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FORM TP 2017155 MAY/JUNE 2OI7

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION@

BIOLOGY

UNIT 2 -Paper 02

2 hours 30 minutes

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

I This paper consists of SIX questions in TWO sections. Answer ALL

questions.

2 Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

3 Do NOT write in the margins.

4 You may use a silent, non-programmable calculator to answer questions.

5 You are advised to take some time to read through the paper and plan your
answers.

6 If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so
on the original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the
back of this booklet. Remember to draw a line through your original
answer.

7 If you use the extra page(s) you MUST write the question number
clearly in the box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where
relevant, include the question part beside the answer.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright @ 2015 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.
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AnswerALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

l. (a) A simplified summary of the stages in glycolysis is given in Figure I

Glucose

B:
x
C:

Fructose bisphosphate

Ttiose

NAI)

A:
D:

Pyruvate

Figure 1. Summary of key stages in glycolysis

(i) Identify the reactants or products labelled A, B, C, D, E and F in Figure l. Write

your answers in the relevant spaces in Figure 1. [4 marks]

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Explain the significance of the process labelled X in Figure I

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[3 marks]

(b) Mitochondria play an important role in cellular respiration.

(i) In the box below, draw a labelled diagram to show the detailed structure of a
mitochondrion. NOTE: No title is required.

[3 marks]

(ii) On yourdiagram, use labelled arrowsto identifr FOURkey substances of cellular

respiration that move out of the mitochondrion.
[2 marks]

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Ecosystems are dynamic in nature. Figure 2 illustrates the changes in population sizes of
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an agricultural pest and its predator over time, following the introduction of the predator
species.

Pest species
q)
N
a
/ \
o
/ \
c \
I \
E I .\
F( I \
I \
a/ Predator species
\ \----

fime after introduction of predator

Figure 2. Changes in population sizes over time for a pest and its predator

Describe the changes in the two populations during the period.

[3 marks]

Total 15 marks

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NOTHING HAS BEEN OMITTED.

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2. (a)
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Figure 3 is a stained section through the medulla of the kidney showing cross sections
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through some functional regions of the nephron and associated ducts.

III

II

Figure 3. Section through the medulla of the kidney

Source:http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomyok20&o%20Physiolog,'/2020/2020%
2 0 Exam%o2 0 Rev i ew s/ Exam% 2 0 4 /col le c t i ngo/o2 0 duc t0 2. bmp

(i) Identify the cross sections labelled I and II and for EACH, state ONE observable
feature which justifies the given identification.

II

[4 marks]

(ii) Comment on the main function of the region labelled III

[1 mark]

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(iii) In BOX II, make a detailed drawing of the cross section labelled II.
NOTE: No title or magnification is required.

BOX II

[3 marksl

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(b) Figure 4 shows the results of some experiments in which the effect of the closure of stomata
on transpiration rate in a plant is studied. Two series of experiments are conducted, one
in still air and the other under windy conditions.

200

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/ In still air
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Stomatal aperture (pm)

Figure 4. Rate of transpiration relative to stomatal aperture

(i) With reference to the structure of stomata, explain the nature of the relationship
between stomata and transpiration.

[3 marks]

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Using the data given in Figure 4, compare the general trend in transpiration rates
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of the plant in still air and under windy conditions.

[3 marks]
(iii) Suggest an explanation for the results obtained for the experiment done under
windy conditions.

[1 markl

Total 15 marks

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3. (a)
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The percentages of the total deaths in2012 that were attributable to alcohol consumption
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for different age groups in two regions are provided in Table l.

TABLE 1: DEATHS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN TWO REGIONS

Death due to Alcohol

Consumption
Age Group (years) (as a 7o of Total Deaths)
Americas Europe
l5-19 17.0 20.0
20-29 17.5 25.0
30-39 15.0 25.5
4049 12.5 23.0
50-59 9.0 19.0

6H9 5.0 r4.0

70-79 2.5 I2 5

80+ 1.5 10.0

2014
Source; World Health Organization: Global status report on alcohol and health,

(i) on the grid provided on page 13, plot a bar chart of the data in Table 1'
[4 marksl

(ii) State TWO conclusions that can be made based on the data
provided in Table l '

[2 marks]

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Discuss TWO social consequences of excessive alcohol consumption

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[4 marksl

(c) Describe FIVE risk factors that promote the onset of Type 2 diabetes

[5 marksl

Total 15 marks

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AnswerALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

4. (a) Light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration are two factors that can limit the rate of
photosynthesis.

(i) Discuss the concept of a limiting factor in photosynthesis.

[4 marks]

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Using your knowledge of the light-dependent and light-independent stages of

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photosynthesis, explain how light intensity and carbon dioxide act as limiting
factors.

[6 marks]
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Microorganisms are primarily responsible for most of the cycling of nitrogen in the
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biosphere. With reference to the main processes in the nitrogen cycle, outline FOUR key
roles of microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle.

[5 marksl
Total 15 marks
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s. (a)
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Explain the mechanisms by which a nerve cell membrane is able to conduct an action
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potential and give an analysis of TWO factors that affect the rate of conduction.

[8 marksl
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Outline the general principles of hormonal action in animals and discuss the role of
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hormones in the regulation of blood glucose concentration.

[7 marksl

Total 15 marks
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6. (a)
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Vaccination is regarded as a form of active, artificial immunity.

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(i) Distinguish between the terms 'active immunity'and 'artificial immunity'

[3 marksl

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Using examples, explain the role ofvaccination in providing immunity to pathogens.

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[6 marks]

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(b) Despite a decline in new HIV infections in the Caribbean, the region still has a higher HIV
prevalence than any other region in the world, except for sub-siharan Africa.

Discuss THREE factors which may account for the continued spread of HIV in the
Caribbean.

[6 marks]
Total 15 marks

END OF TEST

IF YOU FINISH BEF'ORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST.

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