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126 views23 pagesSubstation
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Abhishek PrasadCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 23
land Circuit Elemonte ‘on Substation Main: Cony
For Substations’ and Switcige
‘Substation Earthings;
20.1. INTRODUCTION
‘Substations serve as sources of energy supply for the local areas
Of distribution in which these are located. Their main functions
are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the
‘generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate
for local distribution and provide facilites for switching. Some
substations are simply switching stations where different
‘connections between various transmission lines are made, others
fre converting substations which either convert ac into de ot
Vive versa or convert frequency from higher to lower or vice
‘rsa. Substations have some additional functions. They provide
points where safety devices may be installed to disconnect
‘equipment or circuit the event of faut. Voltage onthe outgoing
\dissibution feeders can be regulated ata substation. A substation
is convenient place for installing synchronous condensers at the
‘end of the transmission line forthe purpose of improving power
factor and make measurements to check the operation of the
various parts of the power systeu. Suet lightning equipment
RECENE enay REDUCE vote
eno OaSe ron On
susstaron
Fig 20.1
CNSIOE THISTCHAPTER) %
ation ot Subsiaons 20.3, In lors 20.5, ‘Selecton
‘Gassincation ot Substations 2v.3, Indoor Substations 20.4. Outdoor ‘Subst
3F @ Substation 20.8. Main Electrical Connections 20.7. Graphical Symbols For Various Types of
inbetion: Diagram 20,8. Koy. Diagrame. of Typical
Bultories 20.11. Substation
as well as switching controls for stret lights can be installed in
a substation,
20.2. CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
‘The substations may be classified in numerous ways such s oa
the basis of () nature of duties (if) service rendered (ii) operating
voltage (1v) importance and (v) design
20.2.1. Classification of Substations on The
Basis of Nature of Duties
‘The substations, on the bs of nature of duties, may be
classified into the following three categories:
1. Step-Up oF Primary Substations, Such substation
are nsvally associated with generating stations. The generated
voltage, which is usually low (3.3, 6.6, 11 or 33 kV) is
stenped up to primasy «ransmission voltage so that hist
blocks of power can he tranemitted over long distances ©
the load centres economically,
2. Primary Grid Substations. Such substations aft
located at suitable load centres along the primsty
transmission lines. In these substations, the primal)
Kansmisston voltage is stepped down to different suitable
Secondary voltages. The secondary transmission lines af
‘atried over to the secondary substations situated at the lo
Centres where the voltage is further stepped down t0 stb
‘ansmission or primary distribution voltages.
3. Step-Down or Distribution Substations. SO
Substations are located at the load centres, where the Su”
\wansmission/primary distribution voliage is stepped 4°™*
to secondary distribution voltage (415/240 V). These are
Substations which fred the consumers through distributio?
network and service lines.
|
|
|
| 2. Classification of Substations
222" Basis of Service Rendered son The
substations, caning 10 Service rendered ae
1, Irangformer Substations, ‘Transtormers
je sach absttions 10 transtonm the power fim
Rate another level as per needs,
2 Switching Sabseadions, SUN substations are meant for
waxing operation of power Tides without transforming the
votags: AE SUCH substatlons ferent connections are mae
Jemeen Yanous transmission lines,
4 Converting Substations, Such substations are meant for
cate convertits 10-06 OF Vice vers oF converting felety
frm higher to lower ot Vice versa,
‘ve installed
one Valtage
20.2.3. Classification of Substations on The
Basis of Operating Voltage
The substations, according €0 operating voltage, may be
cangorised a9:
1, High Voltage Substations (HV Substations) involving.
voltages between 11 kV and 66 kV.
2. Extra High Voltage Substations (EHV Substations)
imolving voltages between 132 kV and 400 kV.
3. Ultra High Voltage Substations (UHY Substations)
operating on voltage above 400 kV.
20.2.4. Classification of Substations on The
Basis of Importance
1, Grid Substations. These are the substations from where
bulk power is transmitted from one point to another point inthe
arid. These are important because any disturbance in these
substations may cause the failure of the gri
2. Town Substations. These substations step-down the
voltages at 33/11 KY for Curther distribution in the towns and
aay failure in such substations results in the failure of supply
for whole of the town.
20.2.5. Classification of Substations on The
Basis of Design
' Indoor Type Substations, In such substations the
“Pparatus is installed within the substation building. sue
‘wbstations are usually for a voltage up to 11 KV but can
sects for the 33 kV and 66 KV when the surrounding
Phere is contaminated with impurities such as metal
ing gases and fumes, conductive dust etc.
2. Outdoor Substations. These substations are further
hvided
\) Pole Mounted Substations. Such substations are
‘Seeted for, istibation of a in localities. Single swuut pole
Pole and ¢-pole stucrures with suitable platforms 9
‘*yed for transformers of capacity up to 29 kVA. 12:
125 KVA (but up to 250 KVA) reese .
g) Pe om Substations. For transto s
SESpaore OTe ts enorme eo ev POE
000
Veh 8: Such substations are usually for voltages of 33.
emp
Poe
INDOOR SUBSTATIONS
tor TY Nubatatone, tn these substations the ppd
ra St Wii the sbwaion biking, Suh eu
Waually for w voltage med
eH ¥ ft ca eases
AAO ¥ and 96,000 yale
10 ols wien the surtmmating mipmap
‘ontaminatal with impurit eal madne rn
" les auc m9 Pe canton sen nd
Wes ont ve ds,
{ues mt eh He aie spy grimy
Si iret Irenkars only ‘he high sage
nphly salvo tho primary ofthe ranstmer top cnet
ther Vm the tr var fevers erergy an ‘De panel
{oreuch fede eosin of an solatrawinch and ctnult nce
{i tition tailor ad ence, he panel pid
With the mesuting nsiunents, Asgard protectin if Yoodere
Usually reverse power relay is splayed, Far the preection of
Med transtonnery with eonker vir tanks Buchs tela
'smost commen, The auaillariesf th inseen type ution
fare () stornge aterics (i) freyhting eyuipent sath ws water
thickets, fine extinguishers, et he buries mre uved for he
() operution of the proveetive yeur and switch uperating
Solenoids und (i) emengeney lighting in substations in ease of
failure of supply."The xeveral compartments in which the indoor
Substation is divided are contro! eompurtment, indicating and
‘metering instruments nd protective device compartment, cieuit
breaker and operating mechanism compartment, main bus-bor
compartment and current transformer und cable sealing box.
compartment, as shown in Hip. 20.2
stn
Ipariva & Marna
Instn ae paoteeive
im
‘DEVICE COMPARTMENT MAN BURAK
COMPARTMENT
TOR CT AND,
atte GeALNO
‘soxes
Hig, 20.2
Indoor distribution und transformer substations ay well a6
i sonsist of a series of open and
h voltage awitehbourds consist ‘
wigtiged chambers or compartments, The main snipe of
the given installation is arranged in these comparmen The
chamber space within which the equipment of any one min
bus-bar connection ix mounted, as a whole, is called ax a cell
cubicle or compartment.
a tribution transformer
‘According to construction indoor dist fo
substations and high voltage switchbourds ae further subdivided
into the following categories in which the
the cell
1. Substations of The Integrally Built Typ
apparatus is installed on site. In such substations
structures are constructed of concrete or bricks.
2, Substations of The Composite Buill-Ulp Type, in which
the assemblies and parts are factory or workshop prefabricated
but are assembled on ste within a substation switchgear foom.
The compartments of such substations take form of metal
cabinets enclosures, each of which contains the equipment
‘of one main connection cell. Within such cabinets or enclosures
an oil minimum circuit breaker a load-interupter switch and
‘one of more voltage transformers may be mounted.
3, Unit Type Factory Fabricated Substations and Metal
(Clad Switehboards. These are built in electrical workshops and
are shipped tothe sit of installations filly pre-assembled. After
installations of substations and switchboards only connection
to the incoming and outgoing power cireuits are required to be
‘made. Cubicles for unit type switchboards or substations take
the form of fully enclosed metal-lad cabinet.
Metal-clad cubicles designed with withdrawable trucks and
divided into several compartments are usually employed. The
several compartments in which the cubicle is divided are control
‘compartment, indicating and metering instrument and protective
device compartment, circuit breaker and operating mechanism
compartment, main bus-bar compartment and current
transformers and cable sealing box compartment.
By patttioning ofthe cubicle space nto compartments safe
sc0ess tothe apparatus is provided. The circuit breaker and its
‘operating mechanism are mounted on the truck, which can be
Withdrawn from the cubicle. In withdrawable-tuck unit-type
cables the isolating device is of the plug-in type. When the
tvuck is sled ut from the cubicle the holes in which the
isolating devices enter for making contacts are automatically
closed by metal shutters serving to isolate the live pans from
Possible casual contact. When the truck is rolled back into the
—sovat any possible opERiNE OF closing
ducing desces ten the CL BEAT cod
scones ped wih elcks WHCh preven ge gt
rae ‘olled in or withdrawn when the circuit |
from being rolled in oF breaker |
closed
A gene!
assembled of
20.4. OUTDOOR SUBSTATIONS
oy i earoor sation of 4 ype
Asay aatins and (1) fOUNon my
veto
ma aonnted Substations. Such tbrnion
ee ee sinaon sere
cece ft mot meme cape single
ooo ait equipments cl cuden pe aconaet
oF ee oH anton Te Tie
Si er red (TPMO) swith sed free
Me ee Curcnete HT facunt ea,
‘errr ot sce Toon sewn adie
Sc cnet wih fs fe tale Tips
Treao mati over eh tine to pret he oat,
Sie ages Sueno cared we o er pr
ral view of 2 unit-type metal-clad switey
several metal-clad cubicles is shown in Fig my
|
|
|
eee |
Al Es
J li |
tH #2 |
eg Ef] |
Ba tl
We
Fig. 204. 200 kVA Pole-Mounied Substation gubetations
Geveily wansTormers of capacity Up 10 125 VA are meninteg
CMaouble pole ructure and for transformers of expaciy aa
135 KVA but not exceeding 250 kVA 4-pule struciuge nn
nial platform is used. This t¥Pe of pole-moumted subeumion
Prrected in very thickly populated location,
The maintenance cost of such substations is low
lange number of such substations ina town it ep
and by
gal
vsing posible
inlay the distributors, ata lower cost. Bur Owing to increase in
umber of transformers. total KVA is increased, mo fond lentes
increase and the cost pet KYA Is thus more. Economy je te
tin consideration when a choice is made for such substations
Typical 200 kVA pole-mounted substation is shown in Fig, 20.4
2. Foundation Mounted Substations, ‘These substations
are built entirely in the open andl in such substations all the
equipment is assembled into one unit usually encloned by a fence
from the point of view of safety. Substations for primary and
seoondary Wansmission and for secondary distribution, (abowe
280 KVA) are foundation mounted outdoor type. Since
equipment required tor such substations is heavy, therefore,
selected for these substations must have a good access for heavy
transport. Again, owing to exposed bus-bars and other associated
equipment the clearances and spacings are not only to be
governed by the operating voltage but also from the
considerations of the encroachment from outside. Low level type.
substations are designed except when the space available is
limited as these provide facility of easy inspection, cleaning
and maintenance,
‘The switchgear consists of circuit breakers of suitable type
onboth the sides hut with the increased reliability of the modern
‘ransformers, the practice is to dispense with the circuit breaker
n the incoming side form the economic consideration, The
‘lating switches thus serve the purpose.
Fig. 208. Foundatlon-Mounted Outdoor Substation
ig Roundation-mounted outdoor substation 18 shown in
me 5.220 kV and 400 kV outdoor substations are shown in
20.6 (a) and 20.6 (b) respectively.
Oyehtantages and Disadvantages of Outdoor Substations
* Indoor Substations
cng MOUtdoor substations have the following main advantages
loor substations,
1 The extension of Gu: mastiation is easier Mf required.
(ACA ta Hm CM sich salbntatonn is Lessee
(10) We seraey senenint bri
Se ecpeiven A fat (ech comcrene)
Uy Vr tee 1
(0) The comes ompacativcly seater
tm wore penpuited is y sa
th C08 A toe veinchogcm insatain i toe
(by View of UD AY Onadace Sabvaccion
Fe eb
(viy There is practically no damier of 1 fac whic appears at
ne point being carried over wo amc powst i the
installation because the 2pparatas of the adjoining
connections can be spaced liberally, without »3
appreciable increase in conts
(sity Repaiting work is ey
“The disadvantages of cusdooe wtailanions i comparison
of indoor installations are
i) The vatiows switching operations with the rslaton. 38
well ay supervision anes maintenance of the apparats 3
to be perlormen ime open aor dari 2 kinds of weather. (ii) More space is required for the substation
Gil) Protection devices are requited to be installed for
protection against lightning surge.
(iv) The length of contcol eubles required is: more
(0) The influence of rapid fluctuation in ambient temperature
‘and dust and dir deposits upon the uutduur substation
‘equipment makes it necessary to install apparatus specially
nigned for outdoor service and, therefore, more costly.
Notwithstanding the disadvantages, outdoor substations are
very widely used in power systems,
20,8, SELECTION AND LOCATION OF SITE FOR A
SUBSTATION
‘The following factors are considered while making site selection
for w substation
1, Type of Substation, The category of substation is
important for its location. For example a step-up substation,
Which is generally @ point where power from various sources
(generuting machines or generating stations) is pooled and
stepped up for long distance transmission, should be located
fs close (0 the generating stations as possible to minimize
the transmission losscs. Similarly a step-down substation
should be located nearer to the load centre to reduce
transmission losses, cost of distribution aystem and better
reliability of supply.
2, Availabilty of Suitable and Sufficient Luna, lve laud
[Proposed for a substation should be normally level and open
from all sides, It should not be wator logged particularly in rainy
season. The site selected for a substation should be such that
‘approach of transmission lines and their take off can be easily
possible without any obstruction
According tothe latest practice the land required for vasious
types of substations is given below :
Type of Substation Area Required
(a) 400 kV substation 50 acres
(b) 220 kV substation 25 acres
(6) 132 kV substation 10 acres
‘The places nearer to aerodrome, shooting practice grounds
‘te, should be avoided.
3: Communication Facility. Suitable communteation
facility is desirable at a proposed substation both during and
after its construction. It is better, therefore, to select the site
‘long side on existing road to facilitate an easier and cheaper
transportation.
4, Atmospheric Pollution, Atmosphere around factories,
which, may produce metal corroding gases, air fumes,
conductive dust etc. and nearer to sea coasts, where air may be
more humid and may be salt loaden, is detrimental tothe proper
running of power system and therefore substations should not
be located near factories or sea coast.
5, Availability of Essential Amenities To The Staff. The
site should be such where staff can be provided essential
amenities like school, hospital, drinking water, housing etc.
Switchgear and Preteen,
6 Drainage Facity. Vhe ite sete 1 Ae piney
substation shoul have proper drwinake arrangement yy
MAIN ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
“The electric power in substations and sWitchyear insalatigg
is received and distributed by means of the main busta yp
which the equipment is connected wccording 10 some giygn
main circuit scheme,
I is necessary to distinguish two fundamental types of
power station and substation circuit arrangements: (1) the
main connections of primary (or power) circuits, and (2) te
secondary (or control) circuit arrangements,
Primary circuit main connections are represented by
either single line or three line schematic or elementary
diagrams. The first type of diagram shows all three-phases
of each circuit as a single line while the second type of
diagram shows each phase of every circuit us a separate line,
i.e, shows each three-phase, circuit as three lines.
20.
_ The single line diagram represents the electrical circuit
arrangement of any electrical power insta
form. Itis the diagram that is used by the d selecting
the electrical equipment for any given installation, in drawing
up the protective relay. control and signalling alarm system
schemes and their elementary and wiring diagrams, and also
in working up the constructional and mechanical design af
the switchgear structures. In the everyday operation of
clectrical power installations single line diagrams. inthe form
of operative diagrams, play an important role in the
Performance of nearly all circuit switching operations.
A single line diagram will indicate all the main elements
of any given installation such as generators, bus-bars, powet
transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, series and shun!
capacitors, fuses. CTs and PTs, line trap units, diode or
thyristor rectifiers, static VAR sources, harmonic filters, urge
arresters etc,
ow Te Components in series with the main circuit of power
F Proper Power tansformers, circuit breakers. joi
ses, CTS, line trap units, series capacitors, series reactors.
diode or thyristor rectifiers ete.
‘The components
hase and ground are :
shunt circuits connected betweet
Shut capacitors, shunt reactors, stat *
u . shunt reactors, static VAR source
harmonic fiers, PTs, lightning or surge arresters etc.
Special types of apparatus such as isolators (or disco
necting switches), circnit beeaker, instrument transfrmet®
ete. are used for interconnecting hi fs.
onnecting high voltage power
(overhead of cable), with the main bus-bare in the subst
tions.
Connections may be divided as incoming, (power fed"
connections) tie (lines interconnecting two substations
— spat
thgea installations, each of which is fed through its one
seoming Feder connection), going (teeder commenti
io feeding other subsequent substations or awiteteeny
peellatins), powet wansformers (connections made eee
ihen substation), voltage transformers (connecting tat
otro! and metering).
‘The eelative locations of circuit breakers,
pur follow the general practice and paticul
peedsand maintenance and protection needs. Cireut heehee
iscamnected between the bus-bar and each incoming aed
outgoing circuit. tolator is provided on each side of he
tirvit breaker. CTs are provided for measurement and
protection. CTS may be necessary on both sides of the cireut
teaker so that protection zones overlap and cover the elreat
breaker. PTS are generally connected to bus-bars and on
incoming line side. Lightning or surge arresters are connected
phase to ground at the incoming line as the first apparatus
and also atthe terminal of transformer, terminal of capacitor
tunk, terminal of shunt reactor, terminal of generator,
teminal of large motor o divert switching/lightning surges
colators and,
lar switching.
{WAVINCOMING LINE
P sousror
eee
to grou
‘The main con
wection scheme is drawn keeping in view
the following fac min
lors :
ng and Outgoing lines (iv) number of
'y {0 equipment (+i) safety to operating
‘extension requirement.
‘The main connection diagram drawn for a subetation
shows the arrangements of all the circuits wi bus.
transformers, (v) safet
ersonne! (vii) future
For simplicity and to facilitate reading, all the electrical
Connections of a substation can he represented by a single
Tine diagram. It is understood that all the phases are connected
identically.
20.7. GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS FOR VARIOUS
TYPES OF APPARATUS AND CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS ON SUBSTATION MAIN
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
‘The main elements of the installa:
tions; circuit breakers, isolators,
fuses, instrument traneformers,
power transformers etc. are repre-
sented by standard graphical sym-
bols, as given below, on the single
‘OUTGOING FEFDERS
trav umenennuun cam & Te diagrams
crenwe CCireult Elements) Symbols
ieee =e am 7
1019 PT Circuit Breaker a
Rearee | Co) Senet Transformer $5]
eavewen Sa me
sate, Potential Transformer —D)—
~atusronutn, ais ee
f\, | Fuse —
ZA] tenstome = Oe
rm Ta outor +
cIRoUIT BREAKER ‘Tandom Isolator as
pee AutocTransfomer —O—
| Chita! 20.8, KEY DIAGRAMS OF
4 5 TYPICAL SUBSTATIONS,
5 i vical 11 kV.
z é “e d “The key diagrams of typical
els 2|3 3 £|8 33KV, 66KV and 220KV substations
AE a 5 a|z ‘are shown in Figs. 20.7, 208, 20.9
ai Ele i eke anu 2010 respectively
aeRO Ag
nd KV Substation
é a
3
=
&
E
2
a
2
4
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>
2 4S
189Q [4
80 1 |
Lis <7
I tT oe eet
t POAANAS?
SSH =
i
ows —
- 20.0 Fepomn
a?
Dy
HOD.
01a
3M
nara oa
Sy,
rat
TERA
Fie mut Kor
a rt
Diegram For 220 2V Sabstaton
mle
S35,
\recieronner
ti (CUTGONG FEEDERS
many connections may be made.
Bos-hars are merely con’
gates and other equipment into various arangements. The
Shoat arrangement of connections in most of the substations
Fenmits working on almost any piece of equipment without
Foreeupsion to incoming or outgoing feeders.
jent means of connecting In some arrangements two buses are provided to which the
incoming or outgoing feeders ana the principal equipment may
‘be connected. One ars is ustally called the “main” bus and the
ther “aaxitian™ oe “ansfer” bus. The main bus may’ have a
‘more elaborate system of measuning instruments, relays ele
associated with it. The switches used for connecting feeders oF
‘equipment to one bus o€ the other are called “selector” oF
Swransfer” switches.
Bus-bars may be of copper. aluminium or steel Copper
has a comparatively low resistivity and also the advantage of
relatively high mechanical strength: this makes it economical
1w use copper bus-bars in installations of very lange capstity
where the curreats are particularly heavy. During 1960% the
‘need for substituting the copper with aluminium became ve
vrgent, particularly in countries like India where copper
imported. Now aluminium is being increasingly used for various
switchgear imtallations due to its numerous advantages over
‘copper such as higher conductivity on weight basis, lower cost
for equal current carrying capacity, excellent corrosion resistance
and ease of formability. For proper reliable electicl connections
aluminium buses are coated with silver The aluminium used
for bus-bars should have high conductivity, good mechanical
Properties, high softening temperature etc. Steel hus-bars have
comparatively high specific resistance (about 7 times greater
than that of copper). Furthermore. the losses due to hysteresis
and eddy currents when carrying ac are also considerable. The
primary advantage is that steel bus-bars cost very little. The
influence of the above factors is seen in the wide application of
steel bus-bars in low-cupacity installations where the load.
currents do not exceed 200-300 A,
‘The bus-bars used in substations are usually bare
rectangular x-section bars (but they can be of other shapes,
such as round tubes, round solid bars. or square tubes) as
they are more economical in comparison with round solid
‘bus-bars. This is explained by the fact that rectangular-
sectian bus-bars of the same x-sectional area have a higher
rate of heat dissipation due to their greater cooling surface.
Furthermore. the ac (or effective) resistance of a round bus
bar is greater than that of a rectangular-section bus-bars
because of the skin effect Recause of these two facts
rectangular-section bus-bars are able to carry larget load
currents than round solid hus-hars (for the same cross-
sectional area and the same temperature rise).
For the same cross-sectional arca and the same
temperature rise, copper bus-bars will have the greatest and
steel bus-bars the least permissible current-carrying capacity
because of the difference in their resistance. As the size of
the bus-bars increases, their heat dissipation capacity falls
off and the permissible current density must therefore he
reduced.
If the load current to be carried exceeds the permissible
current for a single-strip bus-bar of the greatest available size,
‘each phase ofthe bus-bars shall have to be assembled of several
sUrips arranged in a stack and clamped on post insulators. The
air gaps left between the strips in 2 bus-bar stack are usually
‘made equal to the thickness of the strips, this 1s necessary for
‘adequate cooling.
Swichgear and Proto
ps ina busbar suck is inreaned he
current with whieh i is permissible 10 loa the tus-bar ean
te raised indirect proportion to the numberof strips the incence
in permissible current must be appreciably tess because the
conditions for cooling become more unfavourable, Moreoves
when dealing with ae it is necessary (0 take another factor ings
consideration, i, the proxlmlty effect. ‘The result is thatthe
buis-bar metal in a stacked busbar is much less efficiently utilise
than in a single-strip bus-bar
Itis forthe above reason that bus-bars for ae are designed
with not more than (wo, and, rarely, with thee strips. Far de,
the bus-bars may consist of a large number of strips because
there is no proximity effect and current distribution ig
uniform,
In large-capacity ac installations with extremely heavy
working currents itis more effective to install box-shaped types
‘of bus-bars of aluminium or copper. In this ease the busbar
takes the form of a hollow square conductor in Which the metal
is much more efficiently utilized than it would be in a stacked.
strip bus-bar. The box shape also makes for better cooling than
obtained with stacked-strip bus-bars,
‘When installations operate at 33 KV and high voltages, the
bus-bars have to be designed with due consideration for corona
effects
All rigid types of bus-bars mounted on support insulators
are coated with enamel paints of the following colours:
‘Three-phase systems—Red, yellow and blue to indicate
different phases.
DC systems—Positive bus-bars—claret-coloured: negative
bus-bars—blue.
Coating bus-bars with paint improves their rates of cooling
‘© some oxtent and therefore permits them to carry a larger load
Current. By coating steel bus-bars with paint we protect them
from corrosion, The use of different colour is important because
Xt helps the operating personnel to distinguish between the
‘ifferent phaces ofthe installation ata glance.
Flexible bus-bars (bare stranded conductors) are not coated
‘with pain. To identify the phases of the bus-bar, dike pained
with the respective phase colour are hung from the bus-bar.
‘The most common sizes of bus-bars ure 25 x 6 (150 mm?)
50 x 6 (300 mm”), 75 x 6 (450 mm*}: 100 % 6 (0
123 x. (750 mm"): 50 x 10 (500 mm’); 75 x 10 (750 mm?
100% 10 (1,000 mm?): 125 10 (1.250 mm?); 150 x 10 (1.500
Fa 200 x 10 (2.000 me’); 75 3 12 (900 mmm?}; 100 x 12
(1.200 mm’); 125 x12 (1,500 mm?) 150 x 12 (1/800 mm
200 x 12 (2,400 mm}: 250 % 12 (3,000 mm?) The bus-bars f°
of S or 6 metres in length.
‘The early eubstations were generally with flexible ous
design. & flexible bus consists of fen ble ACSR OFA
aluminium alloy stranded conductors supported by stit
insulators from each end, The flexible bus is held at higher level
above the diferent substation equipment. The connections
between the flexible bus and the terminals of substation
equipment are made by flexible conducturs held in vertical F
inclined plane. punto
i arbors we 88) 10
THEY are at lower
ion equ
a pment are ew
wit acs re peered for igh By ba a
Connections 10 SUDSL
:
A bsation usually as & Combination of rigid huscbare
piesa ACSR conductors are preferred for feibe
hr
‘the bus-burs are designed to carry certain normal current
anny The oss section of Conductors is designed on
isi of ae formal Curent and permissible temperature
ete vlue of e088 section 80 obtained is verified for
fnpeatre isc under short-time short-circuit current The buy:
fareonductors are supported on post Insulators or strain
ilar.
pos!
2, Station Insulators, Station insulators are used
oenting stations and substations to fix and insulate the bus-
pu ystems, They may be subdivided into post and bushing
duvugh) type.
‘A post insulator consists of porcelain body, cast iron cap
and flanged cast iron base, as shown in Fig. 20.11 (a). The hole
inthe cap is threaded s0 that the bus-bars are cither directly
CAST RON
——___
Felted (0 the cap oF fsed by means of bus-bar clamp, Post
tne ae availble with round, ova, and square Ranged
pate for fixing respectively, wit aid of one wo or four has
‘ach base in aduition, also hasan earthing bo
‘bushing o through insulator consists of |
buy, upper and lower locating washer ased or tring ae
Postion of busbar or rod in shell. and meamtng lange fer
holes drilled for fixing bots and than eatin
lied with an
8 shown in Fig. 2041 0 ne ‘en
For current rating above 2,000 A, the bushings are desi
; are desi
1 alow te msn sur ob pase det neo oe
Each phase of the bus-bars is coated with paint according
to a fixed colour code—red, yellow and blue so that phase
the main bus-bars can he identified, “
3. Switchgear. During the operation of the power system
the generating plans, transmission lines isrihatrs and her
electrical equipments are required tobe switched on or off under
both normal and abnormal operating conditions. The apparatae
including its associated auxiliaries employed for controling.
regulating or switching on or off the electrical circuits in the
electrical power system is known as switchgear. In home or
office a simple tumbler switch with 2 fuse somewhere in the
back ground serves to control and protect lights, domestic
apparatus or other equipment and isin its own way a type of
switchgear. With appliances of higher rating ortinary fuse may
not give the desired resulta such high rupturing capacity (HRC)
fuses are used along with switches. But with the advancement
of electrical power systems, the lines and other equipment
‘operate at very high voltage and cary large curent. Whenever
a short circuit occurs, a heavy current flows through the
equipment causing considerable damage to the equipment and
interruption of service, 0 in order to protect the lines, generators,
transformers and other electrical equipment from damage
automatic protective device or switchgear is required. An
automatic protective switchgear mainly consists of the relays
and circuit breakers, When faut orcurs on any seton ofthe
system, protective relay ofthat section comes in operation
seep cst be bese which demersal
Section. The healthy section continues supplying loads as woval
nd thus there is no damage to equipment and no complete
interruption of supply. eo
speaking switchgear is of two types viz. () tooe
te
most universally used because for such voltages building
vvork will unnecestrly increase te installation cost owing to
fnrg spacing between conductors and large size of insulators
Blow 66 KV there is no difficulty in providing building work
Parihe switchgear ata rasonabe cost, Moreover this type of
Mitchgear is of metal-clad type and is compact. Owing 10
ompastness, safety clearances for operation are also euced
thu reducing the area required.
Operation and functions of ercit breakers have ben lly
described in Chapters 7 and 8
4. Switches, Switches, on the other hand, are used either
for breaking acircuit where curent is within the normal capacity 4,
(oF for breaking a circuit carrying no current. Where used for the
latter purpose, switches are called isolators. Two forms of
switchgear are in general use nowadays: air-break switches and
cil-break switches
contacts:
Fig. 20.12. Air Switch
As their name imply, air-switches are those whose contacts
are opened in air, while oil switches are those Whose contacts
are opened under oil. Oil switches are usually employed in very
high voltage heavy current circuits
Air switches are further classified as air-break switches and
isolators (or disconnect switches).
(@® Alrsbreak Switches. The air-break switch has both the
blade and the contact equipped with arcing horns. Arcing horns
‘are pieves of metal between which the arc resulting from opening
‘circuit carrying current is allowed to form. As the switch opens,
these homs are spread farther and farther apart and the arc is
lengthened until it finally breaks.
i
Fig. 20.3. Airbreak Switch With Arcing Horns
Alr-break switches are of several designs. Some are
‘operated from the ground by a hook on the end of along insulated
stick; some others through a system of linkages are opened by a
‘crank at the foot of the pole. Where more than one conductor
are opened, there may be several switches mounted on the same
pole. These may be opened singly or altogether in a “gang” as
this system is called. Some switches are mounted so that the
‘Switchoear ahi Bry
blade opens downvard and tese maybe Provided With gy.
to keep the knife blade from jarring open,
(ii) Oil Switches. The oil switch has both the biage
the contact mounted ina o-filed rank. The switch sua
operated from a handle on the outside of the case. As the: vie,
‘opens. the arc formed between the blade and contacts qua
by the ol Oil switches may be remote controlled a ya
manually operated. These ae used for capacitor switching eet
lighting control and automatic disconnect in case of pons,
failure.
(ii) Tsolators. Since isolators (or isolating switches) xe
employed only for isolating tet when the eurent has gy
been interrupted, they are simple pieces of equipment
ensure that the current is not switched into the circuit un]
everything is in order.
Fig. 20.14. Isolaior
Isolators or disconnect switches operate undcr no loed
condition. They are ww. equipped with arc-quenching devices.
They do not have any specified current breaking capaciy o
‘current making capacity. The isolators in some cases are used
{or breaking charging current of transmission line.
Isolators are employed in addition wo circuit breakers, a!
‘are provided on each side of every cireuit breaker to provid?
isolation While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker 1s opened
firs. then isolator. If an isolator is opened carelessly, Whe?
Camying a heavy current, the resulting arc could easily case#
flash-over to ground. This may shatter the supporti#?
insulators and may even cause a fatal accident tothe opera
particularly in hv citcuits. While closing a circuit, the isolat™
is closed fire, then ciscuit breaker. Isolators are necesst!)
‘on the supply side of the circuit breakers in order to ensv
isolation (disconnection) of the circuit breaker from the I?
Parts for the purpose of maintenance. Automatic switche
of isolators is preferred.
Isolators employed in power systems are usually 390
isolators, each having three identical poles. Each pole consis
(of two or three insulator posts motinted on 2 fabricated suppet®
The fixed and moving conducting paris are of coppet
‘aluminium rods. During the apening operation the conducté
rods swing apart and isolation is obtained. The simultane
operation of three poles is obtained by mechanical int
of the three poles. ons
spupstatons ———
——
‘Tu prevent the maloperation, the isolator is provided
se following interlockings : with
(@) Inerlocking between three poles for simultaneous
operation.
locking with cireuit break
(0) Interlocking ‘8. [Solator cannot
opened unless the cicult breaker is opened and eee
Uneaker cannot be closed unless the tSolator is closed
(j) Load Interrupter Switches, In addition to isolators
and circuit breakers, thee is one more device, called the load.
interrupting switeh, which combines the functions of the
isolator anda switch. They are designed ony for breaking and
raking the load currents
These switches are designed and used to close and open
sigh olage circusts under normal working conditions (at nomral
load). The arc extinguishing device of the load interrupter is
rade in the form of a spit, moulded plastic chute fited with
glass inserts. This chute surrounds the moving knife of
the are extinguishing system. The stationary arcing contact is
located in the lower part of the chute.
Load interrupter switches are intended only for handling
low-energy arcs resulting from the interruption of load current
and altogether unsuitable for extinction of high-energy fault
cent ares
‘When the switch is opened, the working contacts between
which the are is drawn separate. Acted upon by the high
temperature of are, the walls of the organic material insert
generate gases (mainly hydrogen), which ereate a longitudinal
blast serving to extinguish the ae. Lever arm manually operating
mechanisms are employed for closing and opening the load
interupter switches.
Ikisa wide practice to install load-interrupting switches in
Jow-capacity installations lke industrial shop, urban and rural
and like distribution substations where it is possible to provide
short-circuit current protection with high-voltage fuses and
‘hee the only duty of load-interupcing switch is to make and
tweak the load current.
‘The installation of a load-interrupting switch, including the
high-voltage fuses, is not only cheaper, but also usually requires
"space ha he netallavon ofa high-voltage Ce rake
. is connecte!
() Earthing Switch. Earthing switch is connected
between the fine conductor and earth. Normally itis Cane
is closed to discharge the voltage tapped on the isolated or
Ascomced ine, When the nei dissomected rom te supply
(ad there is some voltage on the line (o which the capac Ooo
the line and earth i charged. This voltage is sgmiicant
in hy systems. Before commencement of oot ae
inet that these volage ae dacharged to earthy clown
earthing switch. Normally, the earthing switches
‘the frame ofthe isolator. rr
Sequence of Operation During Opening/Closing
‘Cireuit,
While Opening : Open circuit breaker, oPe
then close earth —
hing switch, f any.
they Vile Closing: Open earthing swit
slose cireuit breaker.
.n isolator and
close isolator and
disor®Y #8 Put in operation during load hours and
peonnected during light load hours ie. they are usally
(Gperated at approximately full load. This is possible because
they are arranged in banks and can be thrown in parallel with
‘ther units or disconnected at wil. So power transformers are
designed to have waximum efficiency at or near fall load
(Le, with ron loss to fall load copper loss ratio of 1:1). Power
transformers are desigued wo have considerable leakage
reactance than is permissible in tion transformers
‘hecause in power transformers ialeieut volage regulation 1s
‘ot as much important as current limiting effect ofthe higher
leakage reactance. Power transformers usually makc use of flux
density of 15 to 1.77, have percentage impedance ranging fom
6-18% and regulation 6-10%
ig. 20.15. 4007220 RY, 240 MVA Power Transformer
‘The transformer specifications cover the following:
1. KVA rating: 2. Rated voltage; 3. Number of phases
(single- 0 tre-phne): 4. Rated frequency; 8. Coanetons
Ce incase uf D-phase transformer, 6. Tppings if any:
$type of core (cor or shell: 8. Type power of die
9, Ambient tenyerature (genealy average 40°C): 10. Type
tooling a) cooling medium-air, il or water (6 cgcultion P=
Stat orc () simple or mixed colig: 11. Temperate
Beeston" depending pen te cst et
fnoulation; 12. Vllage regulation ((@ al
Tad at 75°C unity oF 08 plage
c) Reactance-—per cent o pl; 13. Note eaea is
reson pe ent of rated current a ated vl a
frequency; 14. Efficiency in pe eet or pat full oad, 1/2 Toad.
3/4 Toad at unity power Factor and 0.8 pf.
Power transformers are covered under IS 2026 ee .
‘he rusformer re genenly stalled ypon lengths ol
rile hed onconre sabshavng foundation 119 112) mewe
deep.
6, Fuses, Fuses have already been described in detail in
Chapter 6.
7. Instrument Transformers (CTs and PTs). Current
transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs) have
already been described in Chapter 1
8, Protective Relays. Protective relays have already been
