required. Locate the C11-MKIl at the sight hand end of the F110 Hydraulics Bench, positioned 0 that the four outlets at the top will discharge into the side of the volumetric tank on the F1-10. If necessary refer to the Operating procedures section for details on how to connect and prime the F1-10 and C11-MKI Before using the apparatus for taking measurements itis essential to prime all of the test pipes and interconnecting pipework to eliminate trapped air. 40Exercise E Procedure Ensure that all of the pipework is fully primed then configure the system to allow testing of pipes D and G in series by opening and closing the appropriate isolating valves as shown in the diagram to the right. flow control valve at the base fully, ensure that the system is fully nnect the hand held pressure meter to tappings H; and Hs to measure \d C in series. Before taking readings the pressure ‘meter over the volumetric tank on F110 then tion to the meter until all air has been expelled Open the inlet primed then co! the head loss across pipes D an meter should be primed by holding the opening the bleed valves at the connec! from the flexible tubing to the meter. flow control valve at th jent to give a low flow through the network then 1¢ top or the inlet flow control valve at the Adjust the outlet ‘measure and bottom as conveni aArmfield Instruction Manual record the head loss using the hand held pressure meter and the corresponding flowrate using the volumetric tank on F'1-10 with a stop clock. Before making any adjustments to the flowrate etc. reconnect the hand held pressure ‘meter to tapings H; and H., to measure the head loss across pipe D only. Vary the flow through the test pipes from zero to maximum flowrate by adjusting the ‘outlet flow control valve at the top or the inlet flow control valve at the bottom as ‘convenient. At each setting allow the conditions to settle then measure and record the head losses as before using the hand held pressure meter and the corresponding flowrate using the volumetric tank on F1-10 with a stop clock. Repeat these measurements with pipe A in parallel with pipe C or pipe B in parallel with pipe C to reduce the head loss in that part ifthe network as shown in the diagram below: If time permits obtain results from both arrangements to see the effect of using a different pipe diameter in parallel with pipe C. 42base Exercise E Results Test Pipe | Pipe ) Head] Head | Volume ] Elapse ) Flow Bores | Length | loss | loss | collected] d | Rate d L Hig | Hig. vo | Time | m m | Ho | mo | mm t_ | msec secs D*CRant DC Runa OT DC Runs oF Da{GeA) Runt oF DACA) Run? ar De{CrA) Runs oT DHC+By Runt oT | DF(G+B) Run Z Or De(CrB) Runs or Note all measurements converted to metres for purposes of calculation. Plot a curve of head loss versus flow rate for the two pipeline arrangements tested, The resulting graph will show the improved flow carrying capacity of the doubled pipeline, ‘Advanced students may wish to deduce theoretically the flow in each branch of the doubled pipe by considering two parallel pipes in series with another pipe. Conclusion Comment on the effect of doubling a pipe and suggest practical situations where doubling might be used. 43 - ee |