1

CHAPTER 1

1-2 LIE DETECTION; HISTORY

Lesson 1. Lie Detection

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. Defined Lie Detection
b. State the early methods of lie detection and compare it in today’s method of detecting
deception
c. Familiarized the different personalities and their significant contributions in Lie Detection
II. Motivation:
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LYING
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/136445063684365779/
III. Materials
 Internet Connection
 Cellphone
 Ballpen
 Notes
IV. Lesson Proper

LIE DETECTION: DEFINED

The system or practice of determining whether or not somebody is telling the truth during
questioning. (a.k.a Deception Detection)

EARLY METHODS OF LIE DETECTION

The issue of lie detection is as old as man himself. Back in the ancient times, rulers and their justice
courts used various techniques to catch a liar and establish the truth. Historical chronicles and ancient written
records carry evidence about complex rituals and sophisticated ordeals otherwise known as ‘ divine justice’
developed to this end.

EARLY FORMS OF TRIAL

 Trial by Combat (resolving issue by use of human strength)

 Trial by Ordeal (by means of pain)
 Trial by Jury (fact finders)
 Trial by Torture (witch hunt)

PRE- SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION

1. TRIAL BY COMBAT

The aggrieved party claimed the right to fight the alleged offender or to pay a champion to
fight for him. The victor is said to win not by his own strength but because of supernatural powers
that had intervened on the side of the right, as in the duel in the European Ages in which the
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“judgment of God was thought to determine the winner”. If still alive after the combat, the loser might
be hanged or burned for a criminal offense or have a hand cut off and property confiscated in civil
actions.

2. TRIAL BY ORDEAL
A judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting
them to a painful task. If either the task is completed without injury, or the injuries sustained are
healed quickly, the accused is considered innocent. In medieval Europe, like trial by combat, it was
considered as Judicium Dei: a procedure based on the premise that God would help the innocent by
performing a miracle on their behalf. The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei
Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision”.
a. RED HOT IRON ORDEAL

Practiced in the hill tribe of Rajhmal in North Bengal. The accused had to carry a bar of red-
hot iron in his hands while he walked 9 marked paces. In the unlikely event of no burns appearing on
his hands, he was adjudged innocent. Otherwise, he was promptly hanged. A variation of licking the
rod-hot iron sometimes, the suspect had to run barefoot over nine red-hot plowshares. The hand or
foot was bound up and inspected 3 days afterwards. If the accused had escaped unhurt, the person
was pronounced innocent, if hurt the person is guilty.

b. ORDEAL OF BALANCE

Practiced in the institute of Vishnu, India. A scale of balance is used, in one end of the scale,
the accused is placed and in the other end a counter balance.

The person will step out of the scale and listen to a judge to deliver an exhortation on the
balance and get back in. If he was found lighter than before then he should be acquitted

c. ORDEAL OF WATER

In this type of ordeal, the water was symbolic of the flood of the Old Testament, washing sin
from the face of the earth, allowing only the righteous minority to survive.

There are two kinds of ordeal by water the boiling water and of cold water. Ordeal of water
was the usual mode of trial allowed to members of the lower classes.

 Boiling Water Ordeal

According to the laws of Athelstan, the first King of England, the ordeal consisted of lifting
a stone out of the boiling water with the hand plunged as deep as the wrist. More serious offences
demanded that arm was submerged up to the elbows. The burn was bandaged for 3 days before
fateful examination. One place in Cordillera still practice boiling water ordeal but it is performed
by various rituals. This ordeal is administered to the accused of being a thief.

 Cold Water Ordeal

The usual mode of trial for witchcraft. In this ordeal, the accused was tied at the feet and
hands and was lowered to cold water by rope.
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d. ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING

Indians practiced this ordeal. It was formed with a kind of rice called sathee, prepared with
various incantations. The person on trial eats the sathee, with the face to the east and then spits
upon a pea leaf. If saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swells or he trembles, he is
declared to be a liar.

e. ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER

In a wide region of Eastern Africa, the ordeal of the sassy bark or red water is used. The
accused is made to fast for twelve hours, and then swallows a small amount of rice. Then he will be
imbedded in dark colored water. The water is actually emetic and if the suspect ejects all rice, he is
considered innocent of the charge. Otherwise, the accused is guilty.

f. ORDEAL OF THE CORSNEAD/ ORDEAL OF THE BLESSED BREAD

A priest puts the corsnaed or hallowed bread in the mouth of the accused, with various
imprecations. If the accused swallowed it he was freed from punishment.

g. TEST OF THE EUCHARIST

This was applied chiefly among the clergy and monks. When they took the host it was
believed that God would smite the guilty with sickness or death. Others believed that if the accused is
innocent, when given a poisonous drink for him to take in, Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven to
prevent the accused from taking in the poisonous drink

h. ORDEAL OF THE BIER

It was an ancient belief that the slain dead could point out the killer. In England, it was usual
for the accused to approached the bier on the which the corpse lays. In view of the witness, the
wounds of the victim were observed to see if they began to bleed again.

i. ORDEAL OF THE NEEDLE

A red-hot needle was drawn through the lips of the alleged criminal and if blood flowed from
the wound, he was deemed guilty, but if none, he is innocent. Wanaka in Eastern Africa practiced this
ordeal.

j. ORDEAL BY HEAT AND FIRE

The accused walked barefooted over coals of fire, or was made to walk through fire. If he was
unharmed by fire he was considered innocent.

k. TRIAL OF THE CROSS

The accuser and the accused were placed under the cross with their arms extended or
crosswise and the first to move his hands or suffer them to fall was held guilty.

l. TRIAL OF THE WAXEN SHIRT

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The accused was dressed in a cloth covered with wax and walked barefoot over coals of fire. If
he was hurt by the fire and the wax did not melt, he was considered innocent.

m. HEREDITARY SIEVE METHOD

Hans Gross “Father of Criminalistics”, wrote in his famous book in Criminal Investigation in
which beans were thrown into a sieve as the name of the suspect was called, mentioned this ordeal. If
the beans jumped out of the sieve, the owner of the sieve is innocent. If the beans remained in the
sieve the person named is a thief.

n. THE SACRED ASS/DONKEY’S TAIL ORDEAL

A donkey was placed in a dimly lit tent or room. Its tail had been covered with lampblack. All
suspects of an offense were instructed to pass through the enclosure and while going through they
were to grasp the donkey’s tail. They were also told that the donkey would bray when touched by the
guilty person.

o. ORDEAL OF THE TIGER

Practiced in Siam, the accused and accuser are placed on a cage of a tiger: if the tiger spare
one of them he is considered innocent.

OTHER COUNTRIES PRACTICING ORDEAL

Burma- The Ordeal of Divination is being practiced in this country, whereby it involves 2 parties being
furnished with candles of equal size and lighted simultaneously the owner of the candle that outlast the other
is adjudged to have won his causes.

Madagascar - Legal authorities practiced trial by ordeal. The supposed criminal was made to drink a
decoction, a poisonous fruit called “tangena”, a small dose is fatal.

Borneo- The accuser and accused were presented with shellfish placed on a plate. An irritating fluid was then
poured on the shellfish and the litigant whose shellfish moved first was adjudged the winner.

Greece- A suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of suspects. When the axe stopped, whoever was
in the line with the blade as supposed to be guilty out by the Divine Providence.

Nigeria- The priest greased a cock’s feather and pierced the tongue of the accused. If the feather passed
through the tongue easily, the accused was deemed innocent. If not, the accused is guilty. Another method
practiced into the same country is the pouring of corrosive liquid into the eyes of the accused who was
supposed to be unharmed if innocent. Pouring of boiling oil over the hand of the accused with the usual
requisites for guilt or innocence is also practiced.

Ayur Veda- “Hindu book of health and science” the earliest known reference of the methods for detecting
deception.

IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES IN POLYGRAPHY AND THEIR GREAT CONTRIBUTIONS

The polygraph or most commonly known as lie detector, has been in existence in police science many
years ago. Tracing back its beginning, one may find out that there are several persons instrumental in the
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development of the polygraph instrument as we know it today- recording changes in respiration, galvanic skin
response (GSR) or electro dermal activity (EDA) and cardiovascular activity.

1. Daniel Defoe- He wrote an essay entitled “An effectual Scheme for the Immediate Preventing of the
Street Robberies and Suppressing All Other Disorders of the Night” where he suggested the use of the
pulse to detect deception.
2. Angelo Mosso- he studied fear and its influence on the heart. In his observation subsequently formed
the basis for detecting technique. (Plethysmograph)

He devised a “scientific cradle”, which was designed to measure the flow of blood while a
person lay on his back in a prone position as it became concentrated on one part of the body and then
in the other.

3. Cesare Lombroso- employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception. This instrument is
known as Hydrosphygmograph, which measures changes in pulse and blood pressure when suspects
were asked about their involvement on or knowledge of specific response.
He was accorded the distinction of being the first person to utilize an instrument for the
purpose of detecting lies.
4. William James Mackenzie a famous English heart specialist who first describe the polygraph
machine as the “ink polygraph”
5. William Moulton Marston (1915)- the self proclaimed “father of the polygraph” conducted more
numerous tests for detecting deception utilizing the changes of systolic deception and develops his
own method of reading systolic blood pressure. He also recorded the respiration and noted the time of
subject’s verbal responses. He also experimented with galvanometer to record skin resistance changes
and gripping device to record tension. (Troville 2009)
6. John A. Larson 1921- developed an instrument capable of simultaneously and continuously
recording blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration. His invention was designated as the “ The Bread
Lie Detector”. He was credited as forerunner of modern polygraph. (Father of Scientific Lie Detection)
(Father of Polygraphy)
7. Vittorio Benussi (1914) - discovered a method for calculating the quotient of the inhalation to
exhalation as means of verifying the truth and detecting deception of the subject.
He demonstrated the changes in systolic blood pressure were of greater value in determining
deception than in changes in respiration.
8. Harold Burt (1918) - determined that the respiratory changes were signs of deception and concluded
that systolic pressure changes are valuable in determining deception.
9. Luigi Galvani (1791) - an Italian psychologist who developed the galvanic skin reflex. The GSR
reflected emotional changes by measuring changes in person’s skin resistance to electricity.
10. Sticker (1895) - he made the first galvanograph for detecting deception based from the work of his
predecessor and introduced the method of detecting from the galvanic impression on the chart
tracing. He worked on the influence and relation of the sweat glands to skin resistance.
11. Veraguth (1907) - he was the first one to use the term “psycho galvanic reflex”. He believes that that
the electrical phenomenon is due to the activity of sweat glands.
12. Richard O. Arther- he developed an improvised polygraph machine with two galvanic skin resistance.
13. Cleve Backster (1960) - he created the numerical scoring on the polygraph chart and standardizing
quantitive polygraph technique. He developed the Backster Zone Comparison Test.
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14. Leonard Keeler (1925) - an American Psychologist invented a more satisfactory instrument than the
one used by Larson. Later on Keeler made additional changes in the instrument, and at the time of
his death in 1949 the Keeler Polygraph included, in addition to units for recordings blood pressure-
pulse and respiration changes, a galvanometer for recording what is known as the galvanic skin reflex
or electrodermal responses generally referred to as the GSR. He also introduced the “card test and the
peak of tension test.” (Father of Modern Polygraphy)
15. John E. Reid (1947) - he developed improvement with the conventional polygraph by incorporating
muscular resistance his device was known as the Reid polygraph. In 1950, he developed the Control
Question which consisted of a known lie and incorporated it into the relevant- irrelevant technique
(Father of Controls)

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF POLYGRAPHY

American Polygraph Association

In 1966, the American Polygraph Association (APA) was established. At present it consists of over
2500 members dedicated to providing a valid and reliable means to verify truth and establish the highest
standard of moral, ethical, and professional conduct in the polygraph field.

The APA continues to be the leading polygraph professional association, establishing standards of
ethical practices, techniques, instrumentation, research, and advanced training and continuing educational
programs.

University of Utah Research

The University of Utah researchers introduced computer assisted polygraph techniques in the early
1980’s , and they remain at the forefront of developments in instrumentation and analytic methods for
computerized polygraph system. The methods for quantification of physiological reaction are based on more
than 30 years of scientific and field experiences by Dr. David C. Raskin and Dr. John C. Kircher. In 1998
they developed the Computer Assisted Polygraph System (CAPS) which incorporated the first algorithm to
be used for evaluating physiological data collected for diagnostic purposes.

PolyScore and Objective Scoring System

In 1993, statisticians Dr. Dale E. Olsen and John Harris of John Hopskins University Applied
Physics Laboratory, Maryland completed a software program called the Polyscore which used sophisticated
mathematical algorithm to analyze the polygraph data and to estimate a probability or degree of deception or
truthfulness in a subject.

Department of Energy

In 2003, the U. S Department of Energy commissioned a review committee of the National Academy of
Science to study the scientific evidence on the polygraph.

Withstanding more than a century of research, development and widespread use, the polygraph
examination remains the most effective means of verifying the truth and detecting deception.

Dr. Joseph F. Kurbis (1970) – of Furdham University in New York City is the first researcher who used
potential computer applications for the purpose of polygraph chart analysis.
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1992- the polygraph made its official entrance into the computer age

EXERCISE

No. 1
Name: ____________________________________
Date: _____________________________________ Score: __________

I. Essay:
 Do you think Lie Detection is important? Whether it is a YES or a NO Justify you answer.

Statement:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 How the early people detect whether a person telling the truth or not and then compare it to today’s
modern time.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

II. Identification

Please choose if what option best suited in your situation

For Option 1

Instructions: Answer the following question Google Form. Just click the link provided for each lesson and you
will be directed already to the quiz.

 Lesson 1: https://forms.gle/YNptLQQCdKEdJKz98
 Lesson 2: https://forms.gle/ZgxdLGchovsNNqT66

For Option 2: If Option 1 is not applicable especially for those who have no internet access

Instructions: Your instructor will inform you of taking the quizzes via face- to- face. Please reach your
instructor via messenger/ text message regarding this for more info.
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CHAPTER 2

3-4 POLYGRAPHY: ITS NATURE AND CONCEPT

Lesson 1. Polygraphy; Etymology and Definition

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. Know the etymology of the word polygraphy
b. Define what is Polygraphy; Polygraph Examination and Polygraph Examiner
c. Understand the tripod foundation of Polygraphy
d. Determine the factors that may affect the accuracy of the Polygraph result

The modern terminology for polygraph examination is

“Forensic Psychophysiological Detection of
Deception (PDD)”
II. Materials
 Ballpen
 Notebook
III. Lesson Proper

ETYMOLOGY

The term polygraphy was derived from the Greek words “poly” which means consisting or more than
one or simply many and “graphein”/ “graphos” which means to write. It means that the original Greek
meaning for polygraph is many writings.

POLYGRAPH

A scientific diagnostic instrument used to record physiological changes in the blood pressure, pulse
rate, respiration and skin resistance of an examinee (subject) under controlled condition. (a.k.a
DECEPTOGRAPH; LIE-DETECTOR; PNEUMO-GALVO-SPHYGMO-CARDIOGRAPH).

THOMAS JEFFERSON (1790) was the first person known to use the term Polygraph to describe one
of his invention which could rewrite repeated words.

TWO TYPES OF POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT

1. Conventional/ Analog – the old and traditional type of instrument being used in polygraphy today.
2. Computerized Polygraph- a sophisticated state of the art computer- aided polygraph instrument.

POLYGRAPHY
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The scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph instrument. It is defined also
as the science of truth verification based upon psychophysiological analogues.

POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

A series of test conducted on the person involved in the commission of a crime and referred to the
polygraph branch, and the formulation of questions which is answerable by yes or no.

TRIPOD FOUNDATION OF POLYGRAPHY

1. Mechanical Leg Basic Premises- the polygraph machine or instrument is mechanically capable of
making graphical records containing reliable information regarding physiological changes.
2. Physiological Leg Basic Premise- among the physiological changes that may be recorded and
identified are those that automatically occur only following the stimulation of specific nervous system
component and from which stimulation of those specific nervous system components can be reliably
diagnosed.
3. Psychological Leg Basic Premise- the specific nervous system component whose stimulation can
thus be diagnosed are so stimulated by the involuntary mental and emotional processes of the
individual who is consciously attempting concealment of deception especially if that individual has
something at stake and the prevailing circumstances lead him to believe that exposure to detection is
a quite possible although undesirable.

POLYGRAPH EXAMINER

One who is capable of detecting deception and verifying the truthfulness of statement through the use
of a polygraph instrument.

ACCURACY OF THE POLYGRAPH TEST RESULTS

The accuracy of the polygraph results ranges from 95 % to 100 % depending upon the factors that
affect the test.

OBJECTIVE OF THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

The ultimate objective of Polygraph examination is to obtain the Subject’s “ADMISSION or

CONFESSION” of the offense committed.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE ACCURACY OF THE POLYGRAPH RESULT

1. The Instrument
2. The condition of the subject
3. The condition of the examination room
4. The qualification and skills of the examiner
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 IDEAL EXAMINATION ROOM

1. It must be spacious for two persons
2. It must be well ventilated
3. It must be well lighted
4. It must not be decorated
5. It must be 90 percent sound proof
6. Room should be equipped with one way mirror

 THE SUBJECT/ EXAMINEE- any person who undergoes polygraph examination

Three General Types of Subjects

a. Victim or Complainant
b. Witness
c. Suspects

Conditions of the subject to be considered Fit before the polygraph Test

1. The subject must have a good night sleep prior to the test at least five hours
2. The subject must refrain from smoking for at least two hour prior to the test
3. The subject must not be interrogated for a prolonged period prior to the test
4. The subject must be free from any physical and mental abuse prior to the test
5. The subject must refrain from the use of alcohol, sedatives, prohibited drugs and other cold
syrups or capsules for at least 12 hours prior to the test
6. The subject must not be hungry
7. The subject must not be suffering from any temporary illness such as: fever, severe cold and
cough, allergy, stomachache, toothache, open wound and the like.
8. The subject must not highly and emotionally nervous.
9. The female subject must be free from menstrual cycle.
10. The subject must not be sexually abused.

Rights of the Subject

1. To be examined by a qualified examiner

2. To be determined if fit for examination
3. To be informed of the reason for the lie detector test
4. To have an explanation of the lie detector machine and what it does.
5. To give consent to the lie detector test.
6. Not to be compelled to undergo prolonged questioning.
7. Not to be exposed to oral criticism or abuse.
8. Not to be exposed to physical, mental or psychological abuse, and
9. To refuse to submit to the lie detector test.
 THE EXAMINER
1. Basic Qualification of Polygraph Examiner
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a. An intelligent person with fair educational background- preferably college degree holder
(BS Psychology and/ or BS Criminology)
b. He should have an intense interest in the work itself
c. Have a good practical understanding of human nature or behaviour in general.
d. Has a suitable personality trait which may evident from his otherwise general ability to
get along with people and be well liked by his friends and associates.
e. A person of good moral character.
2. Basic Training for Six Months:
a. Reading instruction in the pertinent phases of Physiology and Psychology
b. Frequent observation of an experienced examiner working on actual cases.
c. Personal experience in experimental case testing under instructor’s supervision.
d. Examination and interpretation of a considerable number of records in solved cases.
e. It should also include instruction, as well as observational and personal experience, in
the application of psychological tactics and techniques for obtaining confessions and
other helpful information subsequent to the testing of truthful subjects.

Note: As a general rule, the results of the polygraph test are INADMISSIBLE as evidence.

Limitation of Polygraph

1. It is an invaluable investigative aid, but never a substitute for an investigation.

2. It is not a lie detector, but it is a scientific diagnostic instrument.
3. It does not determine facts; it records responses to that the subject knows to be true.
4. It is an accurate as the examiner is competent.
5. The test will not be given until enough facts of the case have been established to permit an examiner
to prepare a complete set of suitable question.
6. A test will not be given without the voluntary consent of the subject.
7. No indication will be given to any person or place in any report that a person will be considered guilty
because he refuse to take the test.
8. A test will not be given until the accusations have been explained to the subject.
9. No attempt to use polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person.
10. No examination can be conducted to an unfit subject.
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EXERCISE
No. 2
Name: ____________________________________
Date: _____________________________________ Score: _____________

 Why do results of polygraph are inadmissible in court? (Use concept map)

TOPIC REASON 1

POLYGRAPH RESULT IS
INADMISSBLE AS
EVIDENCE IN COURT

REASON 2

REASON 3

 What is the other means that the result of polygraph be admitted as evidence? (Use concept map)

TOPIC REASON 1

POLYGRAPH RESULT
ADMITTED IN COURT

REASON 2
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REASON 3

CHAPTER 3

5 SCIENTIFIC LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES

Lesson 1: Lie Detection Methods & Techniques

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. Explain how the different lie detection techniques are used
b. Know other new sophisticated techniques of detecting deception
II. Motivation

Inability to look straight in the eye or what we called GAZE AVERSION is

the most prevalent signs of Lying.

So if someone, cannot look straight in your eye during a confrontation.

That can be a sign that he or she is telling a lie.

III. Materials
 Notes
 Ballpen
IV. Lesson Proper

1. Methods involving the use of scientific devices that

record psycho- physiological responses- these methods include:
a. Word Association Technique
A list of stimulus and non- stimulus words are read to the subject who is instructed to
answer as quickly as possible. The answers to the questions may be a “yes” or a “no”.
The test is not concerned with the answer, be it a “yes” or “no”. The important factor is
the time of response in relation to stimulus or non- stimulus words.

[Francis Galton- he developed the much acclaimed psychological test known as the Word Association
Test and which was later developed by Dr. Carl Guztav.]

b. Psychological Stress Evaluation (Voice Stress Analysis)

The psychological stress evaluator (PSE) detects, measures, and graphically displays
the voice modulations that we cannot hear.
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Allen Bell and Charles Mc Quiston- American inventors who developed a device called Psychological
Stress Evaluator. The instrument detects slight trembling in the voice, which may be interpreted to determine
if person is telling the truth]

c. Polygraph Method
2. Methods involving the use of substances that “inhibit the inhibitor” such as:
a. Administration of “truth serum”

[Dr. Edward Mandel House- a U.S psychiatrist and diplomat who introduced truth serum as a
method of detecting deception.]

Drug Use:
 Hyoscine hydrobromide- given hypodermically in repeated doses until a state of
delirium is induced.
 Sodium Amytal
 Penthotal
 Seconal and other barbiturates
 Methanine, methyl pheridate
 Droperidol and Scopolamine
 Trichloroethylene Anesthetic Drug
b. Narcoanalysis (also called Narcosynthesis)- Psychiatric sodium amytal / sodium penthotal-
drug casues depression of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain and the subjects talks freely.
c. Intoxication with alcohol

The apparent stimulation effect of alcohol is really the result of control mechanism of the
brain, so alcohol, like the truth serum and narcoanalytic drugs “inhibit the inhibitor”.

In Vino Veritas – “in wine there is truth”

The use of this method in criminal investigation is not advisable because of the following reason:

 Administration of this drug is dangerous- if not properly administered, it may kill the subject
or damage the brain or spinal in such a manner that the subject will turned like a vegetable.
 Unreliable result- the information gathered from the subject is not reliable to be true. If the
subject gave false information before the test, he is also likely to give false information under
narcosis.
 It deprives the subject of his own free will to speak freely.
 Information taken from the subject under narcosis is not admissible in court as evidence.
3. Hypnosis (Hypnotic induction)
Is the alteration of consciousness and concentration in which the subject manifests a
heightened of suggestibility while awareness is maintained.

[Anton Mesmer- in 1778 he was the first one to introduce hypnotism as a method of detecting
deception.]

4. Scientific observation and Interrogation

Signs and symptoms of Emotional Tension:
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 Color change: blushing or red color face indicates anger and humiliation. Paleness of the face
is indicative of tension, fear and anxiety.
 Sweating: sweating in an air- conditions or well- ventilated room is a sign of emotional tension
but maybe indicating anger, humiliation and nervousness. Cold damp perspiration is a
manifestation of shock fear and anxiety.
 Inability to look straight at the interrogator’s eyes is a symptom of guilt although not
conclusive when the subject was observed to have constant movement and winking of the
eyes avoiding to look “straight” at the interrogator’s eyes as if the interrogator might see
something in the eyes of the subject that will manifest his guilt.
 Heart rate and pulse beat: the pulse beat can be observed at the neck , where there is an
increased in the pulsation of the carotid artery which almost always synchronize with the
increase in heart rate. It is indicative of guilt, nervousness and fear.
 Breathing: the holding of the breath is an indication of tension especially when critical
questions were asked, and then followed by a sudden, explosive and longer expiration.
 Dryness of the mouth and throat: there is dryness of the mouth and throat because of the
reflex inhibition of the salivary glands and it can be observed repeated swallowing and wetting
of the lips. In the male, there is an upward downward movement of the “Adam’s Apple” in
repeated swallowing. It is an indication of tension and nervousness but maybe a symptom of
guilt.
 Peculiar and Unusual Expression: the “not feeling well” and “not that I remember” are
sometimes the remarks of the subject probably to avoid divulging himself in the interrogation.
The suspect who maybe nervous may try to prove his innocence by swearing to the
truthfulness of his assertion. He may be repeatedly utter, “I swear to god that I am telling the
truth”

Unusual Behavior

 Clenching of the fist or hands indicate anger

 The placing of the upper extremities tightly at one or both sides of the chest may indicate
emotional tension of the subject.
 Crying while being investigated maybe indicative of tension, depression, anger, humiliation
and sometimes a demonstration to prove his innocence about the crime in dispute.
 Other behaviors such as crossing and uncrossing the leg over the other, tapping the table,
rubbing the face or hair, twisting handkerchief or clothing, snapping the fingers, biting the
fingernails, manipulation of any object and other body movements observed may indicate
emotional tension, nervousness, anger and sometimes mental disturbances.

However, there are new sophisticated techniques of detecting deception. These include the following.

1. Brain Waves- has been used in neurophysiology for decades to uncover processes in the brain. One
type of brain waves called Event- Related Potentials (ERPs) is of potential interest in lie detection.
ERPs are recorded by sensors placed on the scalp and can reveal the timing and general location of
electrical activity in the brain elicited by the presentation of sounds, words, text and pictures. It has
been shown that the ERPs can reveal whether an individual has guilty knowledge of crime related
information when it is placed in a list of other information that is unrelated to the crime.
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2. Brain Imagery- a leading candidate for technology for lie detection is Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (FMRI). An fMRI device is a powerful agnet and sophisticated software that can track the
brain’s use of blood over time. It is assumed that more blood is used in particular regions of the brain
when they are active than when they are inactive. The hypothesis for lie detection is that the sequence
of the brain activitions will be different between lying and truth telling.
3. Eye Tracking- the pattern of a person’s eye movements over an image can reveal whether the person
has seen the image before.
4. Facial Analysis- research over the last two decades has suggested that short duration facial
expressions can reveal concealed emotions, and have implications for the detection of lies.

EXERCISE
No. 3
Name: ____________________________________
Date: _____________________________________ Score: _____________
 Explain how the different lie detection techniques are used

Statement:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 For you, what is the most effective lie detection method that can be used in aiding criminal
investigation? Justify your answer.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 17

CHAPTER 4

6 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POLYGRAPHY

Lesson 1. Psychological Aspects of Polygraphy

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. Defined what is emotion, fear and lying
b. Understand the psychology of lying
c. Explain the different types and signs of lying
II. Motivation

“MYTHOMANIA” is a condition where there is an excessive or abnormal

propensity for lying and exaggerating.

III. Materials
 Notes
 Ballpen
IV. Lesson Proper

EMOTION

The word emotion dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word emouvoir, which
means “to stir from up”.

It is defined as an agitation, disturbance or tumultuous physical or social movement constituting a

departure from the calm state of the organism as includes strong feeling, and impulse to overt action and
internal bodily changes in respiration, circulation and granular reaction.

Based on research Paul Ekman classified the six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness,
sadness and surprise.

FEAR- An emotional response to specific danger that appears to beyond a person defensive power.
 18

STIMULUS- A force of emotion reaching the organism and excite deceptors. In short is a force that arouses
the organism of any part to activity.

DECEPTION- An act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by Lying.

DETECTION- An act of discovery existence pressure or fact of something hidden or obscure.

LYING- An uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a false statement.

THE FOUNDATION OF POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUE

Theory and Concept

The Polygraph technique uses the principle that the bodily functions of a person are influenced by
his mental state.

Telling a lie is usually an emotional experience. A conscious act of lying causes conflict in the mind of
the examinee, which produces an emotion of fear or anxiety, manifested by fluctuations in pulse rate, blood
pressure, breathing, and perspiration.

TYPES OF LIE

1. Direct Denial- a lie that results to emotional disturbance. The disturbance is caused by conflict of a
person’s conscience and his attempt to deceive.
2. Lie of Omission- the type of lie commonly used because it is easy to tell. The act of telling what
transpired but omitting details that are incriminating.
3. Lie of Exaggeration- the type of lie used by a person who overplays what actually happened.
4. Lie of Minimization- involves acceptance of a person that something happened but downplays the
implication or seriousness of the offense.
5. Fabricated Lie- also called lie of fabrication. This is the most difficult type of lie that a subject could
use in an interview.

KINDS OF LIES

1. Benign or White Lie- Used to maintain harmony of friendship, harmony of the home or office.
2. Red Lie- sometimes called misinformation is a lie in the form of information that is seemingly
valuable but is intended to destroy a political belief or ideology. Red Lie is better known in politics as
propaganda.
3. Malicious Lie- A chronic lie use to mislead justice.

TYPES OF LIAR

1. Panic liar- One who lies in order to avoid the consequence of confession. He or she is afraid of
embarrassment to love ones and is a serious blow to his or her ego.
2. Occupational Liar- Is someone who has lied for years. This person is a practical liar and lies when it
has a higher pay-off than telling the truth.
3. Tournament Liar- One who loves to lie and is excited by the challenges of not being detected. He
views an interview as another contest and wants to win. He lies because it is the only weapon
remaining with which to fight. This person convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction of
 19

hearing him or her to confess. He wants people to believe that the law is punishing an innocent
person.
4. Ethnological Liar- Is one who is taught not to be a squealer. This person loves to interrogate to be
interrogated and has taken a creed either personal or with others, that he or she will never reveal the
truth, the creed of underworld gangs.
5. Psychopathic Liar- This person has no conscience. He or she shows no regret for his dishonest
actions and no manifestation of guilt. This is the most difficult type of liar because he is a good actor.
6. Pathological Liar- This person who cannot distinguish what is right from wrong. These are those
persons who are mentally sick.
7. Black Liar- one who enjoys pretending. A liar of this type is also known as hypocrite.

Mythomania - It is the condition where there is an excessive or abnormal propensity for lying and
exaggerating.

SIGNS OF LYING

Verbal Clues

Verbal clues to deception to deception include not only the spoken word, but also gestures of
acknowledgment, such as nod of the head. When a deceptive person avoids a truthful answer by supplying
evasive answer, he or she does so as an attempt to reduce the inner conflict created by not telling the truth.

a. Methods of responding to the question- many clues to deception can be found in the way the
respondent answer the question. Truthful people tend to be direct; untruthful people tend to be
circumspect about the answer.
b. Length of time before giving response- in general, truthful persons answer question quickly;
untruthful persons take their time in giving response. There may be an awkward silence, or the
respondent may use a delaying tactic, such as “who me?” or “why should I do”.
c. Repetition of question- repeating the question is another means for the deceiver to gain time to
frame his or her answer. The question may be repeated verbatim, or the respondent may frame
the answer with a request the question. Example; “what did you say again? Or are you asking me
if I took Kickbacks? A truthful subject does not have to contemplate his or her answer.
d. Fragmented or incomplete sentences- a liar will often speak in fragmented or incomplete
sentences. This is usually because he or she has commenced the answer, and then thought better
of it. Statements such as “I. . . I. . . can’t think.. it seems to me... can be clues of lying.
e. Being overly polite- most people, when wrongly accused of something they didn’t do, don’t take
the accusation lightly. Anger is a common response to an unjust accusation, as well as answering
the statement with a “no”. Untruthful subjects are more likely to be polite to the accuser, using
flattering terms such as “sir” or “maam”. The suspect who has been accused and is untruthful
will often say, “sir, no offense to you, but I didn’t do it”.
f. Oaths- untruthful persons will frequently recite oaths, such as “I swear to God I didn’t do it” or “I
swear on my Fathers grave”. Most truthful person do not need to swear or affirm; they are
vehement in their denials.
 20

g. Clarity of response- truthful persons tend to be very clear in their response, while untruthful
persons tend to mumble, talk softly, and diffuse their answers. Such responses are to avoid the
stress caused by an untruthful response; the liar is hedging. In that way, if caught in a lie, the
earlier “soft” response may aid in diffusing the lie.
h. Use of words- truthful subject have no trouble denying the allegation in specific terms, while
untruthful one will have problems with the wording used.
i. Assertiveness- truthful people will respond directly without waiver or qualification; untruthful
people tend to respond indirectly with waivers and qualification.
j. Inconsistencies- liars get caught up in their own web of deceit.
k. Slips of the tongue- Liars, as Freud discovered, quite often slip up and reveal themselves
through a “slip of the tongue”
l. Tirades- may be in direct proportion to the stress generated in the lie, and occur at a time of
anger or other strong emotion.
m. Pauses- pauses in speech patterns may be one of the more reliable clues to deception. The
examiner should evaluate pauses in speech that are too long, too frequent, or which occur at
inappropriate places more closely.
n. Speed of speech- peoples who are nervous or upset frequently increase the speed of their speech-
words tend to run together and the conversation can be disjointed. A pattern of increased speed of
speech during the relevant portion of the questioning could indicate deception.

Non- verbal Clues

Non- verbal clues are caused by the same reason that verbal clues are; increased stress. Non- verbal
clues include patterns in the body movements as well as certain facial expressions.

a. Emblems- are expressions made with the body, whose meanings are clearly understood. The
universal “thumbs up sign” is an emblem, as well as the circled finger and thumb to indicate okay.
b. Illustrators- are motions, primarily by the hands, to illustrate a point jabbing your finger in the air.
c. Manipulators- are mostly habitual behaviour of touching one’s self. Manifestations include grooming
the hair, wringing the hands, picking imaginary lint from a coat.
d. Breathing- although an involuntary movement, is very much affected by stress. Many persons, under
prolonged periods of stress, hyperventilate.
e. Sweating- excessive sweating could be very well indicate an involuntary reflex with deception.
f. Frequent Swallowing- a dry mouth frequently accompanies deep emotion. Often the witness is not
aware of increased efforts a swallowing.
 21

EXERCISE
No. 4
Name: ____________________________________
Date: _____________________________________ Score: ______

Discuss the following:

1. Enumerate at least 5 signs of lies and deception. Explain each

2. Give an example of benign lie, red lie and malicious lie
3. In your own, define squealer
4. Explain the Psychology of Lying
 22

CHAPTER 5

7-8 PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POLYGRAPHY

Lesson 1. Human Body System

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. Define; Physiology and Psychophysiology
b. Know how are human body system reacts to a stimuli that will cause a change and will affect the
polygraph tracing

II. Motivation

“HONESTY JAR”

Participants in the study were asked to lie to a partner The more you lie the
in another room about how many pennies were in a jar easier it gets
while their brains were scanned to assess activity in the
amygdala, the area associated with emotion.

The study found that when the subjects first lied, they
activated the amygdala, suggesting negative feelings
about doing so. But each time unsurprisingly, when the
subjects believed that lying about the amount of money
was to their benefit, they were more inclined to
dishonesty.the subjects lied about the money, the
amygdala was activated less and less — which would
make it easier for the person to keep lying.

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/the-more-
you-lie-the-easier-it-gets-science/
 23

III. Materials
 Notes
 Ballpen
IV. Lesson Proper

PHYSIOLOGY

The science of the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical and biochemical functions of humans in good
health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. In short, study of human body.

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

The study of the relationship or the effect of the mind to the body.

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

1. Nervous System/ Neurological system- “Activator of the body system”

1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- it consist of the brain (Chief of Staff) and spinal cord. It is the
processing area of information.
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- it is responsible for providing sensory information to the central
nervous system and carry motor commands out to the tissue body.
2.1 Somatic Nervous System- control voluntary command.
2.2 Autonomic Nervous System- which acts as a self- regulating response of the body, controls
involuntary motor commands.

TWO DIVISIONS OF ANS

2.2.1 Sympathetic Nervous System- a.k.a the “fight or flight mechanism”
èincreases alertness, stimulates tissue, and prepares the body to quick response to unusual
situation.
2.2.2 Parasympathetic Nervous System- a.k.a the rest and repose system
è It is functionally antagonistic to the
sympathetic nervous system. Its role is to
maintain the homeostasis of the body
which is necessary for normal functioning.
Therefore, it follows that whenever the
sympathetic activates the parasympathetic
follows to re- establish the chemical
balance of the body.
2. Circulatory System- responsible for the
distribution of the blood
3. Respiratory System- responsible for the taking of
air into the lungs and also expelling carbon dioxide
4. Excretory System- external covering of the body
consisting essentially of Epidermis, Dermis, and the
Hypodermis. FIGURE 1. DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 24

EXERCISE
No. 5
Name: ____________________________________
Date: _____________________________________ Score: _____________

 Explain why polygraphy is also term as Forensic Psychophisiology

 Explain how the different body system reacts so stimuli that will create change and will affect the
polygraph tracing
 25

CHAPTER 6

9 POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENTS

Lesson 1. Major Component of Polygraph Machine

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. Familiarize the different components if polygraph machine; its functions and nomenclature
b. Know how the machine works
II. Motivation
The Science Behind Lie Detector Tests | How Do They Do It?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwpTPAzgWjE

III. Materials
 Notes
 Ballpen
IV. Lesson Proper

The major components of a polygraph machine are: Cardio-

Sphymograph, Galvanograph, Pneumograph and Kymograph.

1. Cardio- Sphygmograph

It was designed to detect changes in the blood pressure and pulse rate of the subject. It is also made
up of the following:
 26

 Blood Pressure Cuff which is attached to the upper right arm of the subject, slightly above the
brachial artery.
 Sphygmomanometer which is utilized to indicate the amount of air pressure inflated to the system.
 Pump bulb assembly which inflates air into the system, also known as air pump it has a hose
connecting the blood pressure cuff through which the blood pressure changes and passed into the
recording pen.
 A resonance control unit is used for reducing or increasing the amount o air pressure to reach the
brass bellows (tambour) and thus reduce or increase the amplitude of pen excursions.
 A centering control which is used to provide adjustment of the tracing so that the composite records
patterns would be on the guideline.
 A vent which provides the means by which air in the system can be released.
 A recording pen unit which is used to record the blood pressure pulse rate changes on the chart
paper by means of a five inch recording pen.

2. Pneumograph Component:

It is designed to detect changes in respiration of the subject. Its major components are the
pneumograph chest assembly and the recording unit.

 Rubber convoluted tube which is ten inches in length corrugated rubber attached to the chest and
abdominal area of the subject. One end of the tube is sealed and the other end is connected to the
instrument by a rather thick walled rubber tube considerably larger in diameter than the
pneumograph tube itself, it expands and contracts as the subject breathes.
 The beaded chain another component of the pnuemograph assembly is used to fix in place the rubber
convoluted tube.
 The pneumograph recording unit is made up of brass bellows, a frame, crankshaft, countershaft,
adjustable fulcrum, bearing with adjusting screw pen, vent limiting screws, pen cradle and pen
centering control. Volume changes of the chest caused by breathing are transmitted to the chest
assembly to the recording unit. These activities bellows which move forward and backward pushing
the crankshaft in turn applies a torque to the countershaft upon which the pen cradle is attached.
The backward and forward right movement is then recorded to a chart paper.

3. Galvanograph Component:

Its primary function is to detect changes or alterations in skin resistance of the subject. It is made up
of the following components:

 Finger electrode assembly which has a finger electrode and retainer bond attached to the left index
and ring finger of the subject. And a connecting plug designed to fasten the system to the polygraph
machine.
 Recording pen unit which is usually 7 inches in length.
 Amplifier unit which is made to support the galvanometer in converting electrical to mechanical
current.

4. Kymograph Component:
 27

Its primarily serves as the paper feed mechanism of the polygraph machine. It is the device that
records the different tracings by driving the paper out under a recording pen unit. It pulls or drives the chart
paper under a recording pen unit. It pulls or drives the chart paper under a recording pen simultaneously at
the rate of 6 to 12 inches per minute. The chart must travel at a uniform speed to facilitate valid
interpretations.

 Chart Paper is driven past the recoding pen shaft at a uniform speed six (6) inches per minute. Chart
rolls are approximately 100 ft. Holes spaced ½ inch apart. The paper is imprinted with horizontal
lines at ¼ inch interval twenty divisions and vertical lines at 1/10 inch intervals with heavy lines at ½
inch divisions across the paper which represents five (5) seconds of time.
 Pulse rate per minute may be computed by multiplying the number of beats counted in one divisions
by twelve (12) its major parts are as follows:
 Chart which is rolled graph paper composed of twelve (12) divisions in sixty (60) seconds run
designed to measure the rate of various body functions.
 Rubber roller which pulls the paper out of the machine.
 Paper rail guide which serves to secure or ensure the chart paper’s forward movement
without shaking.

EXERCISE
No. 6
Name: ____________________________________
Date: _____________________________________ Score: _____________

 Draw and illustrate the attachment for CARDIOSPHYMOGRAPH component and write each function

CARDIOSPHYMOGRAPH:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ARM CUFF/ BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF SPHYGMOMANOMETER

FUNCTION:

FUNCTION:
 28

FUNCTION:

PUMP BULB & VENT

 Draw and illustrate the attachment for PNEUMOGRAPH component and write each function.

PNEUMOGRAPH:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

RUBBER CONVOLUTED TUBE BEADED CHAIN

FUNCTION:
FUNCTION:

 Draw and illustrate the attachment for GALVANOGRAPH component and write each function.

GALVANOGRAPH:
 29

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FUNCTION:

FINGER ELECTRODES

 Draw and illustrate the attachment for KYMOGRAPH component and write each function.

KYMOGRAPH:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHART PAPER RUBBER ROLLER

FUNCTION: FUNCTION:
 30

FUNCTION:

PAPER RAIL GUIDE

CHAPTER 7

10-11 PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

Lesson 1. Three Phases of Polygraph Examination

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. Know the purpose of each phase of examination
b. Know the importance of obtaining first hand information before the polygraph examination
c. Familiarize the different chart markings use in polygraph examination
II. Motivation
How a Polygraph works?
https://polygraphguy.com/how-polygraph-works/
III. Material
 Internet
 Ballpen
 Notebook
IV. Lesson Proper

 Initial Interview with the investigator handling the case.

In order to conduct a satisfactory polygraph examination, it is necessary for the examiner to obtain
accurate information regarding all the available facts and circumstances that form the basis for the suspicion
or accusation directed against the person to be examined.

This phase includes:

 31

1. Obtaining the evaluating facts

2. Determining the areas the subject needs to be asked.
3. The examiner must furnish the examiner the following:
a. Sworn statement of the suspect, witness and victim/ complainant.
b. Incident or spot report
c. Background investigation (BI) of suspect’s action or movement.
d. Rough sketch of pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as:
1. Specific article and exact amount of money stolen.
2. Peculiar aspect of the offense was committed
3. Exact time the offense was committed
4. Known facts about the suspect’s action or movement
5. Facts indicating any connection between the suspect’s victim, and witnesses.
6. Exact type of weapon, tool or firearms used.
7. Result of the laboratory test.
8. Unpublished facts of the offense known only by the victim, suspects and the investigator of
the case.

Phase I. Pre-Test- is the preparatory stage for polygraph examination. This includes all consideration bearing
on polygraph examination up to the time of actual activation of the examination. The examiner pre-test
interview with the subject prior to the test is considerable importance both for the purpose of conditioning the
subject for the examination and also to provoke and observe indications of guilt or innocence.

Pre-test Interview - before the actual testing is done, the examiner must first make an
informal interview of the subject which may last fro to 20 minutes to 30 minutes.
Purpose of the Interview:
a. The appraisal of subjects constitutional rights
b. To determine whether the subject has any medical or psychiatric condition or has used
drugs that will prevent the testing.
c. To explain to the subject the purpose of the examination.
d. To develop the test questions, particularly those of the types to be asked.
e. To relieve the truthful subject of any apprehension as well as to satisfy the deceptive
subject as to the efficiency of the technique
f. To know any anti- social activity or criminal record of the subject.
g. Preparing the subject for the test

Phase II. Test Execution (Questioning Phase) - the actual questioning to the subject in polygraph
examination. These include all consideration bearing on polygraph examination from the time the
instrumental attachments are placed on the subject until the time the instrument is deactivated.

POLYGRAPH CHART OR POLYGRAMS

This refers to the composite records of Pneumograph, Galvanograph, and Cardiosphymograph tracing
recorded from a series of questions

CHART MARKING
 32

It is the process of using symbols on the polygraph chart to denote the subject reactions and other
circumstances that occur during the actual polygraph test.

TWO TYPES OF MARKINGS

1. Primary Markings- which indicate the beginning and end of examination as well as the questions and
answers of the subject.
X/60/1.5A - first marking of the examiner of the chart.

XX/60/1.5A - Marking after the test

X - Start of the test.

XX - End of the test
// - stimulus marking [(/ (start); // (end) Place a vertical line or the stimulus
mark below the cardio tracing to indicate the beginning and the ending
of the question. A double stimulus mark indicates the ending of the
question]
/ 1 // - Place the number between the stimulus marks, or below the
stimulus marking or to its right.
60 - millimetre of mercury shown in the sphygmo- dial
1.5 - ohms of skin electrical resistance sensitivity
A or M - refers to automatic or manual galvo amplifier
+ - subjects answers with “yes”
- - subject answers with “no”

2. Secondary Markings- markings which are placed only if the examinee does something which will
cause the physiological tracings to distort. These markings are usually placed below the affected
tracing.

-upward baseline adjustment RQ -Repetition of Question

-downward baseline adjustment C -coughing
C+ -increase in galvo sensitivity CR -Crying by the subject
C- -decrease in galvo sensitivity N -Noise
M -Movement S -Sigh
T -subject talked SW -Swallow or gulp
T-----T -indicates the length of talking by subject L -Laughs or chuckles
TI -talking instruction Y -Yawn
B -Belches or burps SN -Sniff
A -downward adjustment of galvo pen SZ -Sneeze
V -upward adjustment of galvo pen BI -Breathing Instructions
PJ -paper jump DB -Deep Breathing
VC -change of voice IS -Ink stop
CT -clearing throat MI -Moving Instruction
ARM -Extraneous Factors due to blood OSN -Outside Noise
pressure cuff discomfort M---M -Prolonged Movement

Phase III. Post- Test- the consideration that bear polygraph examination from the time the instrument is
deactivated following final polygraph examination until the diagnostic opinion is reported and the case is
concluded. If the polygraph test result indicates deception the examiner will then proceed to conduct short
interrogation. The purpose of which is to obtain confession.
 33

 Post- Test Interview- is conducted when the reactions indicate truthful response and the subject is
very cooperative to the examiner.
 Post- Test Interrogation- the examiner will conduct interrogation if there is a presence of significant
reactions on the relevant questions indicative of deception.

Three Diagnostic Opinions in Polygraph Examination

 Truthfulness
 Deception
 Inconclusive

EXERCISE
No. 7
Name: ____________________________________
Date: _____________________________________ Score: _____________________
I. Essay
 Why should an examiner obtain first hand information before he or she conducts polygraph
test?

Answer:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 What will happen if the examiner failed to inform the basic constitutional rights of the subject
prior to the test?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Is there’s a need to get the consent of the subject before he undergoes an examination?
 34

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8

12-13 POLYGRAPH QUESTIONS AND TECHNIQUES

Lesson 1. Polygraph Questions

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. Know the rules in formulating test questions
b. Know the different Types of Questions and its purpose
c. Formulate different type of questions
II. Motivation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkxmZu4V1SM
III. Material
 Notes
 Ballpen
IV. Lesson Proper

Rules to be observed in formulating test questions:

1. Questions must be concise as possible.

2. Questions must be direct and simple.
3. Questions should not be in the form of an accusation.
4. All queries must be answerable by yes or no.
5. The terms to be used should be clear and understood by the subject.
6. All questions must refer to one element of a felony.
7. Question must not entail legal terminologies.
8. All questions should not contain inferences to one’s knowledge, religion, race, ideology or belief.
 35

Types of Question:

1. Irrelevant Question- these are question formulated without specific relationship with the case under
investigation and deals with a known fact about which the subject cannot lie.
Purpose: To establish and re-establish subject’s normal tracing plus response capability
(excitement level) with verbal stimuli.
2. Relevant Question- a question formulate from information pertaining to the object of the
examination and pointed at determining the subject’s knowledge of complicity in, or truthfulness or
deception regarding the issue in question.

Purpose: To produce a change from the subject’s norm tracing plus excitement level plus
stimulus.

 To detect deception as a result of physiological changes in subject’s norm.

 To resolve objectivity of the polygraph examination via chart probe and further
testing on potential reaction that result.

Classes of Relevant Questions:

a. Strong or Primary Relevant- having an intense and specific relationship to the offense or
problem being considered. (Ex: where you the one who actually stole the missing assorted
jewelries of Ms. Ana?)
b. Secondary or Weak Relevant- deals with secondary element of the crime and probe mostly on
guilty knowledge and partial involvement. (Ex: Between 10:00a.m and 11:00 p.m January 1,
2015.did you open the table drawer of Ms. Ana?)

Secondary Types of Relevant Questions:

a. Sacrifice or DYAT Question- designed to uncover the subject’s attitude, cooperation towards the
test. (Ex: Do you mind to answer truthfully all questions about that?)
b. Knowledge or DYK- designed to probe whether the subject possess information regarding the
identity of the offender, the location of the evidence or other necessary elements of the case facts.
(Ex: Do you know for sure who stole the missing assorted jewelries of Ms. Ana?)
c. Evidence- Connecting Questions- a question about some specific piece of evidence found at the
scene of the crime, to focus the subject’s attention on the probability of incriminating proof that
would establish his guilt. (Ex: Was the evidence found at the crime scene yours?)
d. LTQ Question- a question used for protection against loss of psychological control as
approaching the end of the question series. (LTQ- Lied to any Question)
1. Control Question (Probable Lie)- a question regarding a wrongdoing unrelated but is of similar and
less serious nature to the offense under investigation, and to which the subject will lie or if he does
not really lie he will think about it at the time it is asked or be unsure of the complete truthfulness of
his answer.
 36

Purpose: To produce greater stress than an offense question in the subject’s responding
truthfully to queries about the offense.
 To evoke less stress than the offense questions in deceitful subjects.
a. The Primary Control Question- is based on known lie. It must concern about events
that transpired within three to five years period before case under investigation occurred.
(Ex: “Before reaching the age of 20, have you ever stolen anything?)
b. The Secondary Control Question- is more specific in nature and is based on another
experience or wrongdoing. This will enhance the opportunity for responsiveness. It scope
covers up to the present period. (Ex: “Have you ever committed any crime in your
community?”)
2. Symptomatic Questions- a question that relates about the subject trust in the examiner regarding
confinement to the original issue under investigation. (Ex: Are you now convinced that I will not ask
you any question aside from these we have reviews? Or Are you afraid that I will ask you about
something else which I told you I would not?)
Purpose: To ascertain presence of subject’s hidden fears or apprehension unrelated to the
issue.
3. SKY Question- these are three (3) question groups together and used only on the fourth chart in
Backster Zone Comparison Test. S= Suspect, K= Know, Y= You. (Ex: “Do you SUSPECT anyone in
particular in stealing Ana’s money? Do you KNOW who stole Ana’s money? “Did YOU steal Ana’s
money?)
Purpose: To confirm specific response from previous charts taken.
 To detect indirect/ direct involvement or guilty knowledge.

Lesson 2. Test Technique

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. Know the different test technique use and its purpose
b. Know the supplementary test and how it is conducted
II. Material
 Notes
 Ballpen
III. Lesson Proper

A. R/I TEST- is consists primarily of the irrelevant and relevant questions

presented in a structured sequence.

TEST 1- GENERAL QUESTION TEST/GENERAL SERIES TEST

These are series of relevant and control questions in a planned order. The questions are so arranged
in order to compare the subject’s responses between each type of questions.

Q1 Irrelevant - Is your first name Rain?

Q2 Irrelevant - Do you know that today is Sunday?
 37

Q3 Weak Relevant - Bet. 7:30am to 10:30am of Oct. 25, 2006, did you open the table drawer of Mr.
Erap?
Q4 Irrelevant - Are you married?
Q5 Strong Relevant - Were you the one who actually took the missing money of Mr.Erap?
Q6 Control - Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything?
Q7 Irrelevant - Do you know how to read?
Q8 Evidence connecting - Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Mr. Erap, yours?
Q9 Knowledge - Do you know who stole the cash money of Mr. Erap?
Q10 Secondary Control - Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment?

Purpose: The first 2 irrelevant questions are intended to condition the subject to have standard
tracing and to establish truth telling patterns

TEST 2- CARD OR NUMBER TEST (STIMULATION VERIFIVCATION TEST)

The examiner shows the subject seven (7) variously numbered cards. Face down. The cards are
arranged in such a way the examiner will immediately know which card has been picked by the subject. The
cards with numbers 15, 8, 5, 3, 4, 14, and 12 are used. The subject is instructed to select one card, look at it
and memorize the number of the card selected and put it back to the group without showing it to the
examiner or otherwise identify the number. After the selection the examiner then shuffles the card and
instructs the subject to answer “no” to each question concerning the cards, even when asked the number of
the card he selected. In other words one of the subject’s answer to the question will be a lie. The stimulation
test is designed to reassure the innocent examinee of the accuracy of the test and of the test and of the
competency of the polygraphist. It further serves to stimulate the guilty examinee.

Purpose: To check possible distortions when the chosen number is asked

TEST 3- SPOT RESPONDER TEST

This test contains previously asked questions in General Question Test. With the number
corresponding to the number of the question on the earlier test, the mixture would be.

Q1 Irrelevant
Q3 Weak Relevant
Q2 Irrelevant
Q5 Strong Relevant
Q4 Irrelevant
Q6 Control
Q7 Irrelevant
Q8 Evidence Connecting
Q9 Knowledge
Q10 Secondary Control

Purpose: To determine the responsiveness of the subject to crucial questions and also serve as a
check on possibility of spot respond

TEST 4- MIXED QUESTION TEST

 38

The Question of General Question Test is again mixed and the mixtures of the questions are a s
follows:

Q4 Irrelevant
Q1 Irrelevant
Q9 Knowledge
Q6 Control
Q2 Irrelevant
Q3 Weak Relevant
Q10 Secondary Control
Q5 Strong Relevant
Q6 Control
Q8 Evidence Connecting
Q10 Secondary Control

Purpose: To compare the degree of reaction between Relevant and Control Questions

TEST 5- SILENT ANSWER TEST

The subject is instructed to refrain from giving any audible answer. The subject is told to listen to
each test question and to answer only to himself, silently. Moreover he is to think of the truthful answer and
give that truthful answer to himself, but silently.

Purpose: To serve as a confirmatory check

B. ZONE COMPARISON TEST

This test is alternatively known as Zone of Comparison test, it is the polygraph technique most
commonly used for polygraph interrogation concerning a single issue, and it is used especially in criminal
investigations.

Q1 Irrelevant

Q2 Sacrifice Relevant

Q3 Symptomatic

Q4 Control

Q5 Strong Relevant

Q6 Control

Q7 Strong Relevant

Q8 Control

Q10 Weak Relevant

Supplementary:

Q11 Suspect

Q12 Know
 39

Q13 You

 Supplementary Test
Aside from the standard test described above, the following special tests may be performed and
incorporated as a part of the standard procedure or may be used as supplementary tests depending upon the
result of the standard test in order to draw a better conclusion.
a. Yes Test- is conducted by instructing the subject to say “Yes” to all the questions to be asked,
including to those pertaining to the matter under investigation.
b. Guilt Complex Test-in the response on the previous test is doubtful, it becomes necessary to
conduct additional test. This consists of a test regarding fictitious incident of a similar nature but
one which appears be real in so far as the subject is concerned.
Purpose: To compare the responses with those that appeared on the actual test record when
question were asked about the matter under investigation. (Ex: Did you steal the money from the
house of Bonifacio?)
c. Peak- of – tension- test- the subject may be given this test if he is not yet informed of the detail
of the offense for which he is being interrogated by the investigator, or by other persons or from
other sources like the print media.
d. Silent Answer Test- this is a confirmatory test because the subject is afraid of the unfamiliar
and the unknown. It is an examination in which the subject is instructed by the examiner to
avoid audible response to the questions asked.

EXERCISE
No. 8
Name: ____________________________________
Date: _____________________________________ Score: _____________

Formulate at least 2 questions referring to different offense (one question referring to a specific offense
and then the other should refer to another specific offense) for each type of questions in polygraph test

CRIME COMMITTED: (a.)_______________________________ & (b.) ________________________________

1. Irrelevant Question
a.
b.
2. Relevant Question
a.
b.
3. Strong or Primary Relevant
a.
b.
4. Secondary or Weak Relevant
a.
b.
 40

5. Sacrifice or DYAT Question

a.
b.
6. Knowledge or DYK Question
a.
b.
7. Evidence- Connecting Questions
a.
b.
8. LTQ Question
a.
b.
9. Primary Control Question
a.
b.
10. Secondary Control Question
a.
b.
11. Symptomatic Questions
a.
b.
12. SKY Question
a.
b.
c.

a.
b.
c.
 41

CHAPTER 9
14-15
CHART TRACING AND INTERPRETATION

Lesson 1. Chart Tracing & Interpretation

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should

be able to:
a. Illustrate and explain the different
polygraph tracing segment
b. Know the different pneumo tracing
deception responses
c. Defined Chart interpretation and
Chart Probing
d. Know the General and Legal Rule in
Chart Interpretation
e. Know all the possible results is
polygraph examination
Fig. 2 Polygraph Tracing

II. Material
 Notes
 Ballpen
 42

III. Lesson Proper

FOUR KINDS OF POLYGRAPH TRACING SEGMENT:

1. Average Tracing Segment- a segment within a tracing that shows no physiological evidence in the
emotional level within the stress area on the polygraph chart or polygrams.
2. Reaction Tracing Segment- a segment within a tracing that shows physiological evidence that the
sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system has become active following the stress area
on the polygraph chart, indicating a psychological return to the subject’s exhibited average emotional
level.
3. Relief Tracing Segment- a segment within the tracing that shows physiological evidence that the
parasympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system has become active following the stress
area on the polygraph chart, indicating a physiological return to the subjects exhibited average
emotional level.
4. Distortion Tracing Segment- a segment within a tracing that departs from the average emotional
level but lacks physiological evidence of either sympathetic or parasympathetic activation within the
stress area on the polygraph chart, indicating a lack in psychological origin.

PNEUMO TRACING DECEPTION RESPONSES

1. RESPIRATORY BLOCK- a block or stoppage in

respiration, occurring immediately after the subject’s
answer to a test question and lasting for several
seconds, is a very reliable symptom of deception. This
form of suppression may appear at the end of the
exhalation stage of the respiratory cycle.

2. RESPIRATORY BLOCK- appears at the end of the

inhalation

3. Respiratory Block- a suppression that approaches

but does not quite equal the typical respiratory
blocks. It is nevertheless, of equal significance as a
criterion of deception.

SUPPRESSION

4. STAIRCASE SUPPRESSION- a suppression

of respiration that assumes the appearance
of a staircase or upgrade set of steps, and
 43

which begins immediately after a test question has been answered. It may occur in several forms, as
shown above and as indicated by arrows.
5. RESPIRATION BASELINE RISE- a rise in the respiration baseline at the time a test question is asked, is
another very reliable symptom of deception. The rise usually lasts for 15 or 20 sec, after which the
baseline ordinarily returns to its normal level.
6. ORDINARY SUPPRESSION- equally as significant as the foregoing responses is a form of suppression in
respiration that cannot be categorized
except as ordinary. It does not possess
any very distinctive characteristic such as
block, a staircase, or a rise in baseline,
but it nevertheless constitutes a reliable
criterion of deception.
Observe that some of the tracings
combine minor scale characteristics of
blocks, staircase, and baseline rise, but
the only truly distinctive quality is a
general form of suppression.
7. RESPIRATION CYCLE CHANGE- (slower,
faster, or heavier breathing) a change in
respiration cycle, after the asking of
relevant question, is another dependable
criterion of deception. A widening of the cycles is
indicative of slower breathing during the relevant
question interval. B, the deception criterion
appears here in the form of a slow sliding expiration tracing. C, the cycles here are more frequent because
of faster breathing. D, the longer cycles are indicative of heavier breathing during the relevant question
interval.
8. POST DECEPTION RESPIRATION RELIEF- heavier breathing, after a crucial question or even at the end
of the test itself and without being preceded by any obvious suppression, is another reliable criterion of
deception. A, in this case the subject’s
respiration tracing throughout the first three
questions appeared quite normal, but after the
fourth the subject gave a sigh of relief in the
form of three heavy breaths. B, this subject’s
characteristics response was his heavier
breathing, at points marked with arrows, about
20 sec after his answer to a crucial question. C,
the phenomenon of respiration “relief” might be
described as a “recovery” from an oxygen debt
created by the period of suppression in
respiration. On occasions, although very rare,
the oxygen recovery mat come in the form of
faster breathing, as in C, rather than in the form
of heavier breathing , as in A and B.
 44

9. ERRATIC SPECIFIC RESPONSES- contrary to what is sometimes assumed, erratic breathing of the types
shown here is not due, ordinarily, to deliberate efforts on the part of the subject; at apparently results
solely from his own natural disturbance over the fact of lying.

10. PSEUDODECEPTION ANTICIPATORY RESPONSE IN RESPIRATION- the previously illustrated specific

responses in respiration assume significance only when they appear, and continue, after the answering of
a question, or at most not only any earlier than
a one cycle interval before the question is
answered, if the response occurs prior thereto,
it ordinarily is not indicative of deception and
may be considered a psuedodeception
anticipatory response.
11. GENERALLY ERRATIC RESPIRATION- there
are instances where deception is reflected in the
respiration by only a generally erratic pattern
rather than in the form of specific changes.
Generally erratic pattern may result from
excessively slow or excessively fast breathing as
in A and B, respectively. When in this form they
are usually the result of a deliberate effort on the
part of the subject to mislead the examiner.

CHART INTERPRETATION

The process of reading and deciphering the meaning of graphical responses of the subject based on
the chart tracings.

CHART PROBING

The process of showing the polygram to the subject and providing a brief explanation on the
dissimilarities or the responses with the objective of determining the true cause of recorded responses and to
clarify the confusion or misunderstanding that might have been caused by vague response.

THE GENERAL RULE IN CHART INTERPRETATION:

 There must be specific response.

 To be specific, it must form a deviation from the norm.
 The specific responses must appear in at least two (2) test charts.
 The best indication of deception is the simultaneously specific in the three (3) tracings of the chart.
“THE LEGAL RULE IN CHART INTERPRETATION”
There must be specific responses and the specific responses must appear consistently the same in
relevant questions in two or more chart.
FINAL RESULT
 45

A Polygraph test result is a strictly confidential statement and its result can only be disclosed to the
examinee or a third party nominated in writing by the examinee.

There are four possible results:

• NDI - No Deception Indicated (Truthful)

• DI   - Deception Indicated (Deceptive)

• IC   - Inconclusive (Insufficient physiological responses)

• DD  - Deliberately disruptive

 False Positive occurs if the truthful subject is reported to be deceptive and

 False Negative occurs when the deceptive subject is reported to be truthful

EXERCISE

No. 9
Name: ____________________________________
Date: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

 Illustrate and explain the different polygraph tracing segment

Average Tracing Segment

Reaction Tracing Segment

Relief Tracing Segment

 46

Distortion Tracing Segment

 Explain the difference of False Positive and False Negative

 47

CHAPTER 10

16 ACCURACY & LEGAL ASPECT OF POLYGRAPH

Lesson 1. Accuracy of Polygraph Examination and its Legal Aspect

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. Understand the Admissibility and Inadmissibility of Polygraph examination result
b. Understand the Legal aspect of Polygraph Examination
c. State court cases and decision rendered both foreign and local, regarding polygraph
admissibility of the examination
II. Motivation
https://www.hoganlegal.com/news/are-lie-detector-test-results-
admissible-in-court/
III. Material
 Notes
 Ballpen
IV. Lesson Proper

ADMISSIBILITY ACCURACY OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

RESULT

Question: Is Polygraph Examination Result admissible in court?

Answer: YES, if allowed by the judge.

Polygraph and expert testimony relating thereto can be admissible upon stipulation to support other
evidence of a defendant’s involvement in crime charge his testimony under the following condition.
 48

 That the admissibility of polygraph test result is subject to the decision of the trial judge like for
example if the trial judge is not persuaded that the examiner is competent or that the test was
conducted under proper condition, he may reject to accept such evidence.
 That counsels of both parties and the subject sign a written condition providing for his admission to
the examination and for the succeeding admissions at trials of the graphs and the examiners opinion
thereon in behalf of either the defendant or the state.
 That if the examiners opinion are offered as evidence, the opposing party shall have the right to cross
examine the examiner respecting:
a. The qualification and training of the examiner
b. The stipulation under which the test was administered
c. The restrictions and possibilities for the errors of the technique
d. At the good judgment of the trial judge, any other matter deemed important to the inquiry;
and
e. That if admitted as evidence, the examiners testimony does not inclined to prove or disproved
any element of the crime with which a defendant is charge but at most tends only to specify
that at the examination, subject was not telling the truth. The trial judge shall determine the
weight and the effect of such testimony.

Question: Why it is Polygraph Examination is Self Incriminating?

Answer: Because whatever taken from his/her body can be used against him/ her.

Question: Is Polygraph result Conclusive?

Answer: No because polygraph result is opinionated

Question: What is the other means that the Polygraph result can be admissible in court aside from
stipulation and order from the court?

Answer: During the presentation of the defense they should established the fact that polygraph examiner
upon request of the investigator examined the accused and they would like to offer as evidence the technical
report of the examiner. The court will accept the evidence base on the presumption that the polygraph report
is suppressed evidence since the finding is against the finding of the investigator.

LEGAL STATUS OF POLYGRAPH

Polygraph result is ADMISSIBLE in court:

1. When the examination is conducted upon a court order.

2. When business suffers economic loss and the employee of that business who refuses the exam is
implicated.
3. When the polygraph is made a condition or precedent to employment in continuous employment.
4. When the nature of the subject’s relation to the public so demand. (Public Trust is Paramount)

ACCEPTANCE OF THE POLYGRAPH

Many countries all over the world have utilized polygraph technique as a method of lie detection. It
has been proven that is a valuable aid in investigation. In some countries, polygraph test results are admitted
 49

as evidence in court. In the U.S., almost all courts utilized polygraph and more than one half of these courts
accept it as evidence in criminal prosecution.

Admissibility of polygraph test results as evidence in court differs between jurisdictions allows the
introduction of evidence of polygraph test results if the parties to the case stipulate to its admissibility. Its
introduction as evidence at trial may not be allowed on other jurisdiction but will permit its introduction in to
other situations such as sentencing, hearing, probation and parole hearing and in certain administrative
hearings. New Mexico has offer the admissibility of polygraph evidence without stipulation of the parties,
including the qualifications of the examiner and if polygraph examination conditions have been met.
Jurisdictions vary regarding the admissibility of polygraph results, but most jurisdictions agree that voluntary
statements and confessions made during a polygraph examination are admissible. In considering the
admissibility of polygraph results, it is important to consult the law of the relevant jurisdiction.

Few representative cases in United States regarding polygraph admissibility are listed below.

a. Arizona State vs. Mendez

b. California State vs. Espinosa
c. Delaware State vs. Foraker
d. Hawaii State vs. Okumura
e. Indiana State vs. Sanchez
f. Kansas State vs. Wakefield
g. North Carolina State vs. Fleming
h. Ohio State vs. Hesson
i. Texas State vs. Perkins
j. Federal Courts U.S vs. Pasado
U.S vs. Thomas
U.S vs. Piccinonna
U.S vs. Galbreth
 50

EXERCISE
No. 10
Name: ____________________________________
Date: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

 Below are the cases that brought significance in Polygraphy. Kindly give a brief discussion about the
case and its significance in Polygraphy:

United States vs. Frye

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Daubert vs. Merell Dow Pharmaceuticals

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 51

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

United States vs. Posado, et. al.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

United States vs. Galbreth

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

United States vs. Piccinonna

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

State of Mexico vs. Dorsey

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 52

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IN PHILIPPINE SETTING

People of the Philippines vs. Adoviso

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

People of the Philippines vs. Daniel

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. 1895- the first attempt to use a scientific instrument stressing its importance to Lie Detection.
2. 1945- Polygraph was first introduced in the Philippines.
3. Admission- a self- incriminating statement which falls short of an acknowledgement of guilt.
4. Allen Bell and Charles Mc Quiston- American inventors who developed a device called Psychological
Stress Evaluator.
5. Angelo Mosso- he studied fear and its influence on the heart. He developed the sphygmomanometer and
“scientific cradle”, which was designed to measure the flow of blood while a person lay on his back in a
prone position as it became concentrated on one part of the body and then in the other.
6. Anton Mesmer- he was the first one to introduce hypnotism as a method of detecting deception.
7. Average Tracing Segment- a segment within a tracing that shows no physiological evidence in the
emotional level within the stress area on the polygraph chart or polygrams.
8. Ayur Veda- a Hindu book of science and health around 500 BC considered as an earliest known reference
to a method of detecting deception
9. Beaded Chain- another component of the pnuemograph assembly which is used to fix in place the rubber
convoluted tube.
10. Benign or White Lie- Used to maintain harmony of friendship, harmony of the home or office.
 53

11. Black Liar- one who enjoys pretending. A liar of this type is also known as hypocrite.
12. Blood Pressure Cuff which is attached to the upper right arm of the subject, slightly above the brachial
artery.
13. Card Test- the subject is asked to choose one from seven numbered cards, take it and return the same
without telling the examiner or otherwise identifying the chosen number. The card is then shuffled by the
examiner and instructs the subject to answer NO concerning the cards when shown. This is to single out
which among the answers given by the subject is a lie.
14. Cardio- Sphygmograph- It was designed to detect changes in the blood pressure and pulse rate of the
subject. It can record changes of systolic blood pressure and pulse rate of the subject.
15. Cardiosphygmograp- it records the changes in pulse rate and blood pressure.
16. Centering control which is used to provide adjustment of the tracing so that the composite records
patterns would be on the guideline.
17. Cesare Lombroso- He was accorded the distinction of being the first person to utilize an instrument for
the purpose of detecting lies.
18. Chart Interpretation- The process of reading and deciphering the meaning of graphical responses of the
subject based on the chart tracings.
19. Chart Marking - It is the process of using symbols on the polygraph chart to denote the subject reactions
and other circumstances that occur during the actual polygraph test.
20. Chart or Polygrams- refers to the composite records of the Pneumograph, Galvanograph, and
Cardiosphymograph tracing recorded from a series of questions.
21. Chart Paper is driven past the recoding pen shaft at a uniform speed six (6) inches per minute. Chart
rolls are approximately 100 ft.
22. Chart Probing- The process of showing the polygram to the subject and providing a brief explanation on
the dissimilarities or the responses with the objective of determining the true cause of recorded responses
and to clarify the confusion or misunderstanding that might have been caused by vague response.
23. Cleve Backster- he created the numerical scoring on the polygraph chart and standardizing quantitive
polygraph technique.
24. Confession- refers to the voluntary statement made by a person given to proper authorities wherein he
acknowledges himself to be guilty of an offense and discloses circumstances of his act and participation
he had in the felony.
25. Control Question - a question regarding a wrongdoing unrelated but is of similar and less serious nature
to the offense under investigation, and to which the subject will lie or if he does not really lie he will think
about it at the time it is asked or be unsure of the complete truthfulness of his answer.
26. Deception Detection method- it is a method of gathering and knowing information from the subject
about the crime in dispute employing the use of machine or devise.
27. Deception- is an act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying.
28. Detection- an act of discovery existence pressure or fact of something hidden or obscure.
29. Diacrotic Notch- a short horizontal line on cardio tracing located at the middle of diastolic stern.
30. Diastolic Blood Pressure- refers to the downward blood pressure representing the low pressure to
the closing of the valves and heart relaxed.
31. Direct Denial- a lie that results to emotional disturbance. The disturbance is caused by conflict of a
person’s conscience and his attempt to deceive.
 54

32. Distortion Tracing Segment- a segment within a tracing that departs from the average emotional level
but lacks physiological evidence of either sympathetic or parasympathetic activation within the stress area
on the polygraph chart, indicating a lack in psychological origin.
33. Dr. Edward Mandel House- a U.S psychiatrist and diplomat who introduced truth serum as a method of
detecting deception.
34. Electrodermal Response- reaction of skin measured by changes in its electrical properties, including
skin resistance, skin conductance, and skin potential.
35. Environment- is the sum total of the dissimulation that a person acquired from the time he was
conceived and his exposure to his surroundings.
36. Ethnological Liar- Is one who is taught not to be a squealer. This person loves to interrogate to be
interrogated and has taken a creed either personal or with others, that he or she will never reveal the
truth, the creed of underworld gangs.
37. Evidence- Connecting Questions- a question about some specific piece of evidence found at the scene of
the crime, to focus the subject’s attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would establish
his guilt.
38. Fabricated Lie- also called lie of fabrication. This is the most difficult type of lie that a subject could use
in an interview.
39. False Negative occurs when the deceptive subject is reported to be truthful.
40. False Positive occurs if the truthful subject is reported to be deceptive and
41. Fear- is an emotional response to specific danger that appears to beyond a person’s defensive power.
42. Finger Electrode - attached to the left index and ring finger of the subject.
43. Finger Electrode Plate- a part of the galvanograph assembly attached on the left fingers of the subject
particularly the index and ring finger.
44. Forensic Psychophysiological Detection of Deception- The modern terminology for polygraph
examination.

45. Francis Galton- he developed the much acclaimed psychological test known as the Word Association
Test.
46. Galvani- who developed the galvanic skin reflex. The GSR reflected emotional changes by measuring
changes in person’s skin resistance to electricity.
47. Galvanograph- Its primary function is to detect changes or alterations in skin resistance of the subject.
48. Gaze Aversion- Inability of the subject to have an eye to eye contact with the person questioning. The
most prevalent sign of deception.
49. Graphos- means writings.
50. Harold Burt- determined that the respiratory changes were signs of deception and concluded that systolic
pressure changes are valuable in determining deception.
51. Heredity- the transmission of mental and physical traits from parents to offspring.
52. Homeostasis- called the state of equilibrium between the internal and external environments of the
human body.
53. Hydrosphymograph- measured changes in pulse and blood pressure when suspects were questioned
about their involvement of a specific offense.
54. Hyoscine Hydrobromide- is given hypodermically in repeated doses until a state of delirium is induced.
55. Hypnosis- It is the alteration of consciousness and concentration in which the subject manifests a
heightened of suggestibility while awareness is maintained.
 55

56. In Vino Veritas- In wine there is truth.

57. Initial Interview- usually conducted by the investigator handling the case or a ploygaph examiner who
was given brief but significant details of the case it is designed to obtain pertinent information.
58. Irrelevant Question- these are question formulated without specific relationship with the case under
investigation and deals with a known fact about which the subject cannot lie.
59. James MacKenzie- devised the Ink Polygraph.
60. John A. Larson- the real “Father of lie detection”. He developed an instrument capable of simultaneously
and continuously recording blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration.
61. John E. Reid- he developed improvement with the conventional polygraph by incorporating muscular
resistance his device was known as the Reid polygraph.
62. Keymograph- It pulls or drives the chart paper under a recording pen simultaneously at the rate of 6 to
12 inches per minute.
63. Knowledge or DYK- designed to probe whether the subject possess information regarding the identity of
the offender, the location of the evidence or other necessary elements of the case facts.
64. Leonard Keeler- an American Psychologist invented a more satisfactory instrument than the one used by
Larson. He device a metal recording bellows; rolled chart paper. In 1949, he incorporated Galvanograph
with measurement of blood pressure and respiration into a portable case.
65. Lie of Exaggeration- the type of lie used by a person who overplays what actually happened.
66. Lie of Minimization- involves acceptance of a person that something happened but downplays the
implication or seriousness of the offense.
67. Lie of Omission- the type of lie commonly used because it is easy to tell. The act of telling what
transpired but omitting details that are incriminating.
68. LTQ Question- a question used for protection against loss of psychological control as approaching the
end of the question series.
69. Lying- is an uttering or conveying a falsehood or creating a false statement.
70. Malicious Lie- A chronic lie use to mislead justice.
71. Mechanical Leg Basic Premise- the polygraph machine or instrument is mechanically capable of making
graphical records containing reliable information regarding physiological changes.
72. Mythomania - It is the condition where there is an excessive or abnormal propensity for lying and
exaggerating.
73. Narcoanalysis/Narcosynthesis- This method of deception detection is practically the same as that of
administration of truth serum. The only difference is the drug used. Psychiatric sodium amytal or sodium
penthotal is administered by the subject.
74. Normal Response- a tracing on the chart where in the subject answer in the irrelevant question.
75. Occupational Liar- Is someone who has lied for years. This person is a practical liar and lies when it has
a higher pay-off than telling the truth.
76. Ordeal- a term of varying meaning closely related in the Medieval Latin “Dei Indicum” meaning
Miraculuos Decision.
77. Panic liar- One who lies in order to avoid the consequence of confession. He or she is afraid of
embarrassment to love ones and is a serious blow to his or her ego.
78. Paper Rail Guide- which serves to secure or ensure the chart paper’s forward movement without shaking.
79. Parasympathetic Nervous System- it is functionally antagonistic to the sympathetic nervous system. Its
role is to maintain the homeostasis of the body which is necessary for normal functioning.
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80. Pathological Liar- This person who cannot distinguish what is right from wrong. These are those persons
who are mentally sick.
81. Perjury- It is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or
affirmation in a court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing.
82. Physiological Leg Basic Premise- among the physiological changes that may be recorded and identified
are those that automatically occur only following the stimulation of specific nervous system components
can be reliably diagnosed.
83. Pneumograph- It is designed to detect changes in respiration of the subject.
84. Poly- means many
85. Polygraph- refers to an instrument for recording changes in blood pressure, respiration, pulse rate and
skin resistance as sign or indication of emotional disturbance especially of lying when questioned.
86. Polygraphy- from the two Greek words “POLY” which means MANY or MORE, and “GRAPHOS” which
means writings.
87. Polygraphy- it is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph contraption.
88. Post Test Interview- designed to obtain admission or confession of the subject.
89. Pre- Test Interview- administered by the polygraph examiner designed to condition or prepare the
subject for the actual polygraph test. Its duration usually lasts 20 to 30 minutes. At this stage, the rights
of the subject are explained, his consent are obtained as well as personal data and the determination
whether the subject is mentally, physically and psychologically prepared to undergo the polygraph test.
90. Psychological Leg Basic Premise- Under this premise, the specific nervous system component
whose stimulation can thus be diagnosed are so stimulated by the involuntary and emotional
processes of the individual who is continuously attempting him to believe that exposure to
deception is quite possible although undesirable.
91. Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) - The voice of the subject is graphed and recorded. In an inaudible
wavelength.
92. Psychopathic Liar- This person has no conscience. He or she shows no regret for his dishonest actions
and no manifestation of guilt. This is the most difficult type of liar because he is a good actor.
93. Pump bulb assembly which inflates air into the system, also known as air pump it has a hose connecting
the blood pressure cuff through which the blood pressure changes and passed into the recording pen.
94. Reaction- it is an action in mental attitude evokes by external influence.
95. Reaction Tracing Segment- a segment within a tracing that shows physiological evidence that the
sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system has become active following the stress area on
the polygraph chart, indicating a psychological return to the subject’s exhibited average emotional level.
96. Red Lie- sometimes called misinformation is a lie in the form of information that is seemingly valuable
but is intended to destroy a political belief or ideology. Red Lie is better known in politics as propaganda.
97. Relevant Question- a question formulate from information pertaining to the object of the examination
and pointed at determining the subject’s knowledge of complicity in, or truthfulness or deception
regarding the issue in question.
98. Relief Tracing Segment- a segment within the tracing that shows physiological evidence that the
parasympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system has become active following the stress area
on the polygraph chart, indicating a physiological return to the subjects exhibited average emotional level.
99. Requesting Party - the person/s who asked for the services of the examiner to help verify the
truthfulness of a subject’s statement or testimony, he is usually the investigator of the criminal case.
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100. Resonance Control Unit is used for reducing or increasing the amount o air pressure to reach the
brass bellows (tambour) and thus reduce or increase the amplitude of pen excursions.
101. Response- any activity or in division of previous activity of an organism or as effector organ, or part of
the organism resulting from stimulation.
102. Richard O. Arthur- he developed an improvised polygraph machine with two galvanic skin resistance.
103. Rubber convoluted tube- is ten inches in length corrugated rubber attached to the chest and
abdominal area of the subject.
104. Rubber Roller- which pulls the paper out of the machine.
105. Sacrifice or DYAT Question- designed to uncover the subject’s attitude, cooperation towards the
test.
106. Secondary or Weak Relevant- deals with secondary element of the crime and probe mostly on guilty
knowledge and partial involvement.
107. Silent Answer Test- The subject is instructed to refrain from giving any audible answer. The subject
is told to listen to each test question and to answer only to himself, silently.
108. Sir James Mackenzie a famous English heart specialist who first describe the polygraph machine as
the “ink polygraph”
109. Specific Response- any deviation from the normal tracing of a subject.
110. Sphygmomanometer- the part of the cardio component which indicates the air pressure in the
system in millimetres of mercury.
111. Sphygmomanometer which is utilized to indicate the amount of air pressure inflated to the system.
112. Sticker- he made the first galvanograph for detecting deception based from the work of his
predecessor and introduced the method of detecting from the galvanic impression on the chart tracing. He
worked on the influence and relation of the sweat glands to skin resistance.
113. Stimulus- a force of emotion reaching the organism and excite the deceptors. In short is a force that
arouses the organism of any part to activity.
114. Strong or Primary Relevant- having an intense and specific relationship to the offense or problem
being considered.
115. Subject- also known as examinee refers to a person undergoing a polygraph examination or test.
116. Sympathetic Nervous System- also called fight or flight mechanism, increases alertness, stimulates
tissue, and prepares the body for quick responses to unusual situations.
117. Symptomatic Questions- a question that relates about the subject trust in the examiner regarding
confinement to the original issue under investigation.
118. Systolic Blood Pressure- the upward blood pressure as the apex of the curve caused by the contraction
of the heart, valves are open and blood is rushing into the arteries.
119. The Primary Control Question- is based on known lie. It must concern about events that transpired
within three to five years period before case under investigation occurred.
120. The Secondary Control Question- is more specific in nature and is based on another experience or
wrongdoing. This will enhance the opportunity for responsiveness. It scope covers up to the present
period.
121. Tournament Liar- One who loves to lie and is excited by the challenges of not being detected. He
views an interview as another contest and wants to win.
122. Trial by ordeal- is a judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by
subjecting them to a painful task.
123. U.S vs. Frye- known to be the first case in Lie Detection.
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124. U.S vs. Picciononna- discards the Frye as a rule, and sets procedure and limits on polygraph test
admissibility.
125. University of Utah researchers- introduced computer assisted polygraph techniques in the early
1980’s, and they remain at the forefront of developments in instrumentation and analytic methods for
computerized polygraph system.
126. Vent which provides the means by which air in the system can be released.
127. Veraguth- he was the first one to use the term “psycho galvanic reflex”. He believes that that the
electrical phenomenon is due to the activity of sweat glands.
128. Vittorio Benussi- discovered a method for calculating the quotient of the inhalation to exhalation as
means of verifying the truth and detecting deception of the subject.
129. William Moulton Marston- the self proclaimed “father of the polygraph” conducted more numerous
tests for detecting deception utilizing the changes of systolic deception and develops his own method of
reading systolic blood pressure.
130. Word Association Technique- A list of word will be recited to the subject one by one, after each word
the subject should say the first word that comes in his mind.
References:

Criminalistics; ISBN 971- 045947; Atty. Juan L. Agas, Dean Felipe S. Bautista, Dean Ricarado M. Guevara, Dean Ma.
Paulina Corazon S. Tatoy

Polygraphy Lie Detection; ISBN 978- 971- 0558- 18- 3; Col. William A. REvisa, (RET), Prof. Joner C. Villaluz

Truth and Deception second edition; ISBN 0- 683- 07224- 2

Legal Medicine; Pedro P. Solis, 1987

The Essentials of Polygraphy; Mary Jane Q. Adra Rcr., MSCrim, Dr Danilo Lago Tancangco, 2013

Prof. Joner C. Villaluz Rcrim. Ph.d, Col. William A. Revisa (RET) Ph.d, Carlito Panganoron, Jr Ph.d 2014

Polygraphy Lie Detection and Interrogation; Bryan T. Yang & Maria Cristina R. Landig, 2013

Compiled By:

Prof. Charmaine D. Erang, MCJE