FUNCTIONS

 A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first components of the ordered pairs is called the domain of the
relation, and the set of all second components is called range.
 A relation in which each member of the domain corresponds to exactly one member of the range is called a
function.
FUNCTIONS
 A function is a rule of correspondence between two sets X and Y in which each element of set X corresponds to
exactly one element of set Y. the domain is set X (independent variable) and the range is set Y (dependent variable).
 A function may be defined by set of ordered pairs, a table, a graph or an equation.
GRAPH OF A FUNCTION
 The graph of a function is the graph of its ordered pairs.  Cubic Function
 Vertical Line Test of a Function

 If any vertical line intersects a graph in more than one point, the graph does not define y as a function of

f ( x )=x 3
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
x. 

Range: (−∞, ∞)
PIECEWISE FUNCTION

 Piecewise-defined functions are functions defined by more than one sub-function where each sub-function has a
particular domain.
DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION
INTERVAL NOTATION
 Interval notation is a way of describing sets that include all real numbers between a lower limit that may or may not
be included and an upper limit that may or may not be included.
 The endpoint values are listed between brackets or parentheses.
 A square bracket [ ] indicates that the endpoints are included in the interval.
 A parenthesis ( ) indicates that the values are not included in the interval.

 Reciprocal Function

1
 f ( x )=
x
 Domain: ( −∞ , 0 ) ∪(0 , ∞ )

 Range: ( −∞ , 0 ) ∪(0 , ∞ )

 Reciprocal Squared Function

1
 f ( x )=
x2
 Domain: ( −∞ , 0 ) ∪ ( 0 , ∞ )

SET-BUILDER NOTATION  Range: (0 , ∞ )

 Set-builder notation is a method of specifying a set of elements that satisfy a certain condition.
 It takes the form: {x∨statement about x }
x such that the statement about x is true.”
Which is read as: “the set of all
FINDING DOMAIN AND RANGE FROM THE GRAPH
 One way to identify the domain and range of functions is by using graphs.
 The domain refers to the set of possible input values, the domain of a graph consists of all the input values
shown on the x-axis.
 The range is the set of possible output values, which are shown on the y-axis.
GRAPHS OF COMMON FUNCTION  Square Root Function
 Constant Function

f ( x )= √ x
 f ( x )=c  Domain: ¿
 Domain: (−∞, ∞)  Range: ¿

 Range: [c , c ]

 Cube Root Function


f ( x )= √3 x
 Identity Function  Domain: (−∞, ∞)

 f ( x )=x  Range: (−∞, ∞)

 Domain: (−∞, ∞)
 Range: (−∞, ∞)

FINDING THE DOMAIN

Solve the equation for y in terms of x .
1. If y is a polynomial, the domain is the set of real numbers.
If y is a rational expression and contains an expression d ( x ) in the denominator, the domain is the
 Absolute Value Function
2.
 f ( x )=¿ x∨¿ set of real numbers except those values of x that make d ( x ) equal to 0 .
 Domain: (−∞, ∞)

 Range: ¿
3. If y contains a radical expression
√n r (x) where n is an even natural number, the domain is the
set of all real numbers that make r (x ) greater than or equal to 0 .

FINDING THE RANGE

Solve the equation for x in terms of y .
1. If x is a polynomial, the range is the set of real numbers. Exclude all restrictions in the defining equation,
if there is any.

 Quadratic Function
2. If x is a rational expression and contains an expression d ( y ) in the denominator, the range is the

f ( x )=x 2 set of real numbers except those values ofy that make d ( y ) equal to 0 .
If x contains a radical expression
n
 Domain: (−∞, ∞) 3.
√ r ( y ) where n is an even natural number, the domain is the
 Range: ¿ set of real numbers that make r ( y ) greater than or equal to 0 .

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

INTERCEPTS
 The x -coordinates of the points where a graph intersects the x -axis are called x−intercepts .
 x -intercepts is a point on the graph where y is zero.
 x -intercepts is a point in the equation where the y value is zero.

 A polynomial of degree n can have, at most, n−1 relative extrema.

 The y -coordinates of the points where a graph intersects the y -axis are called y−intercepts .
 y -interecepts is a point on the graph wherex is zero.
 y -intercepts is a point in the equation where the x value is zero.
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION

SYMMETRY
 If a graph does not change when over a line or rotated around a point, the graph is symmetric with respect to that
line or point. If the graph is not symmetrical, it is called asymmetric. COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
 The term “composition of functions” (or “composite functions”) refers to the combining together of two or more
functions in a manner where the output from one function becomes the input for the next function.
 Mathematically, the range (the y -values) of one function becomes the domain (the x -values) of the next
function.

DEFINITION

SYMMETRY WITH RESPECT TO X-AXIS

 x -axis, then f ( x )=−f ( x ).

If a function is symmetric with respect to the

 If ( x , y ) is a point on the graph, then ( x ,− y ) is also a point on the graph.

 Test for Symmetry

 A graph will have symmetry about the x -axis if we get an equivalent equation when all the y ’s are
replaced with −y .

EVEN AND ODD FUNCTION

 A function f is said to be an even function if for every x in the domain of f , f (−x )=f ( x ).
 The graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to they -axis.
 A function f is said to be an odd function if for every x in the domain of f , f ( −x ) =−f (x )

.
 The graph of an odd function is symmetric with respect to origin.
GRAPH TRANSFORMATION
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SHIFT
 One simple kind of transformation involves shifting the entire graph of a function up, down, right, or left.
VERTICAL SHIFT

 Given a function f (x), a new function

g ( x )=f ( x ) +k , where k is a constant, is
a vertical shift of the function f (x) .
SYMMETRY WITH RESPECT TO Y-AXIS

 If a function is symmetric with respect to the y -axis, then f ( x )=f (−x ).  All the output values change by k units.

If k is positive, the graph will shift up.

 If (x , y) is a point on the graph, then (−x , y) is also a point on the graph. 

 Test for Symmetry  If k is negative, the graph will shift down.

 A graph will have symmetry about the y -axis if we get an equivalent equation when all the x ’s are  A function can be shifted vertically by adding a constant to the output.

replaced with −x . HORIZONTAL SHIFT

 f (x), a new function

Given a function

g ( x )=f (x−h), where h is a

constant, is a horizontal shift of the function

f (x).
 If h is positive, the graph will shift right.
 If h is negative, the graph will shift left.

SYMMETRY WITH RESPECT TO THE ORIGIN  A function can be shifted horizontally by adding a constant to the input.

 origin , then f ( x )=−f (−x ).

If a function is symmetric with respect to the

 If ( x , y ) is a point on the graph, then (−x ,− y ) is also a point on the graph.

 Test for Symmetry

 origin if we get an equivalent equation when all the y ’s
A graph will have symmetry about the

are replaced with − y and all the x ’s are replaced with −x .

REFLECTION OF GRAPHS
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
 VERTICAL REFLECTION (Reflection about the x -axis)
 A function is increasing when the y -value increases as the x -value increases. (Increasing if the graph goes up
from left to right).

 A function is decreasing when the y -value decreases as the x -value increases, (Decreasing if the graph goes
down from left to right).

RELATIVE MAXIMUM & RELATIVE MINIMUM

 A maximum is a high point and a minimum is a low point. A maximum or minimum is always where the function
 HORIZONTAL REFLECTION (Reflection about the y -axis)
flattens out (except for a saddle point).
 STRETCHING AND SHRINKING
 VERTICAL STRETCHES AND SHRINKS

 HORIZONTAL STRETCHES AND SHRINKS