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Chapter 2 - Intersection Design 1

The document discusses different types of intersections, including simple intersections with two roads crossing at right angles, complex intersections with three or more roads crossing, and how intersections vary in complexity. It describes the main types of at-grade intersections as T-intersections, four-leg intersections, and multi-leg intersections. Various designs for channelizing traffic at T-intersections and four-leg intersections are presented. The document also discusses approaches for addressing multi-leg intersections by realigning roads to reduce conflict points. Finally, it describes different types of circular intersections like traffic circles, rotaries, and modern roundabouts.

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Taha Gargoum
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60 views29 pages

Chapter 2 - Intersection Design 1

The document discusses different types of intersections, including simple intersections with two roads crossing at right angles, complex intersections with three or more roads crossing, and how intersections vary in complexity. It describes the main types of at-grade intersections as T-intersections, four-leg intersections, and multi-leg intersections. Various designs for channelizing traffic at T-intersections and four-leg intersections are presented. The document also discusses approaches for addressing multi-leg intersections by realigning roads to reduce conflict points. Finally, it describes different types of circular intersections like traffic circles, rotaries, and modern roundabouts.

Uploaded by

Taha Gargoum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intersection Design (Part 1)

 Source: Traffic & Highway


Engineering, Chapter 7
Intersection Design
 An intersection is an area, shared by
two or more roads, whose main
function is to provide for the change of
route directions.
 Intersections vary in complexity from:
 simple intersection: has only two roads
crossing at a right angle (left angle in
Malaysia)
 complex intersection: three or more
roads cross within the same area.
Intersection Design

 Drivers therefore have to make a


decision at an intersection
concerning which of the alternative
routes they wish to take.
 Intersections tend to have a high
potential for crashes.
Intersection Design

 The overall traffic flow on any


highway depends to a great extent
on the performance of the
intersections
Intersection Design
 Intersections are classified into three
general categories:
1. grade-separated without ramps,
2. grade-separated with ramps
(commonly known as interchanges),
3. and at-grade.

3 1
Intersection Design

Figure 7.1 Examples of Grade Separated Interchanges


Intersection Design

Figure 7.1 Examples of Grade Separated Interchanges


Intersection Design
TYPES OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTIONS
 The basic types of at-grade
intersections are T or three-leg
intersections which consist of three
approaches;
 four-leg or cross intersections, which
consist of four approaches;
 and multi-leg intersections, which
consist of five or more approaches.
Intersection Design

1. T Intersections
 Suitable for minor or local roads and may be used
when minor roads intersect important highways with
an intersection angle less than 30 degrees from the
normal.
 Suitable for use in rural two-lane highways
Intersection Design
Channelization T Intersections
 Channelization involves the provision of
facilities such as pavement markings and traffic
islands to regulate and direct conflicting traffic
streams into specific travel paths.
 intersection of this type probably will be
signalized.
Intersection Design

2. Four-Leg Intersections
 unchannelized intersection used
mainly at locations where minor or
local roads cross.
Intersection Design

Four-Leg Intersections
 it also can be used where a minor
road crosses a major highway.
 In these cases, the turning volumes
are usually low and the roads
intersect at an angle that is not
greater than 30 degrees from the
normal.
Intersection Design
 When right-turning movements are
frequent, right-turning roadways can be
provided.
 also common where pedestrians are
present.
Intersection Design
 The layout shown in this Figure is suitable for:
 a two lane highway that is not a minor crossroad
and that carries moderate volumes at high
speeds or operates near capacity.
Intersection Design
 This Figure shows a suitable design for four-
lane approaches:
 carrying high through volumes and
 high turning volumes.
 This type of intersection is usually signalized.
Intersection Design

3. Multi-leg Intersections
 Multi-leg intersections have five or
more approaches.
 Whenever possible, this type of
intersection should be avoided.
Intersection Design
 In order to:
 remove some of the conflicting movements and
 increase safety and operation,
 one or more of the legs are realigned.
Intersection Design
 This results in the formation of an additional T intersection
 but with the multileg intersection now converted to a four-leg
intersection.
 Two important factors to consider:
 the diagonal road should be realigned to the minor road
 the distance between the intersections
Intersection Design
 A similar realignment of a six-leg intersection resulting
in two four-leg intersections.
 realignment to be made to the minor road.
 forming two additional T intersections and resulting in a
total of three intersections.
Intersection Design

 the distances between these


intersections should be great enough
to allow for the independent
operation of each intersection.
Intersection Design
4. Traffic Circles
 A traffic circle is a circular intersection
that provides a circular traffic pattern with
significant reduction in the crossing
conflict points.
Intersection Design
Traffic Circles
 The Federal Highway Administration
publication, describes three types of traffic
circles:
1. rotaries,
2. neighborhood traffic circles, and
3. roundabouts.
Intersection Design
1. Rotaries have large diameters that are usually
greater than 100m (300 ft), thereby allowing
speeds exceeding 45km/h (30 mi/h), with a
minimum horizontal deflection of the path of
the through traffic.

The deflection radius is the radius arc a vehicle could drive on when
approaching and entering the roundabout.
Intersection Design
2. Neighborhood traffic circles have diameters that are
much smaller than rotaries and therefore allow much
lower speeds.
 Consequently, they are used mainly at the
intersections of local streets,
 traffic calming aesthetic device.
 they consist of pavement markings and do not
usually employ raised Islands.
Intersection Design
3. Roundabouts have specific defining
characteristics that separate them from other
circular intersections. These include:
 Yield control at each approach
 Separation of conflicting traffic movements
by pavement markings or raised islands
 Geometric characteristics of the central
island that typically allow travel speeds of
less than 45km/h (30 mi/h)
 Parking not usually allowed within the
circulating roadway.
Intersection Design
Intersection Design
Characteristics of Roundabout Categories
Thank you

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