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We are working with Cambridge Assessment

International Education to gain endorsement

Cambridge IGCSE™
for this forthcoming title.

Information and
Communication
Technology
Third edition

Graham Brown
David Watson
 We are working with Cambridge Assessment
Please note this is a sample International Education to gain endorsement
and not a full chapter for this forthcoming series.

Written by renowned expert authors, our updated resources enable the learner to effectively navigate through the
content of the updated Cambridge IGCSE Information and Communication Technology syllabuses (0417/0983).

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Cambridge IGCSE™

ICT
Third Edition

Graham Brown
David Watson
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Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction

SECTION 1 ICT THEORY

1 Types and components of computer systems
2 Input and output devices
3 Storage devices and media
4 Networks and the effects of using them
5 The effects of using IT
6 ICT applications
7 The systems life cycle
8 Safety and security
9 Audience
10 Communication
SECTION 2 PRACTICAL
11 File management
12 Images
13 Layout
14 Styles
15 Proofing
16 Graphs and charts
17 Document production
18 Data manipulation
19 Presentation
20 Data analysis
21 Website authoring
Glossary
Index
3
 12 Images
In this chapter you will learn how to:
★ insert an image ★ rotate an image
★ resize an image to maintain or adjust ★ crop an image
the aspect ratio of an image ★ reflect an image
★ wrap text around an image ★ adjust the brightness and contrast
★ place an image with precision of an image
★ place a border around an image ★ group and layer images
In this chapter you will need the following source files:
★ dog.png ★ snowman.jpg
★ elephant.jpg ★ text1.png
★ remora.jpg ★ text2.png
★ robin.png ★ text3.png
★ snow.rtf ★ trees.jpg
★ snowangel.png ★ winter.pptx
★ snowball.jpg

12.1 Software tools

You will need to know how to place image files into different application
packages. Where this is required in a web page please refer to Section 21.2.7.
Images are unlikely to be included in the spreadsheets and databases elements
Link
of the course. However, images will be placed in both word-processed documents
See Chapter 21.2.7 and presentations. First you must select images appropriate for the document’s
audience.

Task 12A
A short historical news article is to be given to young adults aged 15–25 to study.
Open the document snow.rtf. Insert the images snowball.jpg, snowman.jpg and
trees.jpg at the end of the document.

This task requires a document rather than a presentation, although the methods
shown are identical in both packages. Use the Search tool to find Microsoft Word
and open this package.
From the File tab, select Open and locate and open the file snow.rtf. Replace the
text <Your Name> with your name, centre number and candidate number. Create
a new folder called Task 12a. Select the File tab, then Save As to save your
document, in this folder, as a Word document (.docx) with the filename task12a.

4
 12.1 Software tools

12.1.1 Insert images in a document or presentation

Move the cursor to the end of the document. Select
the Insert tab, followed by Picture. This opens the
Insert Picture window. Browse through the folders
and files until you locate the file snowball.jpg.
Click the left mouse button on this file followed by
Insert.
This will insert the image at the end of the
document. Repeat this process for the files
snowman.jpg and trees.jpg. Save the document as
task12a.
You will notice that the images are inserted where the cursor was placed, at the
end of the document. These will now need manipulating so that they become a
part of the document, rather than just added to the end.

12.2 Edit an image

It is important that an image included in any
document, presentation or publication in any form
should be appropriate to the subject matter. If a
document was about the snow, you may expect to
see an image like this.
Making choices
Read the question and text carefully to try and
understand which image would be the best and
why. Does this image need editing? Is the image
the correct shape to fit the position you wish to
place it? If the image needed to be in landscape
orientation you would need to crop it. Where do
you crop it? If you crop the top off the image the
watering can on the wall will be lost, which gives
the viewer an idea of the depth of the snow, but so
do the bricks in the wall. Do you crop the bottom
from the image and remove lots of the white snow?
The choices are yours depending upon what message
you want the image to give. Is it the depth of the
snow? Is it the dog playing in the snow?
If this image needs to be in landscape orientation
and no alternative image is available, then you must
crop the image rather than compressing or distorting
it. Images should retain the correct proportions
between width and height; this is called the aspect
ratio.

5
12 Images

Advice
Please note that you must ask for and be given
permission to use an image in any publication.
Copyright law in many countries will not allow you to
use an image belonging to another person without
their written consent.
Many copyright holders are happy for students to use
their images for educational purposes without charging
them, but you must obtain their permission to do so.

Task 12B
Open the file task12a.
Resize the image snowball.jpg to 8 cm high and
maintain its aspect ratio. Place this at the top right of
the first paragraph.
Resize the image of the snowman to 2.6 cm high and
2 cm wide. Save the document as task12b.

12.2.1 Resize an image

Resize an image in Microsoft Word
Find the image snowball.jpg in your document.
Click the right mouse button on this image to get a
drop-down menu. Select from this menu the Size and
Position... option.

Advice
If the Size and Position… option does not appear,
select Format Picture... followed by the Size tab.

This opens the Layout window which should be in

the Size tab. If not select it.
The task instructs you to resize the image
maintaining its aspect ratio. This means to keep the
height and width in the same proportions as the
original image, usually to ensure that you do not
distort it. To do this, ensure that the two tick boxes
related to the aspect ratio are both selected.
Change the Height of the image to 8 cm and click
on OK.

6
 12.1 Software tools

Use a similar method to resize the clip-art image to

2.6 cm high by 2 cm wide. Select the snowman image
and open the Layout window in the Size tab for that
image. In this case different lengths and widths have
been specified, but you have not been instructed to
crop the image. This means that you will probably
distort the image from its original proportions. To do
this, first, make sure that both of the aspect ratio
tick boxes have their ticks removed.
Use the Height box to change this setting to 2.6 cm
and the Width box to 2 cm before clicking on OK.
This will change the aspect ratio (proportions) of the
image from this:

to this:

Notice how the second image is slightly thinner but the same height. Save the
document as task12b. This task is continued in the next section.

Advice
If evidence of an image size or the aspect ratio is required, you can use screenshot
evidence of this window.

Resize an image using a graphics package

This method is to physically resize the image in a graphics package and then save
the new image (usually with a new filename). This method has the advantage of
being able to reduce the file size of an image, which is very useful in helping a
web page to be downloaded and displayed more quickly. It has the disadvantage
of using lower resolution images, which can appear pixelated, particularly if you
wish to enlarge them. The graphics package we will use is called GIMP.

Task 12C
Open the file remora.jpg. Save a copy of this file in your ‘Worked’ folder. Resize
this file to 80 pixels wide. Save this file as remora1.jpg. Reduce the resolution of
the image further by downsampling and save the new image as remora2.jpg.

Open your ‘Source Files’ folder in the File Explorer window. Open the ‘Worked’
folder in a second copy of the File Explorer window. Click on the file in the
‘Source Files’ folder, hold down the left mouse button and drag the file from this
folder into the ‘Worked’ folder.

7
12 Images

From the ‘Worked’ folder, open the image remora.jpg in your

graphics manipulation package. We have chosen GIMP for this
task. Select the Rectangle Select Tool and use this to lasso
the image of the remora. Before changing the image size check
whether the Fixed drop-down menu is set to Aspect ratio.
In GIMP (and many other packages, such as Adobe Photoshop)
images are resized using the Image tab, followed by Scale
Image….
This opens the Scale Image
window. To set the image
width to 80 pixels, change
the value in the Width: box.
There is no need to enter
a height as the image will
maintain its aspect ratio
as this had been fixed. To
change the image size, click
on the Scale button.
This will alter the size of the image within the package like
this.

Advice
To intentionally distort an image you would fix the new width
(or height) using the Fixed drop-down menu and enter a height
as well as a width for the image.

To save the new image as a JPEG file, select File, then Export
As... and enter the new filename remora1.jpg before clicking
on Export. As this image will be saved in JPEG format, you
are given options on the image quality that you require. These can be
selected using the slide bar or selecting from the drop-down menu.
1 is the smallest file size that you can have, but also gives the poorest
quality images. 100 is the highest quality, but results in large file sizes,
which are much slower to download over the internet.
Resampling an image
This process of changing the image quality is called resampling. Images
can be downsampled, meaning fewer pixels are used for the image, as
you have just done by reducing the image quality. Images can also be
upsampled by adding more pixels. Downsampling reduces the file size and
therefore makes the web page load more quickly. Export the same image
again, downsampling the image by lowering the resolution (quality) when

8
 12.1 Software tools

saving. This is one method of reducing the colour depth of an image. If you look
at the files remora.jpg, remora1.jpg and remora2.jpg, you should see their sizes
have decreased with each stage.

Task 12D
Open the file task12b.
Place the snowman image at the top left of the second paragraph. Ensure that the
text wraps around both of these images. Save the file as task12d.

12.2.2 Wrap text around an image

Task 12b asks you to place the resized snowball.jpg image at the top right of the
first paragraph. You are expected to align the image to the margins and to the
top of the paragraph and there is a further instruction to wrap the text around
the image. It is better to set the text wrapping first, then place the
image. Click the left mouse button on the image to select it. This opens
the Picture Format tab. In the Arrange section, select the drop-down
arrow next to the Wrap Text icon.
You get a drop-down menu with layout options. Useful ones include:
» In Line with Text – this places the image as an in-line graphic which is
treated as a text character within a line of text. It will move with the
surrounding text if new text is inserted or deleted.
» Square – this places the image on the page and the text wraps (flows) around
it. Use More Layout Options… to specify the type of wrapping that you
require.
» Tight – this places the image on the page and the text wraps (flows) around
it, like Square, but you cannot control the distance of the text from the image
for the top and bottom settings, although you can to the left and right, using
More Layout Options….
» Through – this places the image on the page and the text wraps around the
image with preset values.
» Top and Bottom – this places the image with the text above and below the
image, but not wrapped to the side.

9
12 Images

» Behind Text – this places the image behind the text. It can be used to
set a background image in a document.
» In Front of Text – this places an image over the top of the text.
» More Layout Options – this can be used to give more options to the
selected layout types above. For example, if a Square layout is selected
you can specify where you wish to flow the text around the image and
the distance of the text from the image on each side. This option also
allows you to control the positioning of the image on the page.

For this task, set the text wrapping of the image to Tight using the drop-
down menu.
Advice
This menu can also be found by right clicking the mouse on an image and
selecting Wrap Text.

Advice
Packages like Microsoft PowerPoint will not give text wrap options. Sometimes
you have to layer objects on the slide or on the page in a document. To do this,
click the right mouse button on the image and use the options like Bring to
Front and Send to Back. This is also useful for placing overlapping images in a
presentation or document.

12.2.3 Place an image with precision

You will be expected to place images precisely. To move and
place this snowball image, click and hold the left mouse
button on the image and drag it to the top right corner of the
first paragraph. There are two methods of placing the image:
the first is to drag it until the green guidelines appear at the
top and right side of the image like this.
The second method is to roughly place the image and then
right click on the image again. Select the Size and Position…
option to open the Layout window. Select the Position tab.
Set the Horizontal alignment to Right aligned to the Margin.
Set the Vertical alignment to Top aligned to the top of the
Line of text.
Click the button to place the image. Check that this
has worked correctly. If not, this is usually due to the image
being placed with too little precision when it was dragged
and dropped. Try dragging and dropping the image again and
repeat the process.

10
 12.1 Software tools

Repeat this process to place the resized image of the

snowman at the top left of the second paragraph like
this.

12.2.4 Place a border around an image

Although you have placed the image as specified,
without a screenshot of the layout window it will not
be possible to tell that you have placed the image
correctly as it has a white background. A good tip is
to place a thin border around the image so that its
alignment can be seen.
To set a border on the image, click the right mouse button
on the image and select Format Picture from the drop-down
menu. This opens the Format Picture pane to the right of
the document. Click the left mouse button on the Paint
bucket icon to select the Fill and Line section of this menu.
Click the left mouse button on the triangle for the Line
section to extend the menu.
Left click on the radio button for Solid line, which again
extends the options in the pane. Choose a (thin) line Width
of 0.25pt.
The border now shows the precision placing of the image.
Save your document as task12d.

11
12 Images

Task 12E
Open the file task12d.
The image trees.jpg has been taken on a digital camera. Place this image to the
right of the table, aligned to the right margin. Resize this image if needed.

Place the image trees.jpg at the end of the document, as shown earlier in the
chapter. Grab and drag the vertical borders in the table to narrow the column
widths so that all text shows without wrapping, but no extra white space is
shown. From this to this.

Using the ruler at the top, you can tell that the image will
need to fit into a space from about 7 cm from the left of
the page to 16 cm in. This means the image width should be
about 9 cm wide (16 – 7 = 9). Use the methods learnt earlier
in this chapter, to resize the image to 9 cm wide whilst
maintaining its aspect ratio. Set the text wrap so as to allow
the image to sit to the right of the table. Drag the image
into the correct position to the right of the table.
12.2.5 Rotate an image
Rotate an image in Microsoft Word
Because the image trees.jpg has been taken using a digital
camera and saved, the original image is upside down. The
image could be saved and adjusted in an external graphics
package, or it can be adjusted in the Format Picture pane
within Microsoft Word. Click the left mouse button on the
Pentagon icon to select the Effects section of this menu.
Click on the triangle to open the 3-D Rotation options.
To turn the image upside down, we must rotate the image
through 180 °. Select the Z Rotation section and use the
small arrows until the image has been fully rotated.
Save your document as task12e.

Activity 12A
Open the image snowangel.png in a suitable package. Rotate
the image 90° clockwise. Save the image as snowangel1.png.
Save the image again as snowangel1.jpg. Show evidence of
the finished image, the filenames and file sizes.

12
End of chapter exam-style questions
Please note that these exam-style questions are from another chapter in this book
and are for sample purposes.
1 Which ten computer terms are being described below?
a A matrix of filled in dark squares on a light background; read using a
smartphone camera or tablet using an App.
b A device that can read marks written in pen or pencil; the pencil or pen
marks must be made in the correct position.
c An input device that takes physical readings from the surroundings and
sends the data back to a computer.
d An input device that converts sound into electric signals that can be stored
digitally on a computer.
e Device that converts a photograph or document into a computer-readable
file.
f Device used to control the operation of other electronic devices using
infra-red signals.
g Direct data entry device that uses radio waves to read and capture
information stored on an electronic tag.
h Device that produces very high-quality hard copy output; uses dry ink
cartridges and an electrically charged drum.
i A device that prints by impacting a print head made up of an array of pins
against an inked ribbon.
j A printing device that moves around on a surface in an X-Y direction to
control a cursor on a computer screen. [10 marks]
2 a i Describe how a QR reader works
ii What are QR codes used for? [4 marks]
b Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using
QR codes. [4 marks]
c A touch screen can be used as both an input device and an
output device. Explain how this is possible. [2 marks]
3 Give a use for each of the following input and output devices.
i keyboard
ii driving wheel or joystick
iii QR code reader
iv barcode reader
v microphone
vi touchscreen
vii 3D printer
viii dot matrix printer
ix RFID
x chip and PIN reader [10 marks]

13
 This resource is endorsed by
Written by renowned expert authors, our updated Cambridge Assessment International Education
resources enable the learner to effectively navigate ✓ Supports the full Cambridge IGCSE™
through the content of the updated Cambridge Information and Communication Technology
IGCSE Information and Communication Technology syllabuses (0417/0913) for examination from
syllabuses (0417/0983). 2023
» Develop skills when working with documents, ✓ Has passed Cambridge International’s rigorous
databases and presentations: detailed step-by- quality-assurance process
step guidance demonstrates precisely how to
perform a full range of software skills. ✓ Developed by subject experts
» Build an understanding of theory: concepts are ✓ For Cambridge schools worldwide
carefully explained and consolidated with a range
of different exercises.
» Tackle spreadsheets and website authoring
with confidence: challenging ideas are fully We are working with Cambridge
exemplified, with plenty of opportunity to practise Assessment International Education to
using embedded Tasks. gain endorsement for this forthcoming
» Navigate the syllabus confidently: learning series.
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introductions to each topic outlining the learning
objectives.
For over 25 years we have king for ove
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