Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
Schools Division Office
CABANATUAN CITY
District VI
DAAN SARILE INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City

First Quarter
Grade Level: 8

Subject: Mathematics 8

MELCs: illustrates rational algebraic expressions.

simplifies rational algebraic expressions.

Week : 3
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III
Schools Division Office
CABANATUAN CITY
District VI
DAAN SARILE INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City

Math–Grade8

First Quarter
Name: Section:

Activity 1
Directions: There are verbal phrases below. Look for the mathematical phrase in the figures that corresponds to
the verbal phrases.
1. The ratio of number x and four added by two.
2. The product of square root of three and the number y.
3. The square of a added by twice the a.
4. The sum of b and two less than the square of b.
5. The product of p and q divided by three
6. One – third of the square of c.
7. Ten times a number y increased by six
8. Cube of the number z decreased by nine.
9. Cube root of nine less than number w.
10. Number h raised to four.

1. What did you feel in translating verbal phrases to mathematical phases? 1.2.
2. What must be considered in translating verbal phases the mathematical phrases?
3. Will you consider these mathematical phases as polynomial? Why yes or why not?
4. How will you describe a polynomial?

Activity 2
Direction: Refer to Activity 1.
1. What are the polynomials in the activity “Match It To Me”? List these polynomials under set P.
2. Describe these polynomials.
3. In the activity, which are not polynomials? List these non – polynomials under set R.
4. How do these non – polynomials differ from the polynomial?
5. Describe these non – polynomials.
Activity 3
Directions: Use your answers in the Activity 2 to complete the graphic organizer compare and contrast. Write the
similarities and differences between polynomials and non – polynomials in the first activity.

POLYNOMIALS NON - POLYNOMIALS

How Alike?

How Different?

In terms of ...

Note: The non – polynomials are called rational algebraic expressions. Your observations regarding the
difference between polynomials and non – polynomials in activities 4 and 5 are the descriptions of rational
expression.
Activity 4
Direction: Write your initial definition on rational algebraic expressions in the appropriate box. Your final
definition will be written after some activities.
My initial definition My final definition

____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
Activity 5
Directions: Classify the different expressions below into rational algebraic expression or not rational algebraic
expression. Write the expression into the appropriate column.
Rational Algebraic Expressions Not Rational Algebraic Expressions
 1. How many expressions did you place in the rational algebraic expression column?
2. How many expressions did you placed in the not rational algebraic expression column?
3. How did you classify a rational algebraic expression from a not rational algebraic expression?
4. Were you able to place each expression to its appropriate column?
5. What difficulty did you encounter in classifying the expressions?
Note: Rational algebraic expression is a ratio of two polynomials provided that the numerator is not equal to
P
zero. In symbols: ,where P and Q are polynomials and Q ≠ 0.
Q
RECALL
LAWS OF EXPONENTS
I – Product of Powers
If the expressions multiplied have the same base, add the exponents. x a • x b=x a+b
II – Power of a Power
If the expression raised to a number is raised by another number, multiply the exponents. ¿
III – Power of a Product
If the multiplied expressions is raised by a number, multiply the exponents then multiply the expressions.
( x a y b)c=x ac y bc ¿
IV – Quotient of Power
If the ratio of two expressions is raised to a number, then
x a a−b
Case I. b = x , where a > b
x
xa 1
Case II. b = b −¿ , where a < b
x x ¿
Activity 6
Direction: Look for the different perfect square trinomials found in the box. Answers might be written diagonally,
horizontally, or vertically.
A B A B C A B C A B
2•2•2•2•2 25 3•3•3•3•3 35 243 4•4•4•4•4 4 5 1,024 x•x•x•x•x x 5
2•2•2•2 3•3•3•3 4•4•4•4 x•x•x•x
2•2•2 3•3•3 4•4•4 x•x•x
2•2 3•3 4•4 x•x
2 3 4 x
1. What do you observe as you answer the column B?
2. What do you observe as you answer the column C?
3. What happens to its value when the exponent decreases?
4. In the column B, how is the value in the each cell/box related to its upper or lower cell/box?
Activity 6.1
Direction: Rewrite each item to expressions with positive exponents.
1. b−4 6. x+ y
¿¿
−2
c
2. −8 7. ¿
d
3. w−3 z −2 8. 14 t 0
l0
4. n2 m−2 o 9. 0
p
5. de−5 f 10. 2
¿¿
Note: You may think of LCD or Least Common Denominator. Now, let us take another perspective in adding
or subtracting fractions. Ancient Egyptians had special rules in their fraction. When they have 5 loaves for 8
persons, they did not divide it immediately by 8, they used the concept of unit fraction. Unit fraction is a
fraction with 1 as numerator.
2
Egyptian fractions used unit fractions without repetition except . Like 5 loaves for 8 persons, they have to cut
3
5 1 1
the 4 loaves into two and the last one will be cut into 8 parts. In short: = +
8 2 8
Activity 7
Direction: Now, be like an Ancient Egyptian. Give the unit fractions in Ancient Egyptian way.
7 13
1. using 2 unit fractions. 6. using 3 unit fractions.
10 12
8 11
2. using 2 unit fractions. 7. using 3 unit fractions.
15 12

3 31
3. using 2 unit fractions. 8. using 3 unit fractions.
4 30

11 19
4. using 2 unit fractions. 9. using 3 unit fractions.
30 20

7 25
5. using 2 unit fractions. 10. using 3 unit fractions.
12 28
1. What did you do in giving the unit fraction?
2. How do you feel giving the unit fractions?
3. What difficulties do you encountered in giving unit fraction?
4. What will you do in overcoming these difficulties?
Activity 8
Direction: Examine and analyze the illustrative examples below. Pause once in a while to answer the check – up
questions.
Note: MULTIPLYING RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS-The product of two rational expressions
a c ac
is the product of the numerators divided by the product of the denominators. In symbols, × = , bd ≠0
b d bd
5t 4
Illustrative example 1: Find the product of and 2 .
8 3t
5t 4 5 22 Express the numerators and denominators
× = ×
8 3 t 2 23 3 t 2 into prime factors as possible.
(5 t)(22)
¿ 2
(2 )(2)(3 t 2)
5 Simplify rational expression using laws of exponents.
¿
(2)(3 t)
5
¿
6t
4x 3 x2 y2
Illustrative example 2: Multiply and .
3y 10
2
4 x 3 x 2 y 2 ( 2 ) x 3 x2 y 2
× = ×
3y 10 3 y (2)(5)
( 2 )( 2 ) ( x ) ( 3 ) ( x 2 ) ( y)( y)
¿ What laws of exponents
(3)( y)(2)(5)
were used in these steps?
(2)(x 3)( y )
¿
(5)
3
2x y
¿
5
x−5 4 x 2 +12 x+ 9
Illustrative example 3: What is the product of 2 and 2 ?
(4 x −9) 2 x −11 x +5
x−5 4 x 2+12 x+ 9 x−5 What factoring methods
2
× 2 = ∙¿¿ were used in this step?
(4 x −9) 2 x −11 x +5 (2 x−3)(2 x+ 3)
 (x −5)( 2 x +3)(2 x +3)
¿
(2 x−3)(2 x +3)(2 x−1)(x −5)
2 x +3
¿
( 2 x−3 )( 2 x−1 )
2 x+3
¿ 2
4 x −8 x +4

Activity 8.1
Direction: Find the product of the following rational algebraic expressions.
10 u v 2 6 x 2 y 2
1. ×
3 x y 2 5 u2 v 2
a2−b2 a2
2. ×
2 ab a−b
2
x −3 x x 2−4
3. 2 × 2
x +3 x−10 x −x−6
x 2 +2 x +1 y 2−1
4. 2 ×
y −2 y+ 1 x 2−1
a 2−2 ab+b 2 a−1
5. ×
a2−1 a−b
Note: Dividing Rational Algebraic Expressions-The quotient of two rational algebraic expressions is the
a c a d ad
product of the dividend and the reciprocal of the divisor. In symbols, ÷ = × = , bc ≠ 0
b d b c bc
6 a b2 9 a2 b2
Illustrative example 4: Find the quotient of and .
4 cd 8 d c2
Multiply the dividend by the
6 a b 2 9 a 2 b 2 6 a b 2 8 d c2
÷ = ÷ reciprocal of the divisor.
4 cd 8 d c 2 4 cd 9 a2 b 2
( 2 )( 3 ) a b2
¿ ¿¿
( 2 )( 22) ( 3 ) d b2 dcc
2
Perform the steps in multiplying
¿ 2
( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) cdaa b 2
rational algebraic expressions.
¿¿¿
4c
¿
3a
2 x 2+ x −6 x 2−2 x−8 Why do we need to factor
Illustrative example 5: Divide 2 by 2 .
2 x +7 x+5 2 x −3 x−20 out the numerators and
2 x 2+ x −6 x 2−2 x−8 2 x 2+ x −6 2 x 2−3 x−20 denominators?
2
÷ 2 = 2 × 2
2 x +7 x+5 2 x −3 x−20 2 x +7 x+5 x −2 x−8
(2 x−3)(x+ 2) (x−4 )(2 x +5)
¿ ×
(2 x+ 5)(x +1) ( x+2)(x−4) What happens to the
(2 x−3)(x+ 2) (x−4 )(2 x +5) common factors between
¿ ×
(2 x+ 5)(x +1) ( x+2)(x−4) numerator and
( 2 x−3 ) denominator?
¿
( x+1 )
2 x−3
¿
x+1
Activity 8.2
Direction: Find the quotient of the following rational algebraic expressions.
81 x z 3 27 x 2 z2
1. ÷
36 y 12 xy
 2 a+2 b 4
2. ÷
a2ab a
2
16 x −9 16 x2 +24 x +9
3. ÷
6−5 x−4 x2 4 x2 +11 x +6
x 2 +2 x +1 x 2−1
4. 2 ÷ 2
x + 4 x+ 3 x +2 x+1
x−1 1−x
5. ÷ 2
x +1 x +2 x +1

Note: ADDING AND SUBTRACTING SIMILAR RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS-In adding or

subtracting similar rational expressions, add or subtract the numerators and write it in the numerator of the
a c a+ c
result over the common denominator. In symbols, + = , b ≠0
b d b
x2 −2 x−7 3 x +1
Illustrative example 6: Add 2 and 2 .
x −9 x −9
x2 −2 x−7 3 x+1 x 2−2 x+3 x−7+ 1 Combine like terms in the numerator.
+ =
x 2−9 x 2−9 x 2−9
x 2 + x−6
¿ 2 Factor out the numerator and denominator.
x −9
( x +3)( x−2)
¿
( x−3 ) ( x +3 ) Do we always factor out the numerator and
( x −2 ) denominator? Why yes or why not?
¿
( x+3 )
x −2
¿
x+3
−10−6 x−5 x 2 x2 +5 x−20
Illustrative example 7: Subtract from .
3 x 2+ 3−2 3 x 2 + x−2
2 2 2
x2 +5 x−20 −10−6 x−5 x2 x +5 x −20−(−10−6 x−5 x )
− = Why do we need to
3 x 2 + x−2 3 x 2 +3−2 3 x 2 + x−2 multiply the subtrahend by
x 2 +5 x−20+10+6 x +5 x 2 – 1 in the numerator?
¿
3 x 2+ x−2
6 x2 +11 x−10
¿
3 x 2+ x−2
(3 x−2)(2 x +5) Factor out the numerator and denominator.
¿
(3 x−2)(x+1)
2 x +5
¿
x +1
Activity 8.3
Direction: Perform the indicated operation. Express your answer in simplest form.
6 4
1. +
a−5 a−5
x 2 +3 x−2 x 2−2 x+ 4
2. +
x2−4 x2 −4
7 5
3. −
4 x−1 4 x−1
x 2+3 x +2 3 x+3
4. 2 − 2
x −2 x +1 x −2 x +1
x−2 x −2
5. +
x−1 x−1
 5 2
Illustrative example 8: Find the sum of 4 and .
18 a b 27 a3 b2 c Express the denominators as prime factors.
5 2 5 2
4
+ 3 2
= 2 4
+ 3 3 2
18 a b 27 a b c ( 3 ) ( 2 ) a b ( 3 ) a b c

Denominators of the rational algebraic expressions.

Take the factors of the denominators.

When the same factor is present in more than one
t +3 8 t−24 denominator, take the factor with the highest
LCD of and
¿¿ ( t−3 ) (T 5+3 ) 3 bc 2 exponent.
2a The product of these factors is the LCD
¿ and ( t−3 ) ( t+3 ) ¿ 2 × + ×
(3 )(2) a b 3 bc (3 )a b c 2 a
4 2 3 2
The LCD is ¿
( 5 )( 3 ) bc ( 22 ) a
¿ 3 + Find a number equivalent to 1 that
(3 )(2)a 4 b2 c (33 )(2)a 4 b2 c should be multiplied to the rational
15 bc 4a algebraic expressions so that the
¿ 4 2
+ 4 2
54 a b c 54 a b c denominators are the same with the
15bc + 4 a LCD.
¿ 4 2
54 a b c
t+3 8 t−24
Illustrative example 9: Subtract 2 and 2 .
t −6 t+9 t −9 Express the denominators as prime factors.
t+3 8 t−24 t +3
− 2 =
t 2−6 t+9 t −9 ¿¿

t+3 What property of equality

¿ is illustrated in this step?
2x ¿¿ 3 x−6
LCD of ( t+3
and ) ( t+ 3 )
( x+3 )( x +1¿) ¿( ¿x+3 )( x +2 )
( x +3 ) ( x +1 ) and ( x +3 ) ( x +2 t 2 +6
) t +9 8 t−48 t+72
¿ − 3 What special products are
The LCD is ( x +3)(x+1)( x 2+2)
t −9 t +27 t−27 t −9 t 2+27 t−27
3
illustrated in this
t 2 +6 t+ 9−(8 t 2−48 t +72)
¿
Note: ADDING AND SUBTRACTING t 3−9 t 2+27 t−27 DISSIMILAR RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS-In
adding or subtractingt 2dissimilar +6 t+ 9−8trational
2 expressions change the rational algebraic expressions into similar
−48 t+72
rational algebraic expressions ¿
t 3−9tusing +27 the least common denominator or LCD and proceed as in adding similar
2
t−27
fractions.
−7 t 2 +54 t−63
¿ 3
t −9 t 2 +27 t−27
2x 3 x −6
Illustrative example 10: Find the sum of 2 by 2 .
x + 4 x+ 3 x +5 x +6
2x 3 x−6 5 2x 3 x −6 What special products are
2LCD
+of 2 = and + illustrated in this step?
x + 4 x+ 3 x +5(x32+6 ) ( 2 ) a(4xb+3 ) ( x +1 ) ( x +3 ) ( x+ 2 )
2
3 3 2
(3 ) a b c
 2x ( x+2) (3 x −6) ( x +1)
¿ × + ×
( x +3)(x+1) ( x+2) ( x+3)( x +2) ( x +1)
( 2 x ) ( x+ 2 ) ( 3 x−6 ) ( x +1 )
¿ +
( x +3 )( x +1 )( x +2 ) ( x +3 ) ( x+2 ) ( x+ 1 )
2 x2 + 4 x 3 x 2−3 x−6
Note: COMPLEX RATIONAL¿ +
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS-Rational algebraic expression is said to be in
x 3 +6 x 2 +11 x+ 6 x 3+ 6 x2 +11 x +6
its simplest form when the 2 numerator
2 and denominator are polynomials with no commonWhat factors
propertyother
of equality
than 1.
2 x
If the numerator or denominator,+3 x + 4 x−3 x−6 was used
or both numerator and denominator of a rational algebraic in this step?
expression is also
¿
x 3 +6 x 2it+11
a rational algebraic expression, x +6 a complex rational algebraic expression. To simplify the complex
is called
rational expression, it¿ means5 x 2+ tox−6 transform it into simple rational expression. You need all the concepts learned
3 2
previously to simplify complex
x +6 x +11 x+ 6 expressions.
rational
Activity 8.4
Direction: Perform the indicated operation. Express your answer in simplest form.
3 4
1. ÷
x +1 x
x +8 3 x−2
2. 2 + 2
x −4 x+ 4 x −4
2x 3
3. 2 −
x −9 x−3
3 2
4. 2 − 2
x −x−2 x −5 x +6
x +2 x +2
5. −
x 2

2 3
−
a b
Illustrative example 11: Simplify .
5 6
+ Main fraction − a line that separates the
b a2
main numerator and main denominator.
2 3
−
a b
5 6 b a
+ Where does the and in the main numerator and
b a2 b a
2 b 3 a a2 b
¿
( a b )(
× − ×
b a ) the
a 2 and
b
in the main denominator came from?
2
5 a 6 b
( ×
b a2 )(+ 2×
a b ) What happens to the main numerator and
2b 3a main denominator?

¿
( )( )
ab
−
ab
2
5a 6b
( )( )
2
a b
+ 2
a b Simplify the rational algebraic
2b−3 a expression.
ab
¿ 2
5 a +6 b
a2 b What laws of exponents are used
in this step?
 2b−3 a 5 a2 +6 b
¿ ÷
ab a2 b
( 2b−3 a ) aab
¿
(5 a2 +6 b) ab
( 2b−3 a ) a
¿
( 5 a2 +6 b )
2ab−3 a2
¿
5 a2 +6 b
c c
−
c −4 c−2
2
Illustrative example 12: Simplify .
1
1+
c +2
c c c c
− −
2
c −4 c−2 (c−2)(c +2) c−2
=
1 1
1+ 1+
c +2 c+2
c c (c +2)
− ×
(c−2)(c +2) ( c−2) (c +2)
¿
c +2 1
1× +
c +2 ( c+ 2)
c c 2 +2 c
−
( c−2 )( c +2 ) ( c−2 ) ( c+ 2 )
¿
c+2 1
+
c+2 ( c+ 2 )
2
c −(c +2 c)
(c−2)(c +2)
¿
c+2+1
c +2
2
−c −2 c +c
(c−2)(c +2)
¿
c+2+1
c +2
−c 2−c
(c−2)(c +2)
¿
c+ 3
c +2
−c2 −c c +3
¿ ÷
( c−2 ) ( c+ 2 ) c +2
−c 2−c c +2
¿ ×
(c−2)(c +2) c +3
(−c 2−c )(c+ 2)
¿
(c−2)(c +2)(c +3)
−c 2−c
¿
(c−2)(c +3)
−c2−c
¿ 2
c + c−6
Activity 8.5
Direction: Simplify the following complex rational expressions.
 1 1
−
x y
1.
1 1
+
x2 y2
x− y y
−
x+ y x
2.
x x− y
+
y x+ y
b 2b
−
b−1 b−2
3.
2b 3b
−
b−2 b−3
1 3
−
a−2 a−1
4.
5 2
+
a−2 a−1
4
4 2
y
5.
2
2+
y