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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
255 views193 pagesGiáo Trình Nhập Môn Mạng Máy Tính - Hồ Đắc Phương - 333384
Uploaded by
Phạm Khắc DuyCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
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Muc luc
CHUONG 1 - GIGI THIEU CHUNG acuta RRR aR
1.1 MANG TRUYEN THONG VA coxan NGHE MANG ————--————--7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
CHUONG 2 - TANG UNG DYNG——————__——————_ 45
2.1 GIAO THUC TANG UNG DUNG ——-——————-_--- 4S
23 TRUYEN FILE GLE TRANSFER) FIP
23.1 Céc leah FTP (FTP Commands)
24. - THU TIN DIEN TU (E-mail) TREN INTERNET--——---—-—--—-—-—85.
BA SMTP iT 2.42 So sinh SMTP v6i
2.6.6. Kién tric Hg théng MSN. ————-
2.6.3 Kién tric chia sé file ngang hing ‘Gutlla
2.7 LAP TRINH SOCKET ——~
.7.1 Cie him thao tée trén Soc
2.7.2 Vi du m6t chuong trinh
2.7.3 Web server dom gin ~-
CHUONG 3 - TANG GIAO VAN-——————_ 48
3. H VU VA NGUYEN TAC CUA TAt
3.1.1 Quan hé gidta ting giao van va ting man;
3.1.2 Téng quan vé tang giao van trong Interné
3.2 DICH VU DON KENH, PHAN KENH 153
3.3 UDP--GIAO THUC KHONG HUONG NOI —=-————-—-—-———--—--—158
3.3.1 Chu tric UDP segment amma
3.4.3 Go-back-N (GBI
3.4.4 Giao thite lip ai 6 Iya chon (Selective Rep
3.5 TCP - GIAO THUC GIAO VAN HUONG NOI
3.5.1 Két ndi TCP
SS2ch HeTCr sees = a
3.5.3 Sb thir ty vi S6 bién nhign—————————-— oT Bab) id
3.5.4 Telnet: M6t vi dy vé s6 thir ty va s6 bién nhin ———
3.5.5 Truyén dtr ligu tin ey ———————_____—
4
© 4S DINH TUYEN TREN INTERNET.
3.5.6 Kiém sodt uu SS 2
3.5.7 Quan ly két ndi TCP-—
3,6 KIEM SOAT TAC NGHEN TRONG TCP
CHUONG 4 - TANG MANG ———______-______216
‘4.1. CAC MO HINH DICH VU CUA TANG MANG ————----——-—--—--—- 216
4.1.1 M6 inh dich vy mang 218
4.1.2 Ngudn géc cia dich vu chuyén mach.
4.2 CAC NGUYEN LY DJNH TUYEN
4.2.1. Thuat toén dinh tuyén link state. ———
4.2.2. Thuft tofn Distance vector, —————-—
4,3 DINH TUYEN PHAN CAP ———______"
44 INTERNET PTOTOCOL
44.1 Dia chi 1Pv4-———__———-—_______ 240
4.4.2 Chuyén datagram tir ngudn t6i dich: van 48 dia chi va djnh tuyén———-—- 248
44.3 Khwon dang g6i dO ig [Penne 25
444 Phin manh (Fragmentation) va Hgp nhit (Reassembly) g6i tin IP-—————-- 254
4.4.5 Giao thitc kiém soat Ii ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) —--—- 258
4.6.1 Céng vao (Input port
4.6.2 Két cu chuyén (Switching fabric) ---—————---——-—_neva———aa— ane 268
4,6.3 Cong ra (Output port)
4.7.1 Dinh dang g6i tin U
4.7.2 Chuyén tir IPv4 sang I
4.8 CO CHE DICH CHUYEN DJA CHi (NAT) Steger srmirntert ize
4.9 KIEM SOAT TAC NGHEN — arc ell hicteearbiy iret < 98S
9.1 Cac nguyén ly Kiém sodt tic ght, —anneeamaee mane 286,
4,92 Chinh sich ngdn chan the nghn aman 289
49.3 Kiém sodt tic nghén trong mach do.
4.9.4 Kim soit tic nghen trong mang chi
4.9.5 Cit tai CHUONG 5 -TANG LIEN KET DU LiftU —
5.1 CAC KHAINIEM CHUNG, DICH VU CUA TANG DATALINK:
5.2.3 Kiém tra di thira ving (CRC)
5.2.4 Sia 6i bing ma Hamming
5.3.1 Giao thie phan chi kin ayn (channel pat
5.3.2 Giao thie tray cp ngdu nhién (random access) ~.
5.3.3 Giao thite truy edp lin lot (Taking ~ tums) —
5.3.4 Mang cy b LAN (Local Area Network)
5.4 DIA CHI LAN VA ARP ——eveenvemnenen eee
5.4.1 Dia chi LAN.
5.42. Giao thite gi
5.5. ETHERNET —
5.8.1 Nhting kh
5.2.2. CSMAICD: Giao thite da truy ep cia Ethernet —342
5.5.3 Nhiimg cng ngh® Ethernet SAN).
Mang cuc 6§ (LAN) lign két céc t8i nguyén méy tinh trong mot
ving dia Iy c6 kich thuée han ché. Dé cé thé la mét phong, vai phong trong
mot tda:nha, hoge vai t6a nha trong mt khu nha. Cum tir “kich thude han
cché” Khong durge xéc dinh cy thé nén mét s6 ngudi xée dink pham vi cba
mang LAN bing céch dinh ban kinh nim trong khoang vai chyc mét én vai
km. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) xéc dinh ban
kinh ofa mang LAN.nho hon 10km. Vi dy vé mét s6 céng nghé mang LAN:
Ethernet/802.3, Token Ring, mang FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface).
Mang dign ring (WAN) tién két céc tdi nguyen may tinh trong mot
‘ving dia ly.r0ng (¢6 ban kinh trén 100km) nr thi x8, thanh ph6, tinh/bang,
quéc gia. Cé thé coi mang WAN gim nhiéu mang LAN khée nhau. Vi du
mét s6 cdng nghé mang WAN: ISDN (Integrated Services Data Network),
frame relay, SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service) vi ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode).
Toronto
a
S. 2
ou i
oe : ae
aga \ |» i=
Saag "a se
Hinh 4.4 Mang WAN -két hop cla nhldu mang LAN qua cée router
‘Mét sd ngudi phan biét kj hon gitta mang LAN va WAN. Do vay
xudt hign phan loai Mang 46 ehj (MAN). MAN lién két cée t8i nguyén i
tinh trong mét thanh phd. Gia sir ¢6 m@t céng ty kinh doanh c6 nhidu tba
nha trong tinkythanh phd, ‘MGi tda nha o6 mét mang LAN riéng, nhimg mang
LAN nay duge két néi véi nhau, két qué ta cé mét mang MAN vi tit ed cdc
ta nha 18 6 trong cing m9t tinhthinh phé. Nbin chung, MAN duge ding
48 chi cdc mang cé dign hoat dong én hon LAN nhung nhé hon WAN.
Hinh 1.5 Mang MAN - kéthgp nhléu mang LAN trong mee khu wwe diay
‘M@t logi mang nia ld Mang e4 nhdn (PAN), chi mang may tinh nhé
ai mang nia 1b ML ), chi mang may tinh nhé
Wt dung trong gia dinh, Gié may tinh ngay cang ré lam cho s6 aA inh 06
5 ‘nhidu méy tinh ngay cng ting nhanh, ‘din dén nhu cu xudt hign mang PAN
‘vi ngudi ta nhfn ra uw diém cia vie két nbi cfc méy tinh trong gia dinb. Vi
dy, 06 thé ndi cde may tinh trong nha ‘dén cing mét may in, khéng cin phai
‘mua méy in cho méi PAN cling cho phép cé gia dink sir dung mot
miy lam file server chi 4 phn mém img dung va dit ligu ngudi ding;
cé thé truy cAp dén server nay tir bat oft méy no ‘nbi véi mang gia dinh.
PAN efne gidp efe thanh vién trong gia din truy ofp d&n bit cf ta nguyen
nao duge diing chung trong gia dink cfc vi ti ke nau trong mhi.
“Mang toan edu (GAN) Ya mang cia cae mang WAN, tii ring trén
pham vi toan cu: Vi dy, nhigu céng ty xuyén quéc gia hoat dong trén nhidu
ude trén thé giéi. Vige két néi mong cba cic céng ty con lai v6i nhau tao
thank mang GAN. Mang ton cu Internet cling 14 mgt mang GAN dic bigt.
Phan logi mang theo mé kink ghép ni
Mot edch Khe d& phn loi mang f theo topo ~ mo hinh ghép nbi
mang, hay con goi Ia hinh mang. Topo mang gin giéng nhu ban a
dudmg phé. Né m6 td chi tiét each thie két néi cdc thanh phn chinh cia
mang (cdc nit) va cde dudng truyén. Cé thé so sénh topo mang véi ban thiét
ké-cita mot ngdi nba, trong 46 hé théng dién, sud, didu hda, va made durge
tich hgp véi nhau trong mét ‘thiét ké chung nhat, hoan chinh. C6 3 chién
luge két néi ting quat: diém-diém (point-to-point), broadcast (diém-nhidu
4iém) va multidrop (da ching).
M6 hinh diém-diém (point-to-point)
‘Mang point-to-point gdm nhiéu nit, indi nit chi c6 thé lién lge voi
anit idn k@ qua duémg lién két true tiép. Mang point-to-point o6 thé bao gm
hing ngin nit, mdi mit nOi trac tiép voi mot 6 mit nao 46, Néu mot mit cn
lién lac voi nit khong Ii i, n6 bude phai Hien Igc gidn tip théng qua
chudi cde mit khde. Dau tién, nit nguén chuyén théng digp t6i nét Tin ke
‘y6i minh, Sau a6 thong diép ndy sé duge chuyén tan ty qua day cde nit
in k@ nhau cho ¢én khi dén duoc nit dich. Vige chuyén dif ligu théng qua
init tién k@ dén mot nit khac thudng duge goi It bridging hoe routing (dinh
fuybn) ~ fy thie vio Kj thudt truyén tin bridging direc thio in wong
chuong 5; routing durge thao lugn trong chyong 4). Cé mot s6 topo mang
dya trén mé hinh point-to-point. Xét hai dang topo meng, ‘point-to-point pho
‘pign: star (hinh sao) va tree (dang cy).
16
Star (Hinh sao)
Die diém chinh cia mang hinh sao 1a ¢6 mt hub xit ly
ee a trung tam truySn tin cho tit cd cde vit Ca hin ee
don stn duve minhas trong hinh 1.6, Dé céc mit cé thé truyén théng cho
a ligu phai duoc chuyén qua hub. Do 46 khi hub ngimg hoat,
Cee oe mang sup 43. Hinh 1.6 minh hoa mét mang 10BASE-T
ee ing Ethernet), gom cée niit duge ndi tryc tiép véi mot Ethernet switch
I qua mOt cdp xofin déi tran (UTP — unshielded twisted-pair cable).
(Mang 10BASE-T, switched "
trong churong 5). Eihemet va efp UTP duge thio Ingn chi tit
Hinh 1. 6 Cac thiét bj ndi vao mot HUB duy nhét. Mé hinh sao.
Tree (Cay)
‘M6 hinh cay 14 mé hinh phn cdp, gm mot nat gbc hose mét hub
ngi dén cdc nit mite hai hoe hub mite hai. Céc thié
nbi én cde thie bi 6 mite ba, mize ba dive idbeots i iti oe ne
Mong inh ey don gin durge minh hoa trén inh 1.7, Kidn tebe mang TEEE
12, hay con goi la 100VG-AnyLAN, 4p dung mé hinh nay trong dé cf
heb dave sp think ting go thin md Sin ph op, Ma ah od a
inh hoa trong hinh 1.7. i Y awse
TuUVIEN TRUGHG BHSPKT |
eww AS77929 | Hinh 4.78 hinh dy
M6 hinh diém - nhiéu diém (Broadcast)
M6 hinh nay gdm_céc nit ding chung mt kénh truyén thong. ae
v6i md hinh diém - diém, dir ligu tir mét may gti di sé duge truyén dén tat
ca ode nit tham gia kénh-truyén ding chung. Céc méy sé kiém tra xem lig
chting cé phai la dich dén cla théng digp nhan duge hay khong eae
kkiém tra dja chi dén (destination address) cia thang diép. (Khai nigm dja ch
lug trong phan tiép theo). Cée may khéng phai la dich ota
sé b3 qua théng digp. Chi c6 nit dich cila ton iép méi tiép
1 thdy edu hi nhung chi sinh vién duge gido vien chi
oe oi mly. Mi trvimg ding chung 6 dy chin 1a Khong Xi, cn hoi cia
giéo vién 1a mot dang thong dip, lan truyén trong khéng khi va dén tai tat
ca cfc sinh vien (cde mit).
‘M6 hinh diém - diém c6 mét sb dang topo phé bién, 46 1a bus
va ring. Céc hg théng truyén théng vé tinh cing dua trén mé hinh diém -
ahiéu diém.
Bus
‘Mot cu inh bus dién hinh duge minh hea trong hinh 1.8. R6 rang
topo dang bus thuge mé hinh
cimg mét kénh truyén. Vi du di
Ethernet ddng truc (xem chuong 5).
- nhidu diém: céc nuit mang duge nm
inh vé mang cé topo deng bus 1 mang
Hinh 1.8 Mang Ethernet véi Bus ding chung
Ring
Trong edu hinh ring, tht cd cdc mit duge néi dén mét ving ~ méi
tring truyén théng ding chung. Trong topo dang ring truyén thing, théng
digp duve truyén én Iuot qua céo mit trén vong. Phu thudc vao céng nghé
sir dung, huéng truyén cé6 thé thugn hay nghich chiéu kim déng hd. Chi ¥
ring mic dit dir ligu durge chuyén tir mit no dé mit kia, ring vin khéng phai
la m§t topo thuge mé hinh diém - dic cdc nut ding chung mét kénh
truyén. Vi vay, vé mat trong topo dang ring tat ca cde nat ding chung
mot kénh truyén, nhung vé mit vat ly, vige truyén théng thuge mé hink
diém - diém. Traéng hyp nay ciing giéng nhu topo dang bus va tt ca cée hé
thény iéu diém khée, mang deng ring c&n mét sd phurong phép dé
ic truy cp vong ding thei.
9 Hinh 4.9 Mang FODI 6 topo dang Ring
Vé tinh (
hg théng truyén thong v@ tinh, vige truyén dit ligu tir mot ang-
ten. ea ak dén “e tinh thudng 1a mé hinh diém-diém. Tuy nbién, tat .
cae mit nim trong mang déu cé thé nban duge dir ligu tir ve tinh tre in
xuéng - vé tinh phét quang ba xuéng mét hoge nhiu tram trén mit “ 0
46, céc hé théng truyén thong vé tinh due xép vao mé hinh diém - a
diém (broadcast). Vi dy, rat nhiéu truémg hoc & My e6 kha ning ahd
‘Y¥@ tinh. Bat ctr chutong trinh giéo duc no duge phat quang ba a t foe
‘Vé tinh déu dug ¢éc trudng hoc thu dugc bing cach diéu chinh thiet bi nt
dén mét tin sé thich hop. Mang vé tinh duge minh hoa trén hinh 1.10.
Hinh 4. 10 V6 tinh va ede khu wwe phi séng
Trong mé hinh diém - nhiéu diém 6 rét nhiéu kigu truyén thong
digp khée nhau:
unicast - chi cé mot thiét bi nhan théng diép.
nn thong digp. Chinh ting network
mn dé 06 nim trong nhom nbn
multicast - mt nhom thi
whan 8 kiém tra xem
théng digp khong.
broadcast - tit c4 edo thiét bj trong mang nhan thong diép. Thong
digp broadcast lA m6t théng digp multicast dic biét.
Mt dic diém khéc eta m0 hinh diém - nhiéu diém lé khai niém
‘tanh chap (contention). Do tét ca cde nat cing. ding chung mt kénh truyén,
ching phai “tranh nhau” kénh truyén khi c6 nha clu gii gitr
mang dya trén mé hinh broadcast cin giai quyét vin dé nhiéu
truyén dit ligu tai cing mét thoi diém. Rét nhigu giao thite duge dua ra dé
gidi quyét tranh chip gitta céc nit va s8 duge trinh bay trong chuong 5,
Phin loai mang theo kiéu chuyén
‘Negoai vigc phan loai theo dién hoat déng va topo, mang cin duge
phan loai theo kiéu truy&n thong ma chiing sit dung, cing véi céch dit ligu
duge truyén di. Hai phan loai dién hinh 1a mang chuyén mach do (virtual
circuit-switched) va mang chuyén géi (packet-switched),
‘Trong mang chuyén mach do (circuit-switched), phii thiét lap mach
vit IY gitta nit nguén va dich truée khi chuyén di ligu thye sy. Mach nay
(On tai trong suét théi gian chuyén dir ligu. Mang dign thogi céng edng la
mt vi dy vé mang. én mach do.
he b6 chuyén mach (switch)
vii nhau, Sau khi di duge thiét lap, duréng truyén chi dinh riéng dé truyén
'u cho cue goi hign thai. Sau Khi truyén xong dif ligu (cude goi két
thc), mach duoc gidi phéng va cé thé duoc cdp phat cho cudc goi khic.
Nhur vay, chuyén mach lim ing khé nang chia sé durig truyn (link) vi
teling mét mach c6 thé duge sit dung cho nhigu qua trinh truyén khéc nhau,
ic dau khéng cing mét thai diém,
a opr?
Hinh 4.14 Mang ign thoai - chuyén mach 40
én goi t-swit théng digp iu
Trong mang chuyén gél (packet-switched network), 4
sian duge chia thank nhtng don vi nh3 hom go asi (once, = ani
i 16 an lui cde thiét bj chuyén
packet lan lugt duce giti ti nit nhgn qua man; Ee ose
i i fn thiét bi i&t bj nay clin cit vaO
minh. Khi packet dén thiét bi trung gian, y
dich cha packet d& quy&t dinh xem sé chuyén packet di theo hung
nao dé dén duge thiét bi ké tiép. Do cau hinh cua oT ee he 6 thé
thay di nén cdc packet cia cing mot thong digp c6 the den
ayn yong Kae hau. Didu nay cting giéng nh vige gil thu Khi hin
‘Hope thu, bara cye s& cin cit vio dja chi ngubi nbn d& chuyén dn no te?
hop. Mang toan cau Intemet hign nay 4p ‘dung cong nghg ve mach goi nay.
wach géi - o&c g6i tin di theo nhibu tuyén during
inh uy
tant 442 Mang chun kha nhau tir A dén B
1.14 Dia chi mang, dinh tuyén, tinh tin cy, tinh lién tae va
an ninh mang
‘mang my tinh
dia tuyén, tinh tin ed, tinh
day trinh bay ngin gon vé nhting yéut6 nay.
quan dén nhigu yéu t6, trong 46 c6
ic, va an ninh mang. Phan dudi
Bja chi (Address)
Mi di
thoai c6 ma ving va mot sé
vé vj tri ving cla dign thoai, cin s6 di
ign thoai trong ving. Hé théng edc thiét bi chuyén mgch trong céng ty dign
thogi duge lép trinh dé tg0 nén mot kénh truyén gitta hai thiét bi. Vé thye
chit ma ving lai duge phan ofp thanh ma quéc gia vA ma khu vue.
fia chi). Ma vig cung cap théng tin
thoai 1A s6 xd din duy nhdt may
Routing - Djnh tuyén
Dinh tuyén xdc dinh tuyén dugg ma dit ligu sé di qua trong qua
trinh chuyén tir nat nhan dén nit giri. Chite ning dinh tuyén duge thy
boi mét thiét bi phan cig dic biét: router (thiét bj dinh tuyén).
chon tuyén dudng tét nhdt phai dua trén mot tiéu chudn cy thé - duge
40 do (metric), Cae 46 do dinh tuyén phd bién la: Khoang céch, s6 ching
(hop) va bang thing.
‘Tinh tin cy
agidng het
181, Trong th
vay can phai thiét ké sao cho hé théng o6 kha nang xir ly
nhimg phuong phdp dién hinh 1a thém théng tin dw thira vao ode (2) kiém tra xem dit
, Hu hét cée mang ngy nay du
mn), C6 hai céch 46 phat
hign 161 thong dung 1a kiém tra ni dur
Cyelic Redundancy Check). Hai kj thudt nay duge tink bay trong chong 5.
‘Tinh lign tic (interoperability)
Tinh lién the (interoperability) chi kha ning cf sin phim (phn
img va phin mém) cla cdc hang sin xudt khdc ‘haw 06 thé giao tiép duge
véi nhau trong mang. Trong thoi ki hong kim cia céc mang de quyén (ae
tur nhin, hang sin xudt, hoge mot t6 chée), khéng edn phai quan tim dén
‘inh lign téc, min 14 cdc think phn edu thanh mang déu Ta sin phim va
giao thite ciia cing mOt hang sin xudt, Aaa Bes tt Be
mg dung ¢6 tinh niing duge cai tién hon img dung cia hing sin xuét dee
quyén, hing sin xudt thir ba phi su ding ¥ cha nha sin xuit ¢ te
quyén - tire [a hing san xuat thir ba phai tra phi ban quyén. Ngay nay, vot :
giao thire “md” TCP/P, cde hing sin xudt - hing ngudi viét va bén .
img dung dya trén TCP/IP duge ty do lima hing didu he mudn, khong. mh
Jo ngai vé viée vi pham bn quyén. Hau hét eée hang sin xuat may tinh fa
6 ging dé sén phim cia minh tong thich véi sin phim ciia hang sin xuat
khic.
Anninh
‘An ninh mang chi vige béo vé moi thir trong mang, bao gdm dit ligu,
phuong tign truyén thong va cdc thiet bj. An
chife ning quan tri, co ong cu ky thug va ; rn
héa, cdc san phim kiém sodt truy cép mang. tung lira firewall - thiét
bj phan cimg dic biét bao vé mang véi thé gidi ben ngoai). An ninh ane
fing bao gém vige dinh ra nhimg chinh séch sir dyng tai nguyén mang, kié
tra xem ti nguyén mang c6 duge sir dung phi hop véi chinh sich 43 dinh
true hay khéng, quy dinh va kiém tra chi nhimg ngudi ob dit quyén méi
duge sit dung cdc t2i nguyén 46...
Py
1.1.5 Chuan mang
Chudn mang dinh nghia céc giao tigp phin cimg, giao thie truyén
‘thong, kién tric mang... Chudn mang thiét lap nhimg quy tic hay cée quy
ude cu thé ma cdc bén tham gia truyén thing cln tun thi. Ching lim tng
khi ning giao tiép gitta sin phim phin cing va phin mém olla cdc hing sin
xudt Khée nhau. Chun due xy dung théng qua céc td chitc chuin héa,
Nhing t6 chite nay duge chia thanh bén loai chit quéc gia, (b) ving,
(6) quéc té va (4) nginl/higp héi thuong mai ighé. Thanh vin cia
16 chite chun thudng la dai dign cia chinh phi, vién nghién cfru vi hang
sin xudt. Qua trinh xy dymg chuéin phai dim béo duge tinh théng nhat, vi
vay thuémg kéo dai, d6i khi phai mat nhiéu nim méi cho ra ddi duoe mét
chudn chinh thire. Qué trinh nay eting bj anh huring béi cde yéu 16 khde nhur
inh t6, chin tri,
Chuan chinh thite (De jure standard)
Chun chinh thire duce céng nhin boi nhing t8 chire chuin héa
chuyén nghip. Vi du, nhiing giao thie vé modem duge xay dung béi Higp
hi truyén théng quéc té (Intemational Telecommunications Union — ITU),
hay chudn ELA/TIA-568 ding cho Commercial Building
Wiring duge xay dung béi Electronic Idustries Association - EIA va
‘Telecommunications Tnustries Association ~ TIA, hod céc chun cho mang
oye b} duge xiy dumg boi Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers —
IBEE. (Cac chufn nay sé duge trinh bay chi tiét trong cdc chirong sau).
Chun thye t§ (De facto standard)
Chuan thyc té 14 chun tdn tai trong thye 18 chr khéng phai do cfc 15
ohite chuén hoa xay nén. Chiing duoc phat trién thong qua sy chdp
‘nln cia todn nganh déi véi chudn nao dé cia mét hang nha san xudt cu thé,
Vi dy mot chudn thye té la Network File System (NFS) - giao thite chia sé
file ciia hang Sun Microsystems. Sun da céng Khai dic td cia giao thite nay,
do 46 nhiing nha sin xudt khac c6 thé ty do trién khai. Két qua NFS durge sit
Ong rai va duge coi nhu mt chudn thyc té. Hign tai, NFS dugc cai dat
rit nhiéu hé théng UNIX khdc nhau (Sun, IBM, mn Gracphic
va HP), cling nhu céc hé théng dua trén Macintosh va
‘hidn thuc t& khéc 3 Java - ngén ngit lap trinh Web duge phat
‘Ming Sun Microsystems, Chuan riéng cia hing
Chudn cda hang quy dinh nhimg yéu cau oy thé ofa mét nha san
xudt ndo 46, Nhting dic ta nay khéng duge céng khai, chi duge tuan theo va
chap nhgn béi chinh hang san xudt d8 nghi ra nd. Trong thoi ki ddu cia
mang, cée chudn cia hang théng tri. Mac ‘du ngay nay nhting chuén nhw
vy khéng cdn duge tin thanh nia song ching vin tn tai rét nbigu. Duge
biét dén nbigu nbét phai ké dén céc chudn ctia IBM (vi du: SNA - kién tric
hé thong meng cia IBM, giao thie IPX cita Novell - da trén giao thire XNS
cia Xerox). Chuén riéng cia hang tr6i bude khach hang ‘yao giai phap cia
mot nha sin xudt cy thé, lm cho ho giip kh6 khin khi sir dung sin phim
(phan cig hode phin mém) cla céc hang sin xudt khéc.
‘Chuan hiép hoi
Chuan higp h6i tzong ty nhwr chudn chinh thiéc theo ngbia, ching la
sin pham cla qué trinh chudn héa. idm khéc nhaw [a qué trinh Ip ké hoach
ya chun héa nhimg chuén nay khong chju sir quan ly cla ede 16 chite chun
‘héa chuyén nghigp. Thay vao d6, dic td cho cdc chuan durge thie ké va thea
thudn béi nhém ede nha sén xudt think lap nén higp hoi, voi mot mue die
oy thé: dat duge muc tiéu chung. Nhimg nha sin xudt nay cam két bé tro cho
cde chun duge phat trién boi higp hdi, va phat trign nhiing sin phim tuan
theo chudn nay. Vi dy vé céc chudn higp hi nbu Fast Ethemet,
‘Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM Forum) hay Gigabit Bthemnet
1.2 MO HINH OSI
76 chize ISO (International Standards Organization) duge thanh lap.
nam 1971 v6i mye dich xay dug céc tiéu chuan quéc té. M@t trong cde
chuin ISO dinh nghia céc mat cia truyén théng mang li mé hinh OSI -
Open Systems Interconnection (M6 hinh lién ‘xét gitta cdc hé théng md).
Day 14 mé hinh cho phép bit cir hai hg thong ndo (cho dt Khéc nhau) c6 thé
truydn théng véi nhau ma khéng cn quan tém dén kién trac bén duéi cia
ching, Cée giao thie ca riéng mt hang sin xuét thing ngfin ngira vige
truyén théng gitta hai hé théng khéng cing mét kiéu. ‘M6 hinh OSI ra 401
26
it giao thite; né 14 mét mé hinh dé nhan bi
d6ng, ving chic va cé kha ning li
t8n (6 chite; OSI la mét mé hinh.
va thiét ké mot
téc. Chi ¥ ISO 14
1.2.1 M6 hinh
‘M6 hinh OSI duge phin ting véi muc dich thiét ké cdc hé théng
mang cho phép tét ca cac iéu he théng méy tinh khac nhau c6 thé truyén
thong voi haw M6 hinh gdm 7 ting rigng bigt nhung cé lién quan dén
nhaw, = tang dink nghia mot phin cia qué trinh truyén théng tin trén
mang, Nhing quy téc co ban cha m6 hinh OSI 1a nén tang co ban dé nghiés
tru chi tiét truyén thong dit Ligu. babe
‘Thyc ra trong cugc sing, ching ta gap kha nhiéu vi dy vé vig
tbng. Gia sir ngudi A viée th gi cho ngubi B. Sau Khi vidt thy cee
thu vao phong bi, dan kin, ghi dja chi cia B, dan tem va nhét bite thi vio
i va B, don vj dit ligu trao déi 1a céc 1a thu, Bre
£06 tu thre sy trong khi phong bi thu 6 thé x«
logi tiéu 48 chira céc théng tin didu iin Hg ‘hag bun ign rua
nbidu bus oye. - 18 fe tram trang gian ma bite thu 38 di qua) chiu tréch
nig chuyén bite thy t6i dja chi ciia B. Véi vi dy nay ting dudi (hé théng
thu dign) sé cung cdp dich vy chuyén thu cho ting trén (A va B). A vi B
quan tam dén n6i dung bite thu, khuén dang thu, ng6n ngtt viét trong tht
mA khéng can quan tim dén lam thé nao dé thu cé thé chuyén t6i B. Diy
hin 1b uu diém cia vige phin ting: ting trén sir dung dich vy cia ting
duéi nhumg kh6ng cin quan tim dén cdch thite thye hign dich vy d6.
Kign tric phan ting
‘M6 hinh OSI gdm 7 tang (Hinh 1.13):
‘Ting vat ly (Physical layer)
Ting lién két dt ligu (Datalink layer)
‘Tang mang (Network layer) Ting giao vin (Transport layer)
Hinh 4.13 Bay ting trong m6 hinh OSI
Trong lich St 05 sno mwa7tixe
Mike Canepa va Chatte Bactman ta cbng ty Honeywel information Systems. Myc tty
‘ka nhém nghién eiru nay 1b phat biBn moth théog nguyen mu cing mot ban Ké |
Frosch phat inén sén phir Nim GBu thap nign 70, nhm tp trung vag tht Ké oo seed |
ligu 06 hd try truy c§p tir xa — va do 66 chn 161 mét kién tric truyén th6ng phan tén |
| hung 06 cau tic. Sau khi o6 nhtmg nghién etru v8 kign tric mang SNA cia IBM, c8c |
giao thirc dé xuét cho meng ARPANET, nhém 8 phat trién kién trac hé théng phan tin |
| (OSA - Distributed Systems Architecture) - tin thén cla md hinh 7 tang ngay nay.
| ‘Trong kh 46, Co quan chudn héa Anh quéc @® nghi TS chite chun quée
ban hanh mét kién tric chung cho truybn théng phan tén, Theo yeu clu nay, ISO.
lp tdu ban Két n6i ede He théng mé (Open Systeme interconnection = OSI) va
| Coquan chun héa Hoa Kj (ANSI) dv ra mt db xubt cho phign hop ad tén
‘Bachman va Canepa tham dy nhirng phién hop du tén v6i ANSI v8 6 trinh bay
| m® hinh bay ting cla minh va ngay lap tio m8 hin nay durgeciva chon 48 o& xuét cho
__ haben Osi. vao nrg 37278, sby ban OS! hop it Washirgon, Bachan 4 ih
i mot su mst tr cao, fibu ban #8
| Phien ban ké tip (véi mét vai chinh sta) cing bé vao thing 6/1979 va'tép tue cizge
| chinh sir them,
2B
Phan lon cong vige thét ké md hinh OSI argc thyc hién bGi hai nha nghién citu |
4 phn Yon cto yeu cau va 06 Kha rng més rong dB ba man |
bin dlu isn ola md hinh nay dge cong b6 vao thing 3/1978.
hiéu nit trung gian khéc, Nhiing nit trung gian nay thuong cf
én 3 ting dau cia mé hinh OSI. Khi phét trién m6 hink, ede nh:
phan tich qua trinh truyén dit ligu ra nhng chite ning eo ban nhat, va nhém
hong, chife nang c6 myc dich (sit dung) 1ién quan dén nhau vao cdc nhém:
tiéng - cdm goi la ting (layer). Méi ting déu ¢6 chite nang, nhim vy xéc
dink. Bing céch xéc dinh vi Khoanh ving ofc chit néng trong m6 hinh, nha
thidt ké da dura ra mOt kién tric dat duge cé tinh toan dién va linh hogt. Quan
trong nhdt, m6 hinh OST tgo ra tinh trong suét hodn ton gitta hai hé ‘théng
khéng tuong thich véi nhau.
Hinh 4.13 M6 hinh ost
tidn trinh ngang hang (peer-to-peer)
bj ddu cuéi, mai tng sir dung cée dich vy do ting bén duéi
. Vi dy, ting 3 str dung cdc dich vu do ting 2 cung cp va dén Iuot
29 minh Iai cung cp dich vy cho tang 4. Gita cde may tinh, eee
+thiét bi giao tiép voi ting N trén thiét bj khac. Vige giat nay duoc tién
hanh theo cdc quy tac va quy ude da duge théa thudin trudc- giao thie,
Tai ting vat ly, truyén thong din ra tye tip: A giri mot i it
én B duéi dang tin higu. Tuy nhién tai cdc ting cao hon ay a {tr ligu
duge chuyén din xuéng cdc ting bén duc din miy B va tigp tue di sane
én cdc ting cao hon (ciia B). Mi ting trong may giti (A) thém céc thong tc
‘ola minh vao thong digp nhin duge tir phia trén 7 2 on be
i dit Ligu xuéng ting phia dudi. Céc thong ti ~ Se
dir ligu. Header duge thém
1u @uge chuyén thank dang tin higu <6 thé
iiét bj nhAn, cc tigu dé duge My ra din dan
Ién trén. Vi dy, ting 2 logi bé ede tiéu 43 cha
ting 2 va chuyén phin ¢: id liu) cho tng 3. Tang 3 logi bé cae tiéu
8 ting 3 va chuyén phin dit ligu cho ting 4...
30
Glao dign gitta cdc ting
‘Trén cing m6t méy tinh, hai tang ké nhau trao ddi dir ligu véi nhau
ua céc giao dig (interface). Giao dign dinh nghia céch thie va khuén dang
0 igu trao d6i gitta hai ting ké nhau trén cling mot thiét bj. Dinh nghia giao
dign gitta cdc ting mOt cdch 16 ring cho phép thay 44i cdch thite trién khai
tai mot ting ma kh6ng anh huéng dén cde ‘ting khdc.
‘Trong thuat ngit mang, neudi ta thug goi giao dign gitta céc tang
la diém truy cp dich vu (Service Access Point — SAP) vi ting trén yéu cau
djch vu cua tng dugi thong qua giao dién,
‘Th chite cae ting y
a ia bay tng vio ba nhém. Nhém ting hd tro mang gdm ba
tng: vét ly, lién két dir ligu va mang chju tréch
dn Khia canh vat Iy
dy: de té di ka
