Phagwara, Punjab

Term Paper

Analog Communication

(ECE-302)

Topic- Use of modulation in telecom

Submitted To, Submitted By,

Mr. Nitin Bhomle Diwakar Acharya

Sec- B6801A10
 Reg. no-10801631

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I wish to express my heartiest indebtedness to my guide Mr.Nitin Bhomle (Lect.) for
his valuable suggestions and continuous encouragement during the course of my project work
and also for providing me all sorts of help that desperately needed throughout the project. The
help, he provided us, can never be redeemed. I am also very grateful for the help and guidance
given by our colleagues because without teamwork it was impossible to complete the project.

My sincere regards to my parents who never let me down at any time. Their blessings and
inspiration always helped me to do something good.
Modulation

Modulation is the process where a Radio Frequency or Light Wave's amplitude, frequency, or
phase is changed in order to transmit intelligence. The characteristics of the carrier wave are
instantaneously varied by another "modulating" waveform.

Modulation is the means whereby a signal of some type is entered into and carried by an
electronic signal carrier. Within the scope of modulation, the type of signal or information that is
introduced into and carried by the electric or optical signal carrier may vary, depending on the
configuration of the carrier and the source of the modulation. Different types of modulation are
used with various types of broadcast and communication mediums today.

The use of modulation has been part of technology ever since electricity was harnessed and used
for communication purposes. An excellent example of elementary modulation has to do with
early telegraph technology. Using what was essentially binary code, telegraphs would forward a
message that could be interpreted at the receiving end, decoded, and presented to the recipient.
This form of modulation relied upon a more or less stable type of modulation that did not
increase or decrease during the signaling process.

Another common example of modulation has to do with the reception of radio transmissions.
Modulation helps to define the type of transmissions that are in use for general broadcast
purposes, as well as more focused applications such as ham radios. Amplitude modulation
describes a broadcast situation in which the level of voltage that is carried over the medium will
vary noticeably over time. Anyone who listens to AM radio stations is usually acquainted with
the way signals seem to weaken at night, and a clearer signal is harder to achieve.

Frequency modulation or FM is also commonly used for radio transmissions. The difference is
that the amount of modulation does not vary as dramatically as with AM broadcasts, although
there is a small amount of modulation taking place. Phase modulation is a third configuration
that sometimes will involve delays in the transmission and reception process. Ham radios are a
good example of this short but noticeable delay in transmission.

There are many ways to modulate a signal:

Amplitude
Frequency
Phase Modulation

Need of modulation

Modulation is needed basically to

i) to increase the bandwidth of the signal

ii) to multiplex the signals
 iii) to reduce the interference made when we transmit the
Signals with nearly same frequency in the audio frequency
range (20-20k)hz.
iv) to favour the complexity of the transmission system
v) to reduce the antenna height
vi) to reduce the noise & distortions
vii) to narrow banding the signal
viii) to reduce equipment complexity

Different modulation techniques include:

Amplitude— the amplitude of the sine wave is changed. In the three diagrams below, each
represents the transmission of five values where a value is transmitted during one wavelength.
Each diagram shows the transmission of 01100. The red waveform represents the carrier
frequency while the blue waveform represents the wave that would actually be sent. For
amplitude modulation, a 0 is represented by a wave that has half the energy or height in the
graph. A 1 is represented by a full sized wave.

Frequency— the frequency of the sine wave is changed.

In the diagram below, 01100 is transmitted in blue where
0 is sent using a low frequency and 1 is sent using a higher
frequency.
Phase shift — the phase of the sine wave is changed. The
value 01100 is sent below by shifting the wave 180° to
represent a 1 bit while sending the wave unshifted to
represent a 0.
Use of modulation in telecom

In telecommunications, modulation is the process of conveying a message signal, for example a

digital bit stream or an analog audio signal, inside another signal that can be physically
transmitted. Modulation of a sine waveform is used to transform a baseband message signal to
a passband signal, for example a radio-frequency signal (RF signal). In radio communications,
cable TV systems or the public switched telephone network for instance, electrical signals can
only be transferred over a limited passband frequency spectrum, with specific (non-zero) lower
and upper cutoff frequencies. Modulating a sine wave carrier makes it possible to keep the
frequency content of the transferred signal as close as possible to the centre frequency (typically
the carrier frequency) of the passband.

Modulation can also be used to transmit the information of low-frequency analog signals at
higher frequencies. This is helpful because low-frequency analog signals cannot be effectively
transmitted over free space. Hence the information from a low-frequency analog signal must be
impressed into a higher-frequency signal (known as the "carrier wave") before transmission.
There are several different modulation schemes available to achieve this [two of the most basic
being amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM)]. An example of this process
is a disc jockey's voice being impressed into a 96 MHz carrier wave using frequency modulation
(the voice would then be received on a radio as the channel "96 FM").[28] In addition, modulation
has the advantage of being about to use frequency division multiplexing (FDM).

The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog passband channel,

for example over the public switched telephone network (where a bandpass filter limits the
frequency range to between 300 and 3400 Hz), or over a limited radio frequency band.

The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband (or lowpass) signal, for example

an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog passband channel, for example a limited radio
frequency band or a cable TV network channel.

Analog and digital modulation facilitate frequency division multiplexing (FDM), where several

low pass information signals are transferred simultaneously over the same shared physical
medium, using separate passband channels.

The aim of digital baseband modulation methods, also known as line coding, is to transfer a
digital bit stream over a baseband channel, typically a non-filtered copper wire such as a serial
bus or a wired local area network.
The aim of pulse modulation methods is to transfer a narrowband analog signal, for example a
phone call over a wideband baseband channel or, in some of the schemes, as a bit stream over
anotherdigital transmission system.
Example Modulation Schemes for Wireless
_ FM | AMPS
_ MSK (minimum-shift keying) | CT2
_ GMSK (Gaussian MSK) | GSM, DCS 1800, CT3, DECT
_ QPSK | NADC (CDMA) - base transmitter
_ OQPSK | NADC (CDMA) - mobile transmitter
_ _=4-DQPSK | NADC (TDMA), PDC (Japan), PHP (Japan)
_ M-ary PSK (some wireless LANs)

Digital modulation methods

In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a digital bit stream. Digital

modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the
corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the
carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation
alphabet).

Schematic of 4 baud (8 bps) data link.

A simple example: 

A telephone line is designed for transferring audible sounds, for example tones, and not digital
bits (zeros and ones). Computers may however communicate over a telephone line by means of
modems, which are representing the digital bits by tones, called symbols. If there are four
alternative symbols (corresponding to a musical instrument that can generate four different tones,
one at a time), the first symbol may represent the bit sequence 00, the second 01, the third 10 and
the fourth 11. If the modem plays a melody consisting of 1000 tones per second, the symbol
rate is 1000 symbols/second, or baud. Since each tone (i.e., symbol) represents a message
consisting of two digital bits in this example, the bit rate is twice the symbol rate, i.e. 2000 bits
per second. This is similar to the technique used by dialup modems as opposed to DSL modems.

References:

 www.britannica.com/.../telecommunication/76278/Modulation

 telecom.tbi.net/mod1.html

 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication

 Analog communication by Wayn Tomasi


 www.spottelecom.com/...Modulation%20Technique

 www.educypedia.be/electronics

 telecom.tbi.net