Analytic Geometry:

Lines
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING MATH - MODULE 5.1
PREPARED BY: ENGR. LARA JANE D. MENDOZA
Cartesian Coordinate System

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Distance between Two Points

(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝑩 Distance Formula:

𝒅
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒅= (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 +(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
𝑨
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
Straight Line
It is a line that does not change in direction and has a uniform slope.

General Equation: Ex. Of Linear Eq.:

𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1
𝑦
𝑥+ =0
To Solve a line, either the 2
following are given:
1. Two points
2. One point and Slope
Slope of the Line

𝒓𝒖𝒏
Slope:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 ∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒎= = =
𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒓𝒖𝒏 ∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
Types of Slope
𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 ∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒎= = =
𝒓𝒖𝒏 ∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏

∆𝒚 = 𝟎 ∆𝒙 = 𝟎
Example 1: Find the slope and distance between (6, -4) and (-3, 2).

Given: Req’d: 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑?

6, −4 −3, 2

Solution:
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝑚?
𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 ∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 ∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒎= = = 𝒎= = =
𝒓𝒖𝒏 ∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒓𝒖𝒏 ∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
𝑶𝑹 −4 − 2
2 − (−4)
𝑚= 𝑚=
−3 − 6 6 − (−3)
𝟐 𝟐
𝒎=− 𝒎=−
𝟑 𝟑
Cont..
Solution:
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑑?

𝒅= (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 +(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 𝒅= (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 +(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐

𝑑= (−3 − 6)2 +(2 − ((−4))2 𝑶𝑹 𝑑= (6 − (−3))2 +(−4 − 2)2

𝑑= (−9)2 +(6)2 𝑑= (9)2 +(−6)2
𝒅 = 𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝒅 = 𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
Standard Equation of Lines

1. Point Slope Form 3. Intercept Form

Given One Point (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and Given x-intercept (𝒂): and
Slope 𝒎 : y-intercept (𝒃):

𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃

2. Slope-Intercept Form 4. Two point Form

Given Slope 𝒎 and y- Given x-intercept (𝒂): and
intercept (𝒃): y-intercept (𝒃):
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 = =𝒎
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
Example 2: Find the slope of the line defined by 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 5.

Given: Req’d: 𝑚?
𝑦−𝑥 =5

Solution:
Using Slope-Intercept Form:
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 𝑦−𝑥 =5
𝑦 =𝑥+5
𝒎=𝟏

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
Example 3: Find the equation of the line with slope of 2 and y-
intercept of 3.

Given: Req’d: Equation of the line?

𝑚=2 𝑏=3

Solution:

Using Slope-Intercept Form:

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
Example 4: Find the equation of the line that intercepts the x axis at
x=4 and the y axis at y=-6.
Given: Req’d: Equation of the line?
𝑎=4 𝑏 = −6

Solution:
Using Intercept Form:
𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1 (12)
4 −6
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
Example 5: Find the equation of a line passing through (5, 6) and (-3, -4).

Given: Req’d: 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒?

(5, 6) (−3, −4)

Solution:
Using Two Point Form: Find m:
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −4 − 6 𝟓
𝒎= = 𝑚= = =
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −3 − 5 𝟒
Cont..
Solution:
Find the equation using Point-Slope form:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
𝑚= using (5, 6) 𝑚= using (−3, −4)
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
5 𝑦−6 5 𝑦 − (−4)
= =
4 𝑥−5 𝑶𝑹 4 𝑥 − (−3)
5(𝑥 − 5) = 4(𝑦 − 6) 5(𝑥 + 3) = 4(𝑦 + 4)
5𝑥 − 25 = 4𝑦 − 24 5𝑥 + 15 = 4𝑦 + 16
5𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 25 + 24 = 0 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 15 − 16 = 0
𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
 Angle between Two Lines
The acute angle 𝜃 between the two lines whose slopes are 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are
given by:
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶 𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏
𝒎𝟐 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝜽 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏
𝜽=𝜶−𝜷
𝜶
𝜷 𝑰𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍,
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐
𝑳𝟐 : 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒎𝟐
𝑳𝟏 : 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒎𝟏 𝑰𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓,
𝟏
𝒎𝟏 = −
𝒎𝟐
Example 6: One line passes through (1, 9) and (2,6), another line
passes through (3, 3) and (-1, 5). Find the acute angle between the two
lines.
Given: Req’d: 𝜃?
𝐿1 : (1, 9) (2, 6)
𝐿2 : (3, 3) (−1, 5 )

Solution: 1
𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 − − (−3)
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = tan 𝜃 = 2
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 1
𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 1 + (− )(−3)
6−9 5−3 2
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 ? 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 =
2−1 −1 − 3 𝜃 = tan−1 1
𝒎𝟏 = −𝟑 𝟏 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓° 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓°
𝒎𝟐 = −
𝟐
Example 7: Find the equation of the line through (1, 2) and parallel to
the line 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 = 0.
Given: Req’d: Equation of the line?
(1, 2) 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 = 0

Solution: Since the required equation of the line is

parallel to 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 = 0, it means they will
Using Point-Slope Form: have the same slope.
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 = 0
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = (1, 2) Convert to Slope-Intercept Form: 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝑚? −2𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 4
−3𝑥 − 4
𝑦= 𝟑
−2 𝒎=
3 𝟐
𝑦 = 𝑥+2
2
Cont..
Solution:
3
𝑦 − 2 = (𝑥 − 1)
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) 2
2(𝑦 − 2) = 3 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = (1, 2)
3 2𝑦 − 4 = 3𝑥 − 3
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝑚 =
2 0 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3 + 4
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Distance from a Point to a Line
The acute angle 𝜃 between the two lines whose slopes are 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are
given by:

𝑷 (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪
𝒅=
𝒅 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐

𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
Example 8: Determine the distance from (5, 10) to the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0.

Given: Req’d: 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒?

(5, 10) 𝑥−𝑦 =0

Solution:
𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪 (1)(5) + (−1)(10) + 0 −5 5 𝟓 𝟐
𝒅= = = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟑. 𝟓𝟒
12 + (−1)2 2 2 𝟐
𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐

𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 ?
𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = (5, 10)

𝑥−𝑦 =0 𝐴=1
𝐵 = −1
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 𝐶=0
Division of Line Segment

𝒙𝟏 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒓𝟏
𝑳
𝒙𝑷 =
𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐
𝑳𝟐
(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒚𝟏 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒓𝟏
𝒚𝑷 =
𝑳𝟏 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐
𝑷(𝒙𝑷 , 𝒚𝑷 )
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑟1 = 𝑟2 =
𝐿 𝐿
Midpoint of a Line Segment

𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝑳 𝒙𝒎 =
𝑳𝟐 𝟐
(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 )
𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝑳𝟏 𝒚𝒎 =
𝟐
𝑴(𝒙𝒎 , 𝒚𝒎 )

(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) Where:
𝑳𝟏 = 𝑳𝟐
Example 9: The midpoint of the line segment between 𝑃1 𝑥, 𝑦 and
𝑃2 −2, 4 is 𝑃𝑚 2, −1 . Find the coordinate of 𝑃1 ?
Given: Req’d: 𝑃1 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 =?
𝑃2 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 = −2, 4
𝑃𝑚 𝑥𝑚 , 𝑦𝑚 = 2, −1
Solution:
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒙𝒎 = 𝒚𝒎 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇
𝑥1 + (−2) 𝑦1 + 4 𝑷𝟏 𝒂𝒓𝒆 (𝟔, −𝟔)
2= −1 =
2 2
4 = 𝑥1 − 2; 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟔 −2 = 𝑦1 + 4; 𝒚𝟏 = −𝟔
Reference:
Engineering Mathematics Vol. 1 by DIT Gillesania Copyright
2012/2014