History of HIV
Activity: Global Warming
Consequence: Pathogens can go to new niches, have access to new hosts
Activity: Interaction with animals (Hunting, eating, pets)
Consequence: Zoonoses is when a microbe jumps from non- human to human hosts.
Activity: Changes in Agriculture
Consequence: New crops new pets
Activity: Urbanization
Consequence: People more crowded together, contagious diseases
Activity: Modern Transport
Consequence: Jet travel spreads, diseases even when asymptomatic. Ships can carry
Other Activity
Consequence: Breakdown of public health measures, poverty, war famine, intent to harm.
What about HIV? Lentivirus (Subgroup of retroviruses)
- Lentivirus means slow virus (long interval between initial infection and onset of serious symptoms)
5 major lineages on Primate lentivirus:
Which SIV strain are related to human HIV?
- HIV-1 Major Strain most closely related to SIV strain in Chimpanzee
- HIV-2 Most closely related to SIV strain in Sooty Mangabeys
First theory - The River 1999 by Edward Hooper
- Polish Scientist competing with Sabin for first oral polio vaccine (Sabin won)
- Scientist (Koprowsski) administered his vaccine to 1 million people in Belgium - Controlled by <3 Congo/Rwanda and
Burundi
Oral Polio Vaccines and HIV
- Theory refuted due to African green kidney monkey cells (not chimpanzee) used in making vaccines. Timing don't fit
Kaprowski sues Rolling Stone for Defamation
What was the cross over event?
- Most common prevailing theory is the “bushmeat” trade hunting primates for food
- Hunters and other highly exposed populations: many SIV strains incorporated
- General human population one cross over event and spread due to social disruption.
When did get to us?
- Outbreak in region of origin difficult to distinguish from tropical disease
- 1981 first description in US
- Case Report (Lancet 1959)
- 25 year-old man (naval seaman)
- Pathologist from Manchester Royal Infirmary (Lancet 1983) claimed his specimen were positive for HIV
Found another human specimen
- Lymph node in paraffin found, adult female, Kinhasa 1960
- Family tree constructed rate of mutation calculated
- Ancestor of HIV-1 million probably entered humans
What Is the Difference between HIV to AIDS?
- HIV stands for the human immunodeficiency virus, a virus that attacks causes disease by killing defensive immune cells and
leaving the body vulnerable to an ever-widening host of infections that it would otherwise be able to control.
- AIDS the most advanced stage of HIV infection in which the immune system is considered compromised. Without the
immune defenses to ward off disease, a person with AIDS can develop severe and potentially life-threatening infections.
What is the mode of transmission?
Virus spread through
a. blood, d. pre-seminal fluids, (Tattoos),
b. sperm, e. breastmilk, g. Multiple unprotective
c. vaginal fluids, f. sharing of needles sex.
HIV cannot spread through ____.
HIV does not survive long outside the human body (such as on surfaces), and it cannot reproduce outside a human host. It is not
transmitted by
1. mosquitoes, 2. ticks, or other insects. 3. Through saliva, tears, or sweat.
4. By hugging, shaking hands, sharing toilets, sharing dishes, or closed mouth or "social” kissing with someone who has HIV.
5. Through other sexual activities that don't involve the exchange of body fluids (for example, touching).
6. Through the air.
What are the symptoms from the first to fourth stages of HIV? and How long does it take to develop AIDS? and why?
Stage 1: continuous fever, swollen glands, asymptomatic (for some)
Stage 2: recurring airway infections, skin, mouth, and genital lesions
Stage 3: prolonged diarrhea, excessive weight loss, tuberculosis in lungs, meningitis
Stage 4: nervous system: motor loss AIDS-related dementia It can take 5-15 years before you'll know you get AIDS; it takes
longer for symptoms to occur.
Is there a cure for HIV? how about AIDS? and What are the ways to prevent HIV?
- There is no cure for AIDS, but there are treatments and medications to boost immunity to fight against infections. As for
HIV, antiretrovirals may be taken to slow down the multiplication rates of the virus, however, it won't kill it.
- Practicing safe sex and using clean needles would help in preventing HIV.
AIDS DATA POINTS
- 1.7 MILLION PEOPLE acquired HIV in 2019, more than 3 times the 2020 target
- Adolescent girls and young women account for 1 IN 4 INFECTIONS in sub-Saharan Africa
- 690 000 LIVES were lost to AIDS-related illnesses in 2019, despite the availability of effective treatments
- In 25 countries, MORE THAN 50% of adults have discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV
- 62% of new adult HIV infections globally are among KEY POPULATIONS AND THEIR SEXUAL PARTNERS
- 4 in 5 people living with HIV know their HIV status. Two in three are on treatment, and 59% have suppressed viral loads
- Only 53% of children living with HIV are on treatment
- In 6 of 13 reporting countries, less than half of transgender women are able to access at least two HIV Prevention Services
HIV/AIDS Recent Reports in the Philippines
- Western Visayas ranked fourth in the Philippines having the most number of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) cases
this year, data from the Department of Health (DOH) showed.
- The National Capital Region and Region 3 ranked first and second, respectively.
- Iloilo City had the most number of HIV infections this year. Iloilo province came in next, followed by Negros Occidental,
Bacolod City, Capiz, Aklan, Antique, and Guimaras.
- Of this year's total figure, 437 or nine percent were males while 21 or five percent or were females.
- As of September this year, since the first recorded case in 1986, the cumulative number o HIV cases in the region stood at
4,265. lloilo City remained on top with the highest cases at 969.
- lloilo province came in second at 939, followed by Negros Occidental (768), Bacolod City (664), Capiz (316), Aklan (282),
Antique (249), and Guimaras (78).
FYI
- UNAIDS report shows that people living with HIV face a double jeopardy, HIV and COVID-19, while key populations and
children continue to be left behind in access to HIV services.
- People living with HIV are at a higher risk of severe COVID-19 illness and death, yet the vast majority are denied access to
COVID-19 vaccines.
- Key populations and their sexual partners account for 65% of new HIV infections but are largely left out of both HIV and
COVID-19 responses-800 000 children living with HIV are not on the treatment they need to keep them alive
