ANNA UNIVERSITY

CHENNAI-600 025

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF GENEVA

MECHANISM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AABAL SYLO M 950518114001

AJAY CHOCKALINGAM 950518114002

ARAVINTHAN R 950518114005

ARUL RAJ A 950518114006

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DR. SIVANTHI ADITANAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

TIRUCHENDUR-628 215

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI-600 025

JULY-2021
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
This is to certify that is the project report “DESIGN AND
FABRICATION OF GENEVA MECHANISM”is the bonfid Work of

AABAL SYLO M 950518114001

AJAY CHACKALINGAM 950518114002
ARAVINTHAN R 950518114005
ARUL RAJ A 950518114006

Who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Submitted for the viva-voice examinations of Anna university held at
Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College Of Engineering on …………………

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr.A.Maniram Kumar,ME,PhD,MBA Dr. M. CHITHAMBARA THANU

M.Phil,MBA[Edn.mgmt],MISTE,MIE B.E., M.E., Ph.D., MISTE.,

Head of the Department Assistant Professor

Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank our almighty god for his presence guidance with us for the
successful completion of this project.

I really find unique pleasure and immense gratitude in thanking our

respected chairman SRI.S.BALASUBRAMANIAN ADITYAN, who is the
backbone of our college.

First and foremost, we wish to express our sincere gratitude to our

beloved Principal Dr. G. WISELIN JIJI B.E.,M.E.,Ph.D.,MISTE., for
providing us an opportunity and necessary facilities for carrying out this
project.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr.A.MANI RAMKUMAR B.E.,

M.E., Ph.D., MBA., M.Phil.,(Education Management)., MISTE., Head of
the Department Mechanical Engineering for this encouragement and support
that he Extending towards this project.

We would like to express our gratitude to our project co-ordinator

Dr. M. CHITHAMBARA THANU B.E., M.E., Ph.D., MISTE.,
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering and our guide
Dr. A. MANI RAMKUMAR B.E., M.E., Ph.D., MBA., M.Phil.,
(Education Management)., MISTE., Head of the Department , Mechanical
Engineering for their Valuable suggestions and guidance to complete the
project work successfully.

We also express our sincere thanks to all staff member and lab technicians
for their kind help and co-operation for the making this project successfully.

We are very much thankful to our parents for their help of finance in our
project.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

1 Problem Statement………………………7

2 Abstract………………………………….8-9

3 Literature Review……………………….10-11

4 Criteria for selection of material…….......12

5 Introduction (Theoretical Design)………13-16

6 Classification of Geneva Mechanism…...17-18

7 Overall Working Principle………………19-20

8 Derivation of Geneva Mechanism……….21-30

motion

9 Calculations and Equations………………31-35

10 Results and Discussion…………………...36

11 Conclusion………………………………..37-38

12 Bibliography/References…………………39
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

C= Centre distance between rollers

D1=Diameter of Pulley 1

D2= Diameter of Pulley 2

L=Length of belt

P= Drive pin diameter

T= Allowed clearance,

c= Centre distance between Geneva drive wheel and driven wheel,

r= Geneva Driven Wheel radius,

rd= Geneva Drive Wheel radius

a= drive crank radius

n= number of slots

N=rpm of motor/Drive wheel

S= Slot length on Geneva wheel,

θ =Angle covered by driven wheel in one revolution of drive wheel

w= Slot width

y= Stop arc radius

z= Stop disc radius

v= Clearance arc

V=Tangential Velocity of drive wheel:

v=Linear velocity of a belt

𝜔= Angular velocity of drive wheel/motor

𝜃=The angle of contact between the belt and pulley,

T=Torque of drive wheel/motor

T1=Tension 1

T2= Tension 2

P=Power of motor
 CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM STATEMENT :

Detailed literature review and theoretical experiment design of Geneva

Mechanism.

CHAPTER 2
ABSTRACT :

The Design and Fabrication of Geneva mechanism is used in Bank note

counting machines, Wrist watches, Automated sampling machines, Movie
projectors….etc

Geneva mechanism is a method to transform continuous circular motion

into intermittent/fixed step circular motion i.e. a circular motion produced in
equal intervals of time and resulting in the same displacement. The name
“Geneva” is derived from Geneva, Switzerland where in its earliest days the
device was used in mechanical watchmaking.

 
Geneva mechanism is used as a mechanism for transforming rotary
motion into intermittent motion and is able to achieve a precise movement
and its lock, which makes it usable in many areas, particularly in timer devices,
measurement devices, feed mechanisms, positioning mechanisms, pick-up and
transport ...

The Geneva drive or Maltese cross is a gear mechanism that translates

a continuous rotation into an intermittent rotary motion. The rotating drive
wheel has a pin that reaches into a slot of the driven wheel advancing it by one
step.

A simple Geneva mechanism consists of a drive wheel (connected to

motor) and a driven wheel (connected to belt pulleys). The drive wheel is a disk
with a pin or a shaft near its circumference. The driven wheel consists of several
slots.

The drive wheel is kept next to the driven wheel in such a way that when
the drive wheel is rotated, the pin or shaft fits inside the slot of driven wheel. As
it reaches the inner most point of the slot, the pin exerts a force on the driven
wheel.

The drive wheel is kept next to the driven wheel in such a way that when
the drive wheel is rotated, the pin or shaft fits inside the slot of driven wheel. As
it reaches the inner most point of the slot, the pin exerts a force on the driven
wheel.

As the driven wheel is pivoted from the center, a moment is produced

which causes the generation of a torque, leading to the rotation of the driven
wheel and the pulley attached to it. Hence, there is an intermittent circular
motion in them resulting in the movement of the belt. There are several types of
Geneva rotator such as external Geneva rotator, internal Geneva rotator and
spherical Geneva rotator.
 CHARTER 3.

LITERATURE REVIEW :

Applications of Geneva drive mechanism have amplified rapidly with time,

owing to its practice in numerous industries. Many scholarly books, articles and
research papers have also been published about it.

(1) P.Kali Sindhur proposed to design a mechanism for cutting by giving

intermittent feed. This intermittent feed is given by continuous revolving of
circular disk in Geneva mechanism. A design of a belt drive with the help of
Geneva mechanism is used for giving feed and gives smooth operation and
movement of the feed at required time interval. The feed from Geneva drive was
cut by using slotted lever mechanism. It was designed using slider crank
mechanism. It is placed orthogonally at the end of the Geneva mechanism and
overall analysis is calculated at each link.

(2) David B Dooner wrote about kinematic study of a mechanism incorporating

a Geneva wheel and a gear train to achieve intermittent motion. The goal wasto
eliminate the acceleration jump at the beginning and end of the Geneva wheel
motion. An epitrochoidal path replaces the circular path for the driving pin in a
classical Geneva wheel drive. The epitrochoidal path is generated using a gear
train and results in zero velocity, acceleration, and jerk at the beginning and end
of the Geneva wheel motion. It presents a comparison of the position, velocity,
acceleration and jerk between the classical Geneva wheel mechanism and this
proposed mechanism. Afterwards, the motion of the Geneva wheel is modified
by introducing a non-circular gear pair to alter the 5 timing of the epitrochoidal
path. The motion of the noncircular gear pair is determined by dropping the
extreme jerk of the Geneva wheel.
(3) Han Jiguang Yu Kang wrote that for both inner and outer Geneva
mechanism, the kinematics coefficient of the Geneva mechanism is stable if the
groove number of the Geneva wheel is a constant. The elliptic crank used as the
drive crank of the Geneva wheel is equal to the mechanism which has a variable
length and speed along the elliptical moving crank. Therefore, the kinematics
coefficient of the Geneva mechanism can be changed. In this paper the analysis
method of the combined Geneva mechanism is presented. The combined
Geneva mechanism is put forward based upon the kinematics coefficients. In
addition, the calculation method of the extreme kinematics coefficient is
proposed, and a design example is also given.

(4) R. C. Johnson also explained how to utilize Geneva wheel into a gear train.

(5) Ji Shun Song, Yong Shi Song describes the different types of Geneva
mechanisms; external Geneva mechanism, internal Geneva mechanism and
spherical Geneva mechanism.

(6) Utilization of Geneva stop for material inspection has produced numerous
advantages to the industries such as reduced labor costs, increased production
rates, minimized distances moved between operations, saving time and reducing
noise.

(7) E. Sanjay S. Pratheep Kumar explains the use the Geneva conveyer for
‘Material Inspection & Noise Reduction’.
 CHAPTER 4

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF MATERIAL:

The material for different components was selected by assessing

tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, impact
strength, compressive strength, fatigue endurance, creep, and stress
relaxation properties depending on the application.

This ensures that design will work efficiently without any probability
of failure. However, unexpected conditions like being subjected to a
higher load than expected or being damaged by a chemical can affect
the system. Furthermore, the cost factor is also very important .
 CHAPTER 5

INTRODUCTION:

Geneva mechanism is commonly used indexing

mechanism where an intermittent motion is required.

The Inverse Geneva mechanism, which is a variation

of the Geneva mechanism, is used where the wheel has to rotate
in the same Direction as crank. It requires less radial space and
the locking device can be a circular segment attached to the
crank that locks by wiping against a built up rim on the
periphery of the wheel.

The design and fabricating of a conventional

Geneva mechanism is generally simple and inexpensive because
there is no specially curved profile on any of the components
except straight lines and circular arcs. However, due to the
discontinuity of the acceleration at the beginning and ending
positions, the shortcoming of using conventional Geneva
mechanism is the large impact when the driving crank engages
and disengages with the wheel slot.
GENEVA MECHANISM

It will consist of a Drive Wheel and a Driven wheel. Purpose: It will change
continuous circular motion into fixed step circular motion. The rest of its
mechanism has been explained earlier.

MATERIAL:

Wood (Oak wood) will be used. Reasons of preferring wood have been
stated earlier.

DESIGN:

The driven wheel has 4 slots. By changing the number of slots, we can
alter the time of rotation of the wheel. Rest of the dimensions are discussed
later.
ADVANTAGES:

i. Geneva mechanism may be the simplest and least

Expensive of all intermittent motion mechanisms.
ii. They come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from those
used in instruments, to those used in machine tools to index
spindle carriers weighing several tons.
iii. They have good motion curves characteristics compared
to ratchets, but exhibit more “jerk” or instantaneous change in
acceleration, than better cam systems
iv. Geneva maintains good control of its load at all Times,
since it is provided with locking ring surfaces.

DISADVANTAGES:

i. The Geneva is not a versatile mechanism.

ii. The ratio of dwell period to motion is also established Once
the no of dwells per revolution has been selected.
iii. All Geneva acceleration curves start and end With finite ac-
celeration & deceleration.

iv. This means they produce jerk .

APPLICATION AND USES:

 STEPPER
 MECHANICAL WATCHES
 PLOTTERS
 CNC MACHINE
 IRON RING CLOCK
 Modern film projectors may also use an electronically
controlled indexing mechanism or stepper motor, which
allows for fast-forwarding the film.
 Geneva wheels having the form of the driven wheel were
also used in mechanical watches, but not in a drive,
rather to limit the tension of the spring, such that it would
operate only in the range where its elastic force is nearly
linear.
 Geneva drive include the pen change mechanism in
plotters, automated sampling devices
 Indexing tables in assembly lines, tool changers for CNC
machines, and so on.
 The Iron Ring Clock uses a Geneva mechanism to
provide intermittent motion to one of its rings.

DESIGN PRTOTYPE :
 CHAPTER 6

CLASSIFICATION OF
GENEVA MECHANISM

a)EXTERNAL GENEVA MECHANISM

In this External Geneva Drive, the driven wheel is connected with

rotating drive wheel externally. This is the most popular Geneva Drive and
used in many mechanical products like watch and film projector. It can
withstand higher mechanical stresses.
 b) INTERNAL GENEVA MECHANISM

In Internal Geneva Drive, the driven wheel is connected with the rotating
drive wheel internally.

Both the driver and the driven wheel rotate in the same direction. Its disadvantage is
that it cannot be built smaller and cannot withstand higher mechanical stresses like
external Geneva drive .

c)SPHERICAL GENEVA MECHANISM

In Spherical Geneva Drive, the driven wheel is in spherical

shape and is connected to rotating drive wheel externally. In this driving and
the driven wheel are on perpendicular shafts i.e input and output shafts are
perpendicular to each other.
 CHAPTER 7

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Geneva Drive is a gear mechanism that translates

rotation motion into intermittent rotary motion.
 The rotating drive wheel has a pin that enters into
the slot of driven wheel and make it rotate step by step. The
driving wheel has also an elevated half circle that lock the
driven wheel in position between steps.

The main difference between Geneva drive and

other gears is that Geneva drive have unusual teeth. Unlike
other gears ,in Geneva drive the interaction between the
driving and the driven part is not continuous and the resultant
motion is intermittent.

Geneva Drive is a gear mechanism that translates

rotation motion into intermittent rotary motion. The rotating
drive wheel has a pin that enters into the slot of driven wheel
and make it rotate step by step. The driving wheel has also an
elevated half circle that lock the driven wheel in position
between steps.
 CHAPTER 8:

DERIVATION OF GENEVA MECHANISM MOTION :

 The Geneva mechanism, in its usual application, consists of a driver
with a single pin, and a follower with from three to eighteen slots. The most
common application of this type of mechanism is as an indexing device, where
one revolution of the driver will index the follower 1/n revolutions, where n is
the number of slots in the follower. The driver is usually assumed to rotate at a
uniform angular velocity.

The single pin mechanism is relatively simple to analyze. However,

the intermittent motion of this device is undesirable for a timing mechanism.
One requirement for the Geneva escapement now becomes evident: the follower
must engage at least one pin at all times. In order to meet this condition, certain
geometrical constraints are necessary.
CHAPTER 9:
CALCULATIONS AND EQUATIONS:

This diagram is used for reference in the following calculations. In this diagram,
the driven wheel has 6 slots; however, for my use I replaced it with a wheel with
4 slots, as per my design. This diagram shows that the Drive Crank and Driven
wheel have different radius, however I will take the same radius for both. The
pin interacts with the slot for 90°; 45° above horizontal axis and 45° below the
horizontal axis. The rest of the symbols are used as they are. I used a high
number of significant figures to improve the accuracy of answers.

Assume, Centre distance

C =500mm Diameter of rollers,

D1 = D2 =

D = 60mm

L = 𝜋 [ +𝐃𝟐 𝟐 ] + 2𝐶 15 L

= 𝜋 [ 60+60 2 ] + (2 × 500) L

=1188.5mm

Assumed that the material has to be transferred within 4 seconds through

the whole distance and for every rotation of drive wheel, the conveyor belt will
move 300mm, so displacement covered by driven wheel is also=300mm.
Slots on the Geneva Driven wheel is 4.

One driving wheel rotation = 𝟏/ 𝟒 rotation of driven wheel

Driven Wheel:

𝟏/𝟒 th rotation means the angle covered by driven wheel is 360/4=90°

(0.5π)

S=r /θ

r= 𝑆 θ

r= 300 0.5𝜋

= 190.986 mm

(Radius of Driven Wheel (r)= Drive Crank Radius (a), with negligible
difference from third decimal place onwards) Taking Drive wheel Radius
rd=192mm, pin diameter P = 20mm, Tolerance t = 2mm. For Geneva
mechanism, Centre distance between driver and Geneva wheel (“c”):

c= 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐤 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 (𝐚) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )

Where, n = no of slots on driven wheel: 16 c= a sin ( 180 4 ) (as 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟒 ) =

𝒂𝒄)

c= a 0.7071

From the Right Angle triangle in Geneva wheel geometry, using Pythagoras
theorem:

Geneva driven wheel radius (r)=√(𝑐 2 − 𝑎 2)

r= 190.986 mm √(𝑐 2 − 𝑎 2)

=190.986 Substituting C: √(( 𝑎 0.7071 ) 2 − 𝑎 2)

=190.986 a= 190.982 mm

Substituting a to find C:

C=190.986 0.7071
 =270.098 mm Slot length on Geneva wheel,

S = (𝑎 + 𝑟) – C S

= (190.982+190.986) - 270.098

= 111.87 mm

Slot width, w = 𝑝 + t w

= 20.0+2.0=22.0 mm

Stop arc radius, y = 𝑎 − (𝑝 ×1.5) y

=190.982-(20 ×1.5)

= 160.982 mm

Stop disc radius, z = 𝑦 – t z

= 160.982-2

= 158.982mm

Clearance arc, v = 𝒓×𝒛 𝒂 v

= 190.986×158.982 190.982

= 158.985 mm

The angular velocity of the Geneva drive wheel, 𝜔 = 𝟐𝝅𝑵 𝟔𝟎

Assume N=60rpm

𝜔= 2𝜋×60 60 = 6.283 rad/s (𝜔 same as the angular velocity of the DC motor)

Tangential Velocity of drive wheel:

V= 𝜔× 𝑟

= 6.283× 0.190986

= 1.20 𝑚/𝑠

Torque generated ……
=4.0 W when N= 60 rpm:

P=T× 𝜔 T

=𝑃 ω

= 4 6.283

=0.6366 N/𝑚

Linear velocity of a belt, v = 300 mm/sec = 0.30 m/sec

The angle of contact between the belt and pulley, θ =180.0°

= π rad Using ‘Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design’ for Belting

Equations:

𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐 = 𝒆 𝒇𝛉 𝒇

= Co-efficient of friction = 0.30 T1 T2

= 𝑒 0.3×𝜋

= 2.566 T1

=2.566T2

As P= (T1-T2)×v, Also

P= T× 𝜔

=0.6366× 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟑

= 𝟒. 𝟎𝑾 18 4.0

= (2.566T2-T2)× 0.30

T2=8.51N

Substituting T2 to find T1:

T1=2.566×8.51
T1=21.8N
 CHAPTER 10

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

The theoretical values obtained can then be applied

practically for the experiment. Some experimental values may slightly differ
from theoretical values due to the varying environment/surrounding conditions
and the rounding off of values in the theoretical part. By and large, the system
would work properly.

Following are the advantages of Geneva Mechanism :

1. Geneva mechanism may be the simplest and least expensive of all

intermittent motion mechanisms.

2. They come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from those used in instruments,
to those used in machine tools to index spindle carriers weighing several tons.

3. They have good motion curves characteristics compared to ratchets, but

exhibit more “jerk” or instantaneous change in acceleration, than better (more
expensive) cam systems

4. Geneva maintains excellent control of its load at all times, since it is provided
with locking ring surfaces.

Despite the drawbacks, this mechanism is used in many industries. Few of its
application are:

1. The Geneva is not a versatile mechanism.

2. The ratio of dwell period to motion is also established once the amount of
dwells per revolution has been selected.

3. All Geneva acceleration curves start and end with finite acceleration &
deceleration.

4. This means they produce a little jerk.

 CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION:

Geneva drive indexing mechanism converts the continuous

motion of the driver wheel into intermittent rotary motion of the gear. Cam with
pin arrangement integrated with geneva drive. Input shaft having driver wheel at
one end and cam drive at the other end. Geneva drive and gears are mounted on
the output shaft. By Cam with geneva drive arrangement the continuous motion
of the driver wheel converts into intermittent motion of gear and chain
arrangement. Due to gear rotation the moves and thus thye mechanism proves
its significance.

We have effectively ascertained the precise speed and quickening

of the Geneva wheel. The whole displaying of the undertaking is finished with
the assistance of CATIA V5R20. In expansion to this.

The venture work has given us an incredible opportunity and

experience, to utilize our constrained information. We picked up a ton of
functional information with respect to, arranging, buying, gathering and
machining while at the same time doing this extend work. We feel that the
venture work is great answer for connect the doors amongst establishments and
enterprises.

We are glad that we have finished the work with restricted time
effectively. "The Geneva Wheel Mechanism" is working with attractive
condition. We have done to our capacity and expertise influencing mama to
work, let us include
 The proposed idea wills a couple of more lines about our impression
venture work. Help underway line where numerous laborers are utilized for the
material taking care of reason it likewise lessen the cost and sifting time
prerequisite of more number of specialist will be totally dispensed with as just
two laborers can did the entire activity. The venture objective initially is to pass
on the material taking care of at normal interim of time.
 CHAPTER 12

BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES:

[1]www.tutorialspoint.com

[2]mechanicalwalkins.com

[3]tech.txdi.org

[4]www.etonm.com

[5]polyurethanebelts.com

[6]www.machinedesign.com/Geneva

[7]emweb.unl.edu/GenevaMechanism

[8] www.instructables.com/id/Make-Geneva-Wheels-of-Any-Size-in-
aEasier-Way/

[9] https://youtu.be/gVGSJjfJm2A

[10]www.retechprojects.com

[11]www.academia.edu/35022917

[12] www.instructables.com/GenevaMechanism
THANK YOU