Genius Series Maths 11 41 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants

Unit-2 the elements or entries of the matrix A are 1,

2, 3, 0, -1 and 2.
Matrices and Special notation for matrices:
Determinants i  1, 2,3,...m
1. If A   aij  ,
m n j  1, 2,3,..., n
Matrix: A rectangular array of numbers
enclosed in square breakets or parenthesis is  a11 a12 a13 a1n 
a a2 n 
called a matrix.  21 a22 a23
1 2 3  1 2 3 a a32 a33 a3 n 
e.g.   or    A   31 
0 1 2   0 1 2   
Notation: A matrix is denoted by capital  
Alphabet i.e. A, B, C, …., X, Y, Z are used  
to denote a matrix.  am1 am 2 am 3 amn 
Note: 2. A  aij 
23
( ) = Parenthesis
a a12 a13 
[ ] = Square breakets.  A   11
{ } = Braces or curly breakets  a21 a22 a23 
Rows of a matrix: In a matrix the 3. A  aij 
horizontal line of numbers are called Rows 32

of the matrix.  a11 a12 

1 2 3  Ist Row  A   a21 a22 
e.g.  
0 1 2  2nd Row  a31 a32 
Columns of a matrix: In a matrix the vertical 4. A  aij 
lines of numbers are called columns of the 33

matrix.  a11 a12 a13 

1 2 3  A   a21 a22 a23  and so on.
e.g. 
 0 1 2   a31 a32 a32 
Diagonal of a square matrix:
A line joining the first and last element of a
Ist column square matrix is called main diagonal or
leading diagonal or principle diagonal or
2nd Column 3rd Column primary diagonal. The elements under this
line are called diagonal elements.
Order of a matrix: The order of a matrix is Note:
given by the number of Rows followed by the 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 > 𝑗
number of columns. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = {𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 < 𝑗
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗
1 2 3
e.g. If A then Types of matrices
0 1 2
1. Row matrix or row vector: A matrix
Number of Rows of A = 2 and with only one row is called a row matrix or
Number of Columns of A = 3, So row vector. Or A matrix of the form
order of A  2  3  Read as 2 by 3
a11 a12 a13 ... a1n  is called a row matrix
Elements or entries of a matrix: Each or a row vector. e.g.[1 2 3], [0 2]
number in the matrix is called the element or
entry of the matrix. 2. Column matrix or column vector:
e.g. if A  
1 2 3 A matrix with only one column is called
, then
0 1 2 column matrix or column vector.
Genius Series Maths 11 42 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
Or a m  1 matrix of the form: 5 0 0  0 0 0  0 0 0 
 a11  e.g 0 2 0  ,  0 0 0  ,  0 3 0 
 a21 
a   0 0 1  0 0 5   0 0 2 
 31 
  6. Scalar matrix: A square matrix A= [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]
 am1  is called scalar matrix if
is called a column matrix or column vector. (i) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0; ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
1  (ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘; 𝑘 ≠ 0 ∀ 𝑖 = 𝑗
2 , 3 
e.g. 0  k o o
3   0 
  e.g.  o k o  ,  2  ,  2 ,
 
3. Rectangular matrix: A matrix A is  o o k   0
 
2 

called a rectangular matrix if number of 5 0 0 

Rows of A  number of columns of A.  0 5 0  etc.
 
 1 2  0 0 5 
1 2 3  1 0 
e.g.  ,  
1 0 1  2 3 
7. Unit matrix or identity matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij] is called a unit
4. Square matrix: A matrix A is called matrix or identity matrix if
a square matrix if number of rows of A = i. Every element above and below the
number of columns of A. main diagonal is zero.
 a11 a12 a13 a1n 
ii. Every element on the main diagonal
a a22 a23 a2 n 
 21 is “1”. OR
 a31 a32 a33 a3n   Square matrix 
e.g     A square matrix A = [aij] is called a
   of order n  unit matrix or Identity matrix if
 

 an1 an 2 an 3

an n  (a). aij  0,  i  j
[3] (Square matrix of order 1) (b). aij  1,  i  j
1 2  Note: The unit matrix is denoted by “In”.
3 4  (Square matrix of order 2)
  e.g
 1 2 3 1 0 0 
  1 0   
 1 0 2  (Square matrix of order 3) I1 = [ 1 ] , I2    , I 3  0 1 0 
 2 1 1  0 1  0 0 1 
 
5. Diagonal matrix:
A square 1 0 0 0
0 0 
matrix A is called a diagonal matrix if : 1 0 0 0  1 0
i. Every element above and below the 0 1 0 0  0 0 1 0
I4   , In   
main diagonal is zero. 0 0 1 0   
ii. At least one non-zero number on the    
0 0 0 1
 
main diagonal.
 0 0 0 1 
OR A square matrix A  aij  is called a
8. Null matrix or zero matrix:
diagonal matrix if:
A matrix whose all elements are zero is
a. aij  0, i  j called a null matrix or zero matrix. The
b. aij  0, for at least one i = j null matrix or zero matrix is denoted by
“O” e.g.
Genius Series Maths 11 43 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
0 0  0  5 0 0
0 0 0 ,  0 ,  , 0  , e.g 6 0 0 
 
0 0  0 
  7 2 4 
0 0 0  13. Triangular matrix: A square matrix
0 0 0  0 0 0 
0 0 0  ,   A  aij  is said to be triangular matrix if it is
  0 0 0  either upper triangular or lower triangular or
Note: Null matrix can be square or both .
non-square. 1 0 0 2 3 4 2 0 0
9. Symmetric matrix: A square matrix e.g  2 3 0  or  0 5 6  or  0 0 0 
     
A  aij  is said to be symmetric if  0 4 0   0 0 7   0 0 5 

At  A i.e aij  a ji  i, j
Note: 1. A diagonal matrix is a triangular
1 3 6  matrix.
e.g  3 1 5 2. If the entries in the main diagonal of upper
  triangular or lower triangular matrix are zero
 6 5 4  then they are called strictly upper triangular
10. Skew-symmetric matrix: A square or strictly lower triangular matrices
matrix A  aij  is said to be respectively.
0 2 3
skew-symmetric if  0 0 5  Strictly upper triangular matrix
e.g   
At   A  0 0 0 
i.e aij  a ji  i  j and aij  0, For i  j
0 0 0
0 2 3  2 0 0  Strictly lower triangular matrix
 2 0 5    
e.g  3 4 0 
 
 3 5 0 
Note: The elements on the main diagonal Algebra of matrices:
of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero. 1. Addition: Two matrices A and B are said
The skew-symmetric matrix is also to be conformable for addition if
a. Order of A = Order of B.
called anti symmetric. b. The sum matrix (A+B) is obtained by
11. Upper triangular matrix: A square
adding the corresponding elements of A
matrix A  aij  is said to be upper triangular and B together.
matrix if all the elements below the main  1 2 3
e.g. If A    and
diagonal are zero. 0 1 1
i.e aij  0,  i  j  2 0 4
B  then
1 3 6   3 2 1 
e.g 0 1 5   1 2 3  2 0 4 
  A B    
 0 0 4  0 1 1  3 2 1 
12. Lower triangular matrix: A square 1  2 2  0 3  4 
 
matrix A  aij  is said to be lower 0  3 1  2 1  1 
triangular matrix if all the elements above the  3 2 7
 A B   
main diagonal are zero.  3 1 2 
i.e aij  0,  i  j
Genius Series Maths 11 44 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
Note: If the matrices A and B are b. (k1+k2)A = k1A+k2A (Where A
conformable for addition then and B are matrices conformable for
i. Order of A = Order of B = Order of addition and k, k1, k2 are scalar)
(A+B) = Order of (B+A). (ii) Multiplication of two matrices: The
ii. For any two matrices A and B two matrices can be multiplied if
conformable for addition No. of columns of 1st = No. of rows of 2nd
A  B  B  A  Matrix additionis commutative  If we have two matrices A and B, then AB is
iii. For any three matrices A, B and C possible if
conformable for addition No. of columns of A = No. of rows of B
Similarly if
 Matrix addition 
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  C   No. of columns of B = No. of rows of A. Then
 is assosciative  BA is possible.
iv. A  0  0  A  A , (0 is a null matrix Method of multiplying two matrices:
and order of A = order of 0) Let we have two matrices A and B. If we need
Note: The Null (zero) matrix plays the role to find AB, then each row of A is multiplied
of additive identity in matrices. by each column of B. If we need to find BA
then each row of B is multiplied by each
v. A    A     A   A  0 Where 0 is
column of A and the multiplication will be as
the null (zero)matrix the sum of the corresponding entries.
vi. If order of the matrix A  order of the  R1
R


C1 C2

C3   R1  C1
  R  C
R1  C2 R1  C3 
e.g  2     2 R2  C2 R2  C3 
matrix B, we say that A and B are not 1

 R3     R3  C1 R3  C2 R3  C3 
conformable for addition i.e. we can not
find (A+B) or (B+A).
vii. A+A = 2A, A+A+A = 3A, 3.Subtraction: Two matrices A and B are
A+A+A+…+A (n-times) = nA. said to be conformable for subtraction if
2. Multiplication: a. Order of A = Order of B
(i) Scalar Multiplication: b. The difference matrix (A – B) is
obtained by subtracting the
If A = [aij] is a matrix of order mn and
k is any scalar, then the scalar corresponding elements of B from the
multiplication (kA) of the scalar k and corresponding elements of A.
matrix A is defined as a matrix each of e.g.
whose element is the product of k and 5 6 7  1 2 3 
the corresponding element of A i.e. if If A=   and B  0 3 7  , then
 3 8 10   
A = [aij]mn then
kA = k[aij]mn = [kaij]mn i = 1,2,3,…,m 5 6 7   1 2 3 
A B    
and j= 1,2,3,…, n. e.g. if 3 8 10  0 3 7 
1 2  1 2 
A  then 5 A  5 3 4   5 1 6  2 7  3 
 3 4     A B   
3  0 8  3 10  7 
 5 1 5  2  5 10 
   5A     4 4 4
5  3 5  4  15 20   A B   
Note: 3 5 3
Note:
i. Order of A = Order of (kA) , where A
i. If A and B are two matrices
is any matrix and k is a scalar. conformable for subtraction, then
ii. a. k (A+B) = kA + kB (Distributive Order of A = Order of B = Order of (A – B)
property of scalar multiplication). = Order of (B – A)
ii. If order of A  Order of B, then A and
B are not conformable for subtraction
i.e. we can not find (A – B) or (B – A).
Genius Series Maths 11 45 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
iii. A – B  B – A (Matrix subtraction is xii. I t  I Where I isidentityor unit matrix 
not commutative) xiii. If A is a diagonal matrix, then, At = A.
iv. A – (B – C) (A – B) – C (Matrix xiv. If A is a scalar matrix, then, At = A.
subtraction is not Associative). xv. If A is a square matrix then Diagonal
v. (– 1) A = – A elements of A = diagonal elements of At.
xvi.  A1    At 
t 1
Equal matrices: Two matrices A and B of
the same order are said to be equal if their
corresponding elements are equal. e.g. If Determinant of a 2  2 matrix:
a b  e f  a b 
A  , B  and A  B Let A    is any matrix of order 2  2
c d  g h  c d 
then its determinant is denoted by |A| and is
a b   e f 
     defined by
c d   g h  a b
 a  e, b  f , c  g , d  h. A  A  ad  cb
c d
1 2   20 3  1 1 2 
e.g   2  e.g. if A    then A  1 4    3 2 
 3 4   2  1 2  3 4 
Transpose of a matrix: Let “A” be a matrix  A  4  6  2
then the transpose of the matrix A is denoted
by At or A and is obtained by interchanging Note:
the rows into columns and columns into If A   a 11 , then A  a  a
rows. e.g. if: e.g if A   2 , then A  2  2
1 1 Singular matrix: Let A be a square matrix
 1 2 3
A  then A   2 0 
t
then A is called a singular matrix if |A| = 0
  1 0 1   3 1  Non-singular matrix: Let A be a square
Note: matrix then A is called a non-singular matrix
i. If order of A = mn then Order of if |A|0.
At = nm Adjoint of a 2  2 matrix:
ii. If A is a row matrix then At is a column
a b 
matrix. Let A    be a squarte matrix of order
iii. If A is a column matrix then At is a row c d 
matrix. 22 then the adjoint of A is denoted by adj A
iv. If A is a square matrix then At is also a and is defined by
square matrix.
 d b 
v. If A is a rectangular matrix then At is adj A   
also a rectangular.  c a 
1 2   4 2 
 A  B  At  B t
t
vi. e.g. if A    then adj A   
3 4   3 1 
 A  B  At  B t
t
vii. Note: The adjoint of a 22 matrix is obtained
by interchanging the elements on the main
viii. A  t t
A diagonal and changing signs of the elements
on the secondary diagonal.
ix. A. At  At . A  in general  Additive inverse of a matrix: Let A be a
matrix of any order then its additive inverse
 AB   B t At
t
x. is –A i.e For additive inverse of a matrix
multiply it by −1.
xi.  A1. A2 . A3 .....An t  Ant  Ant 1  Ant 2 A3t  A2t  A1t
Genius Series Maths 11 46 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
e.g if A   a b  , 2
then  A   a b  is additive inverse of A  5 4 12  4   10  16  72   98 Ans.
Note: A    A   A  A  0  6 
i.e The two matrices are additive inverses of
each other if their sum is a null matix. ii.Sol. Given that
Multiplicative inverse of a matrix:  2 -1 5 
Let A be a square matrix of Order “n” such
that AB = BA = In (Where In is the unit
1 -2 3  0 2 4  -  2 -5 7 
(identity) Matrix of order n) then A and B are  -7 5 0 
called the multiplicative inverses of each   2  0  21  1  4  15 5  8  0   2  5 7 
other.
Note:   19 10 3   2 5 7 
i. The inverse of a square matrix A if it   19  2 10   5  3  7 
exists is denoted by A1 i.e.
  21 15 10 Ans
A A 1  A 1 A  I
iii. Sol. Given that
ii. If A is non-singular matrix then A has
7 1 2   
3
an inverse. 4 
iii. If A is a singular matrix then A has no 9 2 1    + 2 2
4
  5   
inverse.
iv. If the inverse of a square matrix exists  21  4  10  8 
then it is unique.   
v. The concept of an inverse is defined for  27  8  5   4 
35  8  35  8   43 
square matrices only.        Ans.
vi. If A is a non-singular square matrix then  40   4   40  4   44 
its inverse may be found by the iv. Sol. Given that
following formula:   1 3   3 -2   1 3 5
 +  
A1 
1
adj A  -1 -4  -1 1    2 4 6 
A
 1  3 3  2  1 3 5
  6 
vii. The identity matrix plays the role of
multiplicative identity in matrices. If A  1  1 4  1  2 4
is a matrix, then A.I = I.A = A  4 1  1 3 5 
  
EXERCISE 2.1  2 3  2 4 6 
Q.1. Express the following as a single  4  2 12  4 20  6 
 
matrix.  2  6 6  12 10  18
i. Sol. Given that
1 0 2   2 
 6 16 26 
  Ans.
1 2 4  2 0 1  4   8 18 28
6 
 0 1 2   
2
 1  4  0 0  0  4 2  2  8  4 
 6 
Genius Series Maths 11 47 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 2 -5 1  1 -2 -3  0 1 -2 
Q.2. Let A =   , B = 0 -1 5  , C = 0 -1 -1 Find 2A + 3B - 4C
 3 0 -4     
 2 5 1  1 2 3 0 1 2 
Sol. Given that A    , B  0 1 5  , C  0 1 1
 3 0  4     
We need to find 2A + 3B – 4C.
Now
 2 5 1  1 2 3 0 1 2 
2 A  3B – 4C  2    3  4 
 3 0 4  0 1 5  0 1 1
 4 10 2   3 6 9  0 4 8 
 2 A  3B  4C     
 6 0 8 0 3 15  0 4 4 
 4  3 10  6 2  9  0 4 8 
 2 A  3B  4C   
6  0 0  3 8  15 0 4 4 
7 16 7  0 4 8 
 2 A  3B  4C    
 6 3 7  0 4 4 
7  0 16  4 7  8
 2 A  3B  4C   
 6  0 3  4 7  4 
7 20 1 
 2 A  3B  4C    Ans.
 6 1 11
a h g  x 
Q.3. (i). A =  x y z  , B = h b f  C =  y  Verify that  AB  C = A  BC 
z 
 g f c   
Sol. Given that
a h g x 
A  x y z  , B   h b f  , C   y 
z 
 g f c   
We need to verify that :  AB  C  A  BC 
To find (AB)C:
 a h g   x 
 
 AB  C    x y z   h b f     y 
  
  g f c    z 
x 
  AB  C   ax  hy  gz hx  by  fz gx  fy  cz    y 
z 
 
  AB  C   ax  hy  gz  x   hx  by  fz  y   gx  fy  cz  z 
  AB  C   ax 2  hxy  gxz  hxy  by 2  fyz  gxz  fyz  cz 2 
  AB  C   ax 2  by 2  cz 2  2hxy  2 fyz  2 gxz  
 1
Genius Series Maths 11 48 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
To find A (BC):
 a h g  x  
 
A  BC    x y z    h b f   y  
 g  
 f c   z  
 ax  hy  gz 
 A  BC    x y z   hx  by  fz 
 gx  fy  cz 
 
 A  BC    x  ax  hy  gz   y  hx  by  fz   z  gx  fy  cz  
 A  BC    ax 2  hxy  gxz  hxy  by 2  fyz  gxz  fyz  cz 2 
 A  BC    ax 2  by 2  cz 2  2hxy  2 fyz  2 gxz  
  2

From (1) and (2), we obtain

(AB) C = A(BC) hence verified.

 1 3  2 1 -3   3 -1 5 
ii. A=  ,B=  , C= 
-1 4  0 4 2  2 1 0
a. verify A(B+C) = AB+AC  b  A  B - C  = AB - AC
Sol. L.H.S:
 1 3    2 1 3  3 1 5    1 3 5 0 2
A B  C        
 1 4    0 4 2   2 1 0    1 4   2 5 2 
 5  6 0  15 2  6 
A B  C    
 5  8 0  20 2  8
11 15 8 
A B  C      1
 3 20 6 
R.H.S:
 1 3   2 1 3  1 3   3 1 5 
AB  AC      
 1 4   0 4 2   1 4   2 1 0 
 2  0 1  12 3  6   3  6 1  3 50 
AB  AC   
 2  0 1  16 3  8   3  8 1  4 5  0 
 2 13 3  9 2 5 
AB  AC    
 2 15 11 5 5 5
 2  9 13  2 3  5 
AB  AC   
 2  5 15  5 11  5
11 15 8 
AB  AC     2
 
 3 20 6 
From (1) and (2), we have
A(B+C) = AB + AC.

Hence verified.
Genius Series Maths 11 49 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
b. To verify A  B - C  = AB - AC
Sol. L.H.S:
1 3  2 1 3  3 1 5  
A B  C      
 1 4    0 4 2   2 1 0  
1 3  2  3 1  1 3  5
A B  C   
 1 4  0  2 4  1 2  0 
1 3   1 2 8
A B  C   
 1 4   2 3 2 
 1  6 29 8  6 
A B  C   
 1 8 2  12 8  8 
 7 11 2 
A B  C     1

 7 10 16 
R.H.S:
 1 3   2 1 3  1 3   3 1 5 
AB  AC      
 1 4   0 4 2   1 4   2 1 0 
 2  0 1  12 3  6   3  6 1  3 5  0 
AB  AC    
 2  0 1  16 3  8   3  8 1  4 5  0 
2 13 3  9 2 5 
AB  AC   
 2 15 11 5 5 5
 7 11 2 
AB  AC     2
 7 10 16 
From (1) and (2) we have: A  B  C   AB  AC Hence verified.

1 4 4 
Q.4. Let A = 4 1 4  , Show that A 2 - 2A - 9I = 0
1
  3
4 4 1 
Sol. Given that
1 4 4 
A   4 1 4  . We need to show that A2  2 A  9 I  0
1
3
 4 4 1 
As
A2  A  A
1 4 4  1 4 4 
 A2   4 1 4   4 1 4 
 4 4 1   4 4 1 
1  16  16 4  4  16 4  16  4   33 24 24 
 A   4  4  16 16  1  16 16  4  4 
2
 A   24 33 24 
2

 4  16  4 16  4  4 16  16  1  24 24 33 
Now
Genius Series Maths 11 50 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 33 24 24  1 4 4  1 0 0 
1   
33 24   2  4 1 4   9 0 1 0 
1 2
A  2 A  9 I   24
3 3
 24 24 33   4 4 1  0 0 1 
1 1  24 1  24 
 3  33 3 3 
  2 8 8  9 0 0 

1 2
A  2 A  9 I   1  24 1  33 1  24    8 2 8    0 9 0 
3 3 3 3  
 1  24 1  24 1  33   8 8 2  0 0 9 
 3 3 3 
11 8 8   2 8 8  9 0 0
 A  2 A  9 I   8 11 8   8 2 8   0 9 0 
1 2
3
 8 8 11 8 8 2  0 0 9 
11  2 88 8  8  9 0 0 
1 2
 A  2 A  9 I =  8  8 11  2 8  8   0 9 0 
3 
 8  8 88 11  2  0 0 9 
9 0 0  9 0 0 
 A  2 A  9I  0 9 0   0 9 0 
1 2
3 
 0 0 9  0 0 9 
9  90  0 0  0
 A2  2 A  9 I   0  0
9  9 0  0 
1
3
 0  0
0  0 9  9 
0 0 0 
 A  2 A  9 I  0 0 0 
1 2
3
0 0 0 
1
 A2  2 A  9 I  0 Pr oved .
3
 0 2b -2   0 3 3a 
Q.5. Matrix A =  3 1 3  is given to
   At   2b 1 3   By definition 
 3a 3 -1  2 3 1
be symmetric, find values of a & b Since A is symmetric, so
Sol. Given that A = At.
 0 2b 2   0 2b 2   0 3 3a 
A   3 1 3  3 1 3    2b 1 3 

3a 3 1 3a 3 1  2 3 1

 0 2b 2 
t Comparing the corresponding elements.
 Taking transpose  2b  3 2  3a
 A   3 1 3  
t

 on both sides  b 3 Ans. a  2 Ans.
3a 3 1 2 3
Genius Series Maths 11 51 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
Q.6. Solve the following matrix equations 2  4 4  6 4  2
for x:  2X   
 6  0 2  4 4  2 
 1 0 3  6 10 6 
i. X - 3A = 2B, If A =    2X   
-2 2 1   6 6 6 

2 1 1 1 6 10 6 
and B =   X   Dividing by 2 
 3 -1 4  2 6 6 6 

Sol.i. The given matrices are 1 1 1 

26  10 5  63
3

2 2
 1 0 3 X  
A  1
 
1 1 1 
 2  6  6 3  63
3

 2 2 1  2 2 

2 1 1   3 5 3
and B     2
  X   Ans.
 3 1 4  3 3 3
The given matrix equation is Q.7.
X  3 A  2B 1 0 -1 2   2 -1 3 1 
 X  3 A  2B A =  3 1 2 5  , B = 1 3 -1 4 
 0 -2 1 6   3 1 2 -1
 1 0 3  2 1 1   Use 1 
X  3   2  
 2 2 1  3 1 4   and  2    A + B
t
Then show that = At + Bt
 3 0 9 4 2 2
X    Sol. Given that
 6 6 3  6 2 8 
1 0 1 2
 3 4 0  2 9  2
X  A   3 1 2 5 
 6  6 6  2 3  8 
0 2 1 6 
7 2 11
 2 1 3 1
X 
11
Ans.
0 4 B  1 3 1 4 
Sol. ii. The given matrices are  3 1 2 1
We need to show that
1 2 2 
A  1
   A  B  At  Bt .
t
3 1 2 
Now
4 6 2 1 0 1 2   2 1 3 1 
B   2
 
 0 4 2  A  B   3 1 2 5   1 3 1 4 
The given matrix equation is 0 2 1 6   3 1 2 1
2  X  A  B  3 1 2 3
A  B   4 4 1 9 
 2X  2A  B
 3 1 3 5 
 2X  2A  B Taking transpose on both sides
1 2 2   4 6 2   By 1  3 4 3
 2X  2    1
3 1 2   0 4
 
2   and  2   4 1
 A  B     1

t

2 4 4 4 6 2 2 1 3
 2X     
 6 2 4   0 4 2  3 9 5
Genius Series Maths 11 52 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
Now
1 0 1 2 
A  t t
 A.
A   3 1 2 5  Now
0 2 1 6 
1 2 0 
1
0
3 0
A  1
 
1 2  3 1 4 
 At   Taking transpose on both sides 
 1 2 1
  Taking transpose on both sides
2 5 6
t
Now 1 2 0 
At   
 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 
B  1 3 1 4 
1 3 
 3 1 2 1  A   2 1
t

2 1 3  0 4 
 1 3 1   Taking transpose 
 Bt    on both sides  Again taking transpose on both sides, we get
 3 1 2  
  1 3 
t

1 4 1
Now A  t t
  2 1
1 3 0 2 1 3  0 4 
0 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 0 
A t Bt   At 
t
1 2 1 3 1 2  
2 5 6 1 4 1
3 1 4 
  At   A (Using (1)) Hence verified.
t

 1 2 3 1 03 
 0 1 1  3 2  1 Sol. ii. Given that
 At  B t  
 1  3 2 1 1  2  1 2 0 
  A  . We need to show that
 2 1 5  4 6 1  3 1 4 
3 4
 1 4
3 A  At  At  A
1 To find A  A : Let
t
 At  B t     2

2 1 3 1 2 0 
  A    1
3 9 5 3 1 4 
From (1) & (2) we have Taking transpose on both sides, we get
t
1 2 0 
 A  B  A B A 
t t t t
Hence proved. 
3 1 4 
1 2 0  1 3 
At   2 1 
Q.8. Let A =  .
 3 -1 4    2
 0 4 
Show that:  i  A  t t
=A Multiplying (1) and (2), we get
1 3 
 ii  AA  A A
t t
1 2 0   
A A  
t
  2 1
Sol.i. Given that  3 1 4  0 4 
 
1 2 0  1  4  0 3  2  0 
A  . We need to show that A  At  
3 1 4  
3  2  0 9  1  16 
Genius Series Maths 11 53 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
5 1   2 1
A  At     3
   2 1 3  1 0 
1 26  A   A t
  
1 0 1  3 1 
To find A  A :
t

1 2 
1 2 3 
B  2 2  Bt  
Multiplying (2) & (1) we get 3 0   2 2 0 
1 3   
1 2 0 
A  A   2 1 
t
Now
3 1 4 
 0 4    2 1
1 2 3  
 1  9 2  3 0  12  B A 
t t
  1 0 
A  A   2  3 4  1 0  4     3 1
t 2 2 0
 
 0  12 0  4 0  16 
2  2  9 1  0  3 
10 1 12  B t At   
4  2  0 2  0  0
A  A   1 5 4  
t
  4
9 4
12 4 16  B t At     2
 
From (3) & (4) we get 2 2
A  At  At  A Hence verified. From (1) & (2) we have
t
Q.9. Verify that  AB  = B t A t if  AB   Bt At . Hence verified.
t

1 2 1 1 
 2 -1 3    1 2 0
(i) A =   , B = 2 2  ii. A= 
 , B = 2 3 

1 0 1   3  -1 1 4 
0   1 -2 
1 1 Sol. Given that
 1 2 0 2
(ii) A =   , B =  3  1 1 
 1 2 0
  , B   2 3  .
-1 1 4
 1 -2  A 
 1 1 4  1 2 
i. Sol.
1 2  We need to verify that:  AB   Bt At
t
 2 1 3  
AB    2 2
1 0 1  3 0  for this, we have
  1 1 
     0  1 2 0  
AB  
2 2 9 4 2 AB    2 3 
   1 1 4   1 2 
1  0  3 2  0  0  
9 2   1`4  0 1 6  0 
AB    AB  
4 2 
 1  2  4 1  3  8
Taking transpose on both sides, we obtain
5 7 
9 4  AB   
 AB      1  5 6 
t

2 2
Now Taking transpose on both sides
5 5 
 AB       1
t

7 6 
Now
Genius Series Maths 11 54 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
1 1  At  A
 1 2 0    A is symmetric.
A   A  2 1 
t

 1 1 4   0 4  Now
5 6 7 
1 1 
1 2 1  B =  6 8 3 
B   2 3   B t   
1 3 2  7 3 1 
1 2 
Taking transpose on both sides
Now t
5 6 7 
 1 1
1 2 1    B t   6 8 3 
B A 
t t
 2 1 
1 3 2   0 4  7 3 1 
 
5 6 7 
1  4  0 1  2  4 
B t At     B t   6 8 3 
1  6  0 1  3  8  7 3 1 
5 5 
B t At      2 B Bt

7 6   B is symmetric.
From (1) and (2) we have Now
 AB   Bt At . Hence verified.
t
 1 3 4   5 6 7 
Q.10. Let A+B =  3 2 5   6 8 3 
 1 -3 4  5 6 7   4 5 0  7 3 1 

A = -3 2 -5  , B =  6 -8 3 

 1  5 3  6 4  7 
 4 -5 0   7 3 1   A  B   3  6 2  8 5  3
Verify A and B are symmetric. Also verify  4  7 5  3 0  1 
that (A+B) is symmetric.
 6 3 11 
Sol. Given that:
 A  B   3 6 2    i 
 1 3 4  5 6 7 
A   3 2 5 and B   6 8 3  11 2 1 

 4 5 0  7 3 1 
Taking transpose on both sides, we get
t
We need to verify that A, B and (A+B) are 6 3 11 
 A  B    3 6 2 
t
symmetric. Now
 1 3 4  11 2 1 
A   3 2 5 6 3 11 
 4 5 0    A  B    3
t
6 2 
Taking transpose on both sides 11 2 1 
 1 3 4 
t

  A  B   A  B Use  i  
t

At   3 2 5
  A  B  is symmetric.
 4 5 0 
Q.11. Let
 1 3 4 
 0 1 -2   0 -6 11
 A   3 2 5
t
A = -1 0 3  , B =  6
  0 -7 
 4 5 0 
 2 -3 0  -11 7 0 
Verify that A+B is skew symmetric.
Genius Series Maths 11 55 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
Sol.  3 4 2 
At   2 5 3 
 0 1 2   0 6 11   1 6 4 
A  B   1 0 3    6 0 7 
Now
 2 3 0   11 7 0  3 2 1   3 4 2 
 0 5 9  A  At   4 5 6    2 5 3 
A  B   5 0 4   2 3 4  1 6 4 
 33 2  4 1 2 
 9 4 0 
A  At   4  2 5  5 6  3 
Taking transpose on both sides  2  1 3  6 4  4 
0 5 9 
 5 0  6 6 1
     4 
t

A  A   6 10 9 
A B t

 9 4 0 
 1 9 8 
 0 5 9  Taking transpose on both sides
 A  B    5 0 4 
t
 6 6 1
 9 4 0   A  A   6 10 9   A  At
t t

 A  B   A  B
t  1 9 8 
Hence (A+B) is skew symmetric matrix.  A A  t t
 A  At
 3 2 1   A  At  is symmetric matrix.
Q.12. If A =  4 5 6  then verify that:
 
-2 3 4  (ii). Now
3 2 1   3 4 -2 
(i) A + At is symmetric. A - A t =  4 5 6  -  2 5 3 
(ii) A - A t is skew Symmetric  -2 3 4   1 6 4 
Sol. Given that  33 2  4 1 2 
 3 2 1 A - A t   4  2 5  5 6  3 
A   4 5 6   2  1 3  6 4  4 

 2 3 4   0 2 3 
We need to verify that A  A   2 0 3 
t

(i) A+At is symmetric.  3 3 0 

(ii) A – At is skew symmetric. Taking transpose on both sides
As
 0 2 3
 3 2 1
A   4 5 6 
 A  A  2 0 3
t t

 3 3 0 
 2 3 4 
Taking transpose on both sides  0 2 3 
t A A  t t
   2 0 3 
 3 2 1
 3 3 0 
A   4 5 6 
t

 2 3 4  A A  t t
   A  At 

  A  A  is skew symmetric matrix.

t
Genius Series Maths 11 56 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
Q.13. If A is a square matrix of order 3, by deleting the ith row and jth column of the
then show that: matrix A Or |A|. e.g. if
i. A+At is symmetric.  a11 a12 a13 
ii. A - A t is skew-symetric. A   a21 a22 a23  is a 3  3 matrix, then
Sol. Given that A is a square matrix of order
 a31 a32 a33 
3. We need to show that
 i   A  At  is symmetric Minor of the element a11 = M11 
a22 a23
 ii   A  A  is skew-symmetric
t a32 a33
(i) To show that (A+At) is symmetric: a21 a23
Minor of the element a12 = M 12 
Let a31 a33
M  A  At   1 a21 a22
Minor of the element a13 = M 13 
Taking transpose on both sides a31 a32
M t   A  At 
t
a12 a13
Minor of the element a21 = M 21 
 M  A A t t
   A  B  A
t t t t
B t
 a32 a33

  A   A
a11 a13
 M t  At  A t t Minor of the element a22 = M 22 
a31 a33
 M t  A  At  A  B  B  A  a11 a12
Minor of the element a23 = M 23 
 Mt  M Use 1  a31 a32
 M is symmetric
a12 a13
i.e  A+A t  is symmetric. Minor of the element a31 = M 31 
a22 a23
(ii) To show that A  At is   Minor of the element a32 = M 32 
a11 a13
Skew-symmetric: a21 a23
Let a11 a12
  2
N  A  At  Minor of the element a33= M 33 
a21 a22
Taking transpose on both sides
1 2 3 
N t   A  At 
t

Example Let A =  6 5 4  .
 
 N t  At   At 
t
  A  B
t
 At  B t  7 8 9 

 
Find the minors M11, M12, M13, and M22 of
 N t  At  A A  t t
A the matrix A.
 N  A  A
t t
 A  B   B  A Sol: Given that:
1 2 3 
 N t    A  At 
A   6 5 4  ,
 N t   N  use (2) 
7 8 9 
 N is skew symmetric
i.e. (A – At) is skew-symmetric. M11 = ?, M12 = ?, M13 = ?, M22 = ?
5 4
M 11 
Minor of an element: 8 9
Let A=[aij] be a square matrix of order n. The M11   5 9   8 4 
minor of the element aij of the matrix A is
M11  45  32
denoted by Mij and is defined by the
M11  13 Ans.
determinant of (n–1) (n–1) matrix obtained
Now
Genius Series Maths 11 57 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants

 
6 4 1 3 3 0
A13   1 Aij   1 M ij
i j
M 12 
7 9 5 2
M12   6  9    7  4    1  6  0   1 6   6
4

M 12  54  28 1 5
A22   1
2 2

M12  26 Ans. 5 0
  1  0  25   1 25   25
4
6 5
M 13 
7 8 Note:
M13  48  35 i. Aij = Mij (If (i+j) is even)
M13  13 Ans. ii. Aij = - Mij (If (i+j) is odd)
iii. Aij = Mij (For all i = j)
1 3
M 22  iv. Aij =  Mij (For all i  j)
7 9 v. Aij = Mij (For all diagonal elements)
M 22  9  21 Determinant of a 3  3 matrix:
M 22  12 Ans.
 a11 a12 a13 
Cofactor of an element: Let A   a21 a22 a23  is a 33 matrix then
Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n.  
 a31 a32 a33 
The cofactor of the element aij is denoted by
Aij and is defined by: the determinant of A is denoted by |A|
(or det A) and is defined to be the sum of the
Aij   1
i j
M ij where Mij is the minor of products of each element of a row
aij. e.g. if (or column) and its cofactors. i.e.
 a11 a12 a13  A  a11 A11  a12 A12  a13 A13 OR
A   a21 a22 a23  is a 33 matrix then A  a21 A21  a22 A22  a23 A23 OR
 a31 a32 a33  A  a31 A31  a32 A32  a33 A33 OR

A11   1
11
M 11   1
2 a22 a23 a
 22
a23 A  a11 A11  a21 A21  a31 A31 OR
a32 a33 a32 a33
A  a12 A12  a22 A22  a32 A32 OR

a21 a23 a a23 A  a13 A13  a23 A23  a33 A33

A12   1 M 12   1
1 2
  21
3

a31 a33 a31 a33 Properties of determinants:

a21 a22 a a22 1. If every element in a row or column of
A13   1 M 13   1
1 3
 21
4
a square matrix A is zero then |A| = 0.
a31 a32 a31 a32
2. Transposition does not change the value
And so on.
of the determinant i.e. A  At
 1 -2 5 
3. If a square matrix A has two identical
Example: Let A =  3 0 -1 . rows or two identical columns then |A|=0.
 5 2 0  4. If every element of a row or column of
Find the cofactors A13 and A21. a square matrix A is multiplied by the non-
Sol. Given that zero real number k then the determinant of
the resulting matrix is k |A|.
1` 2 5 
5. If We multiply any row or column of a
A   3 0 1 determinant by a non-zero real number then
 5 2 0  divide the whole determinant by the same
We need to find A13, A21. non-zero real number.
Genius Series Maths 11 58 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
6. If any two rows or two columns of a
square matrix A are interchanged, then the EXERCISE 2.2
determinant of the resulting matrix is -|A|.
7. If every element of a row or column of 1 3 1
Q.1. If A = -1 2 0  then find A11,
a square matrix A is the sum of two numbers  
then its determinant can be written as the sum  2 0 -2 
of two determinants.
A21, A23, A31, A32, A33. Also find |A|.
8. a. Ri + kRj, k0R Sol. Given that
b. Ci + kCj, k0R
1 3 1
i. We can add any two rows or columns of
a determinant. A   1 2 0 
ii. We can subtract any row or any column  2 0 2 
from any other row or column in a A11 = ?, A21 = ?, A23 = ?, A31 = ?, A32 = ?,
determinant. A33 = ?, |A| = ?
iii. We can add any non-zero scalar
multiple of any row or column to any other
row or column in a determinant.
A11   1
11 2

0 
0
2
 
Aij   1 M ij
i j

A11   1  2  2   0 
2
9. The determinant of a diagonal matrix is
obtained by multiplying the diagonal
A11   1  4  0 
2
elements.
10. If one element in the main diagonal of a A11  1 4 
diagonal matrix A is zero then |A| = 0. A11  4 Ans.
11. If A is a square matrix of order n and k
2 1 3 1
is any non-zero scalar then: A21   1
0  2
kA  k n A
A21   1  6  0 
3
12. If in a square matrix A one row or
column is scalar multiple of any other row or A 21    6 

column then |A| = 0. A21  6 Ans.

23 1 3
A23   1
Adjoint of a 33 matrix: 2 0
 a11 a12 a13 
A23   1  0  6 
5
If A   a21 a22 a23  is a 33 matrix then
  A23   1 6 
 a31 a32 a33 
t
A23  6 Ans.
 A11 A12 A13   A11 A21 A31 
3 1 3 1
adj A   A21 A22 A23    A12 A22 A32  A31   1
2 0
 A31 A32 A33   A13 A23 A33 
A31   1  0  2 
4

A31  1 2 
A31  2 Ans.
3 3 1 3
A33   1
1 2
  1  2   3 
6
A33
A33  1 2  3 
A33  1 5 
A33  5 Ans.
Genius Series Maths 11 59 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
2nd Part: To find |A| 1 3 -2 1 3 2
1 3 1 iii. 3 -1 1 = 3 -1 1
A   1 2 0  2 1 4 -2 1 4
 2 0 2 
Proof:
1 3 1
1 3 2
 A  1 2 0
L.H .S  3 1 1
2 0 2
2 1 4
Expanding along R1, we get
2 0 1 0 1 2 Taking transpose of R.H.S, we get
A 1 3 1
0 2 2 2 2 0 1 3 2
 A  1 4  0   3  2  0   1 0  4  LHS  3 1 1  A  At 
 A  4  6  4 2 1 4
 A  14 Ans.
L.H .S  R.H .S Pr oved .
Q.2. Without evaluating state the reason
for the following equalities: 3 2 0 3 2 0
1 2 0 iv. 1 1 -3 = -3 1 1 1
i. 3 1 0 =0 2 4 -6 2 4 2
-1 2 0 Proof:
Proof:
3 2 0
1 2 0
L.H.S  3 1 0 L.H .S  1 1 3
2 4 6
1 2 0
L.H.S = 0  C3  0  3 2 0
 1 
L.H.S = R.H.S Proved.  L.H .S  3 1 1 1  C3 
 3 
2 4 2
1 2 3
ii. -8 4 -12 = 0  L.H .S  R.H .S Pr oved .
2 -1 3
1 0 -1 1 0 -1
Proof:
v. 3 2 1 = - 1 -1 0
1 2 3 1 -1 0 3 2 1
L.H.S  8 4 12
Proof:
2 1 3
1 0 1
1 2 3 L.H .S  3 2 1
 1 
 L.H .S  4 2 1 3  R2  1 1 0
 4 
2 1 3
1 0 1
 L.H .S  4  0  R2  R3   L.H .S   1 1 1 R  R3 

2

 L.H .S  0 3 2 1

 L.H .S  R.H .S Pr oved .  L.H .S  R.H .S Pr oved .

Genius Series Maths 11 60 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
2 0 1 2 0 1 Now
vi. 3 1 2 = 5 5 6 1 0 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 A  3 2 1 
Proof: 1 1 0 

2 0 1 1 0 1
L.H .S  3 1 2  A 3 2 1
1 2 2 1 1 0
2 0 1
Expanding along R1, we get
 L.H .S  5 5 6  R2  2 R3 
2 1 3 1 3 2
1 2 2 A 1 0   1
1 0 1 0 1 1
 L.H .S  R.H .S Proved.
 A  1 0  1  0  0  1  1 3  2 
Q.3. Let A be a square matrix of order 3,
then verify At = A  A  11  0  1  1 5

1 0 1  A  1 0  5
Sol. Let A  3 2 1   A  1 5
1 1 0 
  2
 A  6 
Taking transpose of both sides
From (1) & (2) we get
1 0 1
t

A  3 2 1 
t
At  A Hence verified.
1 1 0 
Q.4. Evaluate the following determinants:
1 3 1 0 1 3
 At   0 2 1  By definition  i. -1 2 1
 1 1 0 
2 1 1
1 3 1
0 1 3
 A  0 2 1
t
Sol. Let A  1 2 1
1 1 0
2 1 1
Expanding by R1, we get Expanding by R1, we get
2 1 0 1 0 2
At  1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
1 0 1 0 1 1 A 0 1 3
1 1 2 1 2 1
 At  1 0  1  3  0  1  1 0  2  A  0  1 1  2   3  1  4 
 A  11  3  1  1 2 
t

A  0  1 3  3  5
 At  1  3  2
 1
 At  6  A  0  3  15
A  12 Ans.
Genius Series Maths 11 61 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
3 4 -2 2 1 3
ii. 2 4 -6 A  1 1 0
-4 2 0 2 3 4

Sol. Let Expanding by R1, we get

3 4 2 1 0 1 0 1 1
A 2 1 3
A  2 4 6 3 4 2 4 2 3
4 2 0
A  2  4  0   1 4  0   3  3  2 
Expanding by R1, we get
A  2  4   1 4   3  5 
4 6 2 6 2 4
A 3 4 2
2 0 4 0 4 2 A  8  4  15
A  11 Ans.
A  3  0  12   4  0  24   2  4  16 
A  3 12   4  24   2  20  Q.5. Show that:
a b c a x
A  36  96  40
i. m n = b m y
A  132  40 x y z c n z
 A  92 Ans.
Proof:
a b c
3 1 2 L.H .S  m n
iii. 6 -5 4 x y z
-9 8 -7
Taking transpose of R.H.S, we get
Sol. Let
3 1 2 a x
A  6 5 4 L.H .S  b m y  A  At 
9 8 7 c n z
Expanding by R1, we get  L.H .S  R.H .S Pr oved .
5 4 6 4 6 5
A 3 1 2
8 7 9 7 9 8 a b c a b c
A  3  35  32   1 42  36   2  48  45 ii. 1 - 3a 2 - 3b 3 - 3c = 1 2 3
A  3  3  1 6   2  3 4 5 6 4 5 6

A  966 Proof:
a b c
A  15  6
L.H .S  1  3a 2  3b 3  3c
 A  21 Ans.
4 5 6
2 1 -3 a b c a b c
iv. 1 1 0 L.H .S  1 2 3  3a 3b 3c
-2 3 4 4 5 6 4 5 6
Sol: Let
Genius Series Maths 11 62 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
a b c a b c abc abc abc  aC 
 1  1 1
L.H .S  1 2 3  3 a b c  R2   L.H .S  a2 b2 c 2  bC2 
4 5 6 4 5 6
 3   abc  a3 b3 c3  cC3 
a b c 1 1 1
1  1 
L.H .S  1 2 3  3  0  R1  R2   L.H .S   abc  a 2 b2 c2  R1 
 abc  a3 b3 c3
 abc 
4 5 6
a b c 1 1 1
L.H .S  1 2 3  0  L.H .S  a 2
b 2
c2
4 5 6 a 3 b3 c 3
 L.H .S  R.H .S . Hence verified.
a b c
L.H .S  1 2 3 Q.6. Prove that:
4 5 6 a-b b-c c-a
L.H .S  R.H .S Pr oved . i. b-c c-a a-b = 0
1 1 1 c-a a-b b-c
iii. a b c =0 Proof.
b+c c+a a+b
a b bc c a
Proof.
L.H.S = bc ca a b
1 1 1
c a a b bc
L.H .S  a b c
bc ca ab abbcca bc ca
1 1 1  bccaab c  a a  b  C1   C2  C3  
L.H .S  a b c  R3  R2  caabbc a b ba
abc abc abc 0 bc ca
1 1 1
 1   0 c a a b
L.H .S   a  b  c  a b c  R3  0 a b bc
1 1 1 
 a  b  c  
L.H .S   a  b  c  0   R1  R3   0  C1 is Zero 
L.H .S  0 = R.H.S Proved.
L.H .S  R.H .S Pr oved .
1 a a3
ii 1 b b3 =  a - b b - c c - a a + b + c
bc ca ab 1 1 1
(iv) a b c = a2 b2 c2 1 c c3
a2 b 2 c2 a3 b3 c3 Proof:
Proof. 1 a a3
bc ca ab L.H.S  1 b b3
L.H.S  a b c 1 c c3
a 2 b2 c2
Genius Series Maths 11 63 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
1 a a3
 R2  R1   b  a   b  a  b  a   a 2  b2  
 0 b  a b3  a 3 L.H .S  00 
 R3  R1   c  a   c  a  c  a  
  a  b  a  b  
0 c  a c3  a3
 b  a   b  a  b  a 
L.H .S 

ba b a 3 3
00 (Expand by C1)
 c  a   c  a  c  a 
c  a c3  a3  1 
R1 
 b  a   c  a    c  a  b  a  1  b  a    b  a  
L.H .S   b  a  c  a 
3 3 3 3

1 c  a   1 
 R2 
  b  a  c  a   c 2  ca  a 2    c  a 
 c  a  b  a   b2  ab  a 2 
L.H .S   b  a  c  a  1 c  a   1 b  a  
Taking  c  a  b  a common, we get

  b  a  c  a  c 2  ca  a 2  b 2  ab  a 2 
L.H .S   b  a  c  a  c  a  b  a  
 
L.H .S   b  a  c  a  c  b 
  b  a  c  a  c 2  b2  ca  ab 
L.H .S   a  b  c  a  b  c 
  b  a   c  a   c  b  c  b   a  c  b 
Taking (−) common from (−𝑎 + 𝑏) and
  b  a  c  a   c  b  c  b  a  (−𝑏 + 𝑐), we obtain
L.H .S    a  b  c  a    b  c 
  b  a  c  a    c  b  a  b  c  
L.H .S   a  b  c  a  b  c       
   a  b  c  a  ()  b  c  a  b  c 
  a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c         L.H .S   a  b  b  c  c  a 
 R.H .S Pr oved .
L.H .S  R.H .S Hence proved.
1 a a2
iii. 1 b b 2   a  b  b  c  c  a 
-a 2 ab ac
1 c c2
(iv) ab -b 2 bc = 4a 2b 2c 2
Proof: ac bc -c 2
2
1 a a
Proof.
L.H .S  1 b b 2
a 2 ab ac
1 c c2
L.H .S  ab b 2 bc
1 a a2 ac bc c 2
 R2  R1 
L.H .S  0 b  a b 2  a 2   1 
2  R3  R1 
0 ca c a2
 R1 
a b c  a 
1
Expanding along C1 we obtain  L.H .S   abc  a b c  R2 
b 
a b c 1 
 R3 
b  a b2  a 2 a a2 a a2 c 
L.H .S  0 0
ca c a 2 2
ca c a
2 2
b  a b  a2 2
Genius Series Maths 11 64 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
a b c 81 82 83 81 1 1
 R  R1   C  C1 
 L.H .S   abc  0 0 2c 2 84 85 86  84 1 1 2
 R3  R1   C  C2 
0 2b 0 87 88 89 87 1 1 3
Expanding R.H.S. along C1, we obtain 0  C2  C3  Ans.
 a 2c b c b c 
L.H .S   abc   a 0 0  Q.8. Prove that:
 2b 0 2b 0 0 2c 
1+ x y z
 L.H .S   abc   a  0  4bc   0  0  x 1+ y z = 1+ x + y + z
 L.H .S   abc   a  4bc   x y 1+ z
 L.H .S   abc  4abc  Proof:
 L.H .S  4a 2b 2 c 2 1 x y z
 L.H .S  R.H .S . Hence proved. L.H .S  x 1 y z
x y 1 z
bc a 3 1
a a0 1 x  y  z y z
v. ca b 3 1 = 0, b0  1 x  y  z 1 y z  C1  (C2  C3 ) 
b 1 x  y  z 1 z
1 c0 y
ab c 3 c 1 y z
 1 
Proof:  1  x  y  z  1 1  y z  C1 
1 y 1 z 
1  x  y  z  
1
bc a3 1 y z
a  R  R1 
1  1  x  y  z  0 1 0 2
L.H.S  ca b3  R  R1 
b 0 0 1 3
1 Expanding along C1, we get
ab c 3
 1 0 y z y z
c L.H .S  1  x  y  z  1 0 0 
abc a 1 4
 aR1   0 1 0 1 1 0
1  1  x  y  z  11  0   0  0 
 abc b4 1  bR2 
abc  1  x  y  z  11 
abc c 4 1  cR3   1  x  y  z 1
1 a4 1  1 x  y  z
1  1   R.H .S Hence proved.
  abc 1 b 4 1  C1 
abc  abc 
1 c4 1
Q.9. Prove that:
 1 0  C1  C3  x p q
= 0 = R.H.S. Proved. p x q =  x - p  x - q  x + p + q 
3860 3861 p q x
Q.7.i. Evaluate the
3862 3863 Proof:
Sol. x p q
3860 3861 3860 1 L.H .S  p
  C2  C1  x q
3862 3863 3862 1 p q x
  3860 1   3862 1
 3860  3862
 2 Ans.
Sol.ii.
Genius Series Maths 11 65 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
x pq p q abc abc abc
 L.H .S  abc   
 L.H .S  x  p  q x q  C1  (C2  C3 )  a b c
x pq q x  1 1 1
 L.H .S  abc 1    
1 p q
 1   a b c
 L.H .S   x  p  q  1 x q C1   L.H .S  R.H .S Hence proved.
x pq 
1 q x
1 p q
 R2  R1 
 L.H .S   x  p  q  0 x p 0 Q.11.Identify singular and non-singular
 R  R1  matrices:
0 q p xq 3
7 1 3 
Expanding along C1, we obtain i.  6 2 -2 
 x p 0 p q p q  
L.H .S   x  p  q  1 0 0
 q p xq q p xq

x p 0  5 1 1 
 L.H .S   x  p  q  1  x  p  x  q    q  p  0   0  0
Sol. Let
 L.H .S   x  p  q   x  p  x  q   0 
7 1 3 
 L.H .S   x  q  p  x  p  x  q 
A   6 2 2 
 L.H .S   x  p  x  q  x  p  q 
 5 1 1 
 L.H .S  R.H .S . Hence proved.
7 1 3
Q.10. Prove that:  A  6 2 2
5 1 1
1+a 1 1
1 = abc  1 + + + 
1 1 1 Expanding by R1, we get
1 1+b
1 1 1+c  a b c 2 2 6 2 6 2
A 7 1 3
Proof: 1 1 5 1 5 1
1 a 1 1  A  7  2  2   1 6  10   3  6  10 
L.H .S  1 1  b 1
 A  7  4   116   3  4 
1 1 1 c
a 0 1  A  28  16  12
 C1  C2 
 L.H .S  b b 1  A  28  28
 C  C3 
0 c 1  c 2
Expanding along R1 , we obtain  A 0
b 1 b 1 b b
L.H.S = a 0 1 Hence A is a singular matrix.
c 1  c 0 1 c 0 c
 1 -1 1 
 L.H .S  a  b 1  c    c 1  0  1 bc  0   ii.  3 -2 1 
 
 L.H .S  a  b  bc  c   1 bc   -2 -3 2 
 L.H .S  ab  abc  ac  bc
 L.H .S  abc bc ac ab  Re arranging  Sol. Let
Genius Series Maths 11 66 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 1 1 1  Hence A is singular matrix.
A   3 2 1  Q.12.Find the value of  if A is singular,
 2 3 2  where

1 1 1  -λ 1 0 
 A  3 2 1 A =  1 -λ 1 
2 3 2  0 1 -λ 

Expanding along R1, we get Sol. Given that

2 1 3 1 3 2   1 0 
A 1   1 1
3 2 2 2 2 3 A   1  1 
 0 1  
 A  1 4  3  1 6  2   1 9  4 
If A is a singular matrix then
 A  1 1  18  1 13
A 0
 A  1  8  13
 1 0
 A  6  A  0  1  1 0
0 1 
Hence A is a non-singular matrix.
Expanding along R1, we get
 3 2 -3 
 3 6 -3   1 1 1 1 
iii.  1 0 0
  1  0  0 1
 -1 0 1 

Sol. Let
    2  1  1   0   0  0

 3 2 3   3      0
A   3 6 3   3  2  0
 1 0 1 
    2  2  0
3 2 3
 A  3 6 3     2  2  0  Multiplying by -1
1 0 1    0,  2  2  0  If a.b  0  a  0 or b  0 
Expanding along R1, we get
2  2
6 3 3 3 3 6   2
A 3 2   3
0 1 1 1 1 0  2
 A  3  6  0   2  3  3  3  0  6  So

 A  3 6  2  0  3  6   0, 2,  2 Ans.

 A  18  0  18
 A  18  18

 A 0
Genius Series Maths 11 67 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
Q.13. Solve for x: 3x  x  1  0
x 2 3
3 x  x  1 0
i. 0 -1 1 = 9   Dividing by 3
3 3
0 4 5
 x  x  1  0
Sol. Given that
x 2 3  x  0 or x  1  0
or x  1
0 1 1  9
0 4 5 So x  0,  1 Ans.
Expanding along R1, we get
x+2 3 4
1 1 0 1 0 1
x 2 3 9 iii. 2 x+3 4 =0
4 5 0 5 0 4
2 3 x+4
x  5  4   2  0  0   3  0  0   9 Sol. Given that
x  9   2  0   3  0   9 x2 3 4
9x  0  0  9 2 x3 4 0
9x  9 2 3 x4

9x 9 Expanding along R1

  Dividing both sides by  9  x3 2 x3
9 9 4 2 4
 x  2 3 4 0
3 x4 2 x4 2 3
x  1 Ans.
  x  2   x  3 x  4   12  3  2 x  8  8 
-1 0 1  4  6  2 x  6  0
ii. x 2 1 x = -6
  x  2   x 2  4 x  3x  12  12   3  2 x 
2 3 4
 4  2 x   0
Sol. Given that
  x  2  x 2  7 x   6 x  8x  0
1 0 1
x 2 1 x  6  x3  7 x 2  2 x 2  14 x  6 x  8 x  0
2 3 4  x3  9 x 2  14 x  14x  0
Expanding along R1, we get  x3  9 x 2  0
 x  x2  9x   0
1 x x2 x x2 1
1 0 1  6  x  0 or x 2  9 x  0
3 4 2 4 2 3
 x  x  9  0
1 4  3x   0  1 3x 2  2   6  x  0 or x  9  0
or x  9
4  3x  3x 2  2  6 Hence x = 0, 0, −9 Ans.
3 x 2  3 x  6  6
3 x 2  3 x  6  6
Genius Series Maths 11 68 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
Q.14.Show that if inverse of a square 3 2 1 2 1 3
matrix exits, then it is unique. A 0 2 2
0 5 1 5 1 0
Sol. Let A be a non-singular square matrix.
Suppose B and C are two inverses of the A  0  2  5  2   2  0  3
matrix A. If B is the inverse of A then by
definition A  0  2  7   2  3

 1
AB  BA  I  A  14  6
If C is the inverse of A then again by   2
A  8 
definition:
  2
AC  CA  I   A  0  A1 exists.

Now To find adj A:

B = I.B ( I is identity matrix) As
 B   CA  B (Use (2))
t
 A11 A12 A13 
adj A   A21 A22 A23 
 B  C  AB  (By associative property)
 A31 A32 A33 
 B = C I (Use (1))
 A11 A21 A31 
 B  C ( I is identity matrix)  adj A   A12 A22 A32  
  3
 Inverse is unique. Hence if inverse of a  A13 A23 A33 
square matrix exists then it is unique.

 0 2 2
A11   1
11 3 2
0 5
 Aij   1
i j
M ij 
Q.15. Let A = -1 3 2  Find A -1
 
 A11   1 15  0   115
2
 1 0 5 

Sol. Given that  A11  15

 0 2 2 1 2
A12   1
1 2
A   1 3 2  1 5
 1 0 5 
A12   1  5  2   1 7 
3
1
A ?
As A12  7

1 1 3
 1 , A  0 A13   1
1 3
A1  adj A 
A 1 0

A13   1  0  3  1 3

4
Now
0 2 2
A13  3
A  1 3 2
1 0 5 2 2
A21   1
2 1

0 5
Expanding along R1, we get
Genius Series Maths 11 69 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
A21   1 10  0   110  1 
3
1 5 1
  15   10  2 
8 84 84 
A21  10  1 1 1 
1
A   7  2  2 
0 2 8 84 84 
A22   1
2 2
1 1 1 
1 5   3 2 2 
 8 84 84 
A22   1  0  2   1 2 
4

 15 5 1 
A22  2 8 4 4
 
1 1 
A 1  
7
Ans.
0 2 8 4
A23   1
23
4
 
 3
1 0 1 1
A23   1  0  2   1 2 
5
 8 4 4 
A23  2
 3 -1
2 2 Q.16. Let A =   show that
A31   1
3 1
4 2 
3 2
A31   1  4  6   1 2  1
4
A -1 =
A
A31  2
0 2 Sol. Given that
A32   1
3 2

1 2  3 1
A 
A32   1  0  2   1 2 
5
4 2 
A32  2 1
We need to show that A1 
0 2 A
A33   1
3 3

1 3 As
A33   1  0  2   1 2 
6

1
A33  2 A1   1 , A  0
adj A 
A
Putting all the above values in (3), we get
15 10 2  To find |A|:
adj A   7 2 2    4 3 1
 3 2  A 
2 4 2
Put (2) and (4) in (1), we get
 A  3  2   4  1
15 10 2 
A1   7 2 2 
1
8  A  64
 3 2 2 
  2
 A  10 
To find adj A: As
 3 1
A 
4 2 
Genius Series Maths 11 70 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 2 1 We need to verify that
 adj A       3
 4 3  AB 
1
 B 1 A1
Put (2) and (3) in (1), we get
To find (AB)-1:
1  2 1  2 3  1 1
A1 
10  4 3 AB    
 1 0   2 3
 1 1 
 2  6 2  9   4 11
 10  2 1
10   AB    
A 
1 5   1  0 1  0   1 1 
 1 1 
  4 2  3 4 11
 5
10 10   AB 
1 1
1 1
 5 10   AB  4 1   111
 A1     AB  4  11
 2 3 
 5 10   AB  15   i 
Now Now
1 1  4 11
AB   
A 1 
5 10  1 1 
2 3
1 11
5 10  adj AB     ii 
 
1 4 
 1  3   2  1 
 A1         As
 5  10   5  10 
1
 AB  adj  AB 
1
3 2 
 A1   AB
50 50
1 1 11
 A1 
3 2   AB  
1

15 1 4 
Use  i  and  ii  
50
1 5
 A  1 11 
50 10 15 15 
  AB   1
1
1   
 A1  1 4 
10 15 15 
Use  2   Pr oved .
1
 A1 
A To find B-1A-1:
Now
Q.17. Verify that:  AB  = B A if
-1 -1 -1
 1 1 1 1
B  B  2 3
2 3 -1 1   2 3 
A=  ,B= 
1 0   2 3  B   1 3  2 1
Sol. Given that  B  3  2
 2 3  1 1  B  5    iii 
A  ,B 
1 0   2 3 Now
Genius Series Maths 11 71 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 1 1   1   1   3 1  0 3
B   B1 A1        
 2 3  5   3   2 1  1 2 
1 0  1 9  2  1 1 11
 3 1  B1 A1   
 adj B     iv 
  15 0  1 6  2  15 1 4 
 2 1
As 1 11 
15 15 
1  B1 A1     2
 
B 1  adj B 1 4 
B 15 15 
1  3 1
 B 1 
5  2 1
Use  ii  and  iv   From (1) and (2) we get

 AB 
1
 B 1 A1 Hence verified.
1  3 1
 B 1   v

5  2 1 Q.18. If A and B are non-singular
matrices, then show that:
Now
i A  -1 -1
=A  ii   AB 
-1
= B -1 A -1
 2 3
A   Given  Proof: i. To show that
1 0 
2 3 A  1 1
A
 A 
1 0 As
 A  03 A is non-singular matrix, so
 A  3    vi 
 1
AA1  A1 A  I 
Now
 2 3  AA1  I
A 
1 0
  AA1   I 1 Taking transpose of both sides 
1

 0 3
 adjA     vii 
 
 1 2 
  A1  A1  I
1
  AB 
1
 B 1 A1 , I 1  I 
  A1  A1  A  IA  Post multiplied by A 
1
As  
1   A   A A   A  By associative property 
1 1 1
A1  adj A
  A 1  . I  A Use 1 
1
A

1  0 3  A 1 1
 A  I is identity 
 A1 
3  1 2 
(Use (vi) & (vii))

1  0 3 ii. To show that (AB)-1 = B-1A-1:

 A1    viii 

3  1 2  Sol. As
Multiplying (v) and (viii), we get A and B are non-singular matrices, so
1  3 1  1   0 3 AA1  A1 A  I   1 and
B 1 A1   
5  2 1  3   1 2    2
BB 1  B 1 B  I 

Consider
Genius Series Maths 11 72 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 2 3
 AB   B A   A  BB  A  associative law 
1 1 By generalized 1 1
A 
   1 1 
  AB   B1 A1   A.I . A1 Use  2
1 3
 adj A     ii 
 
  AB   B A 1 1
  AA  1
I is identify matrix  1 2 
  AB   B A 1 1
  I  3 Use 1 As
Now consider
1
A1  adj A
 B A   AB   B  A A B  Byassociative
1 1 1generalized 
1
law 
A

  B 1 A1   AB   B 1  I  B Use 1  1 1 3

 A 1 
 B A 1 1
  AB   B B  I is identity matrix 
1
5 1 2 
 B A 1 1
  AB   I   4  Use  2  1 3 
From (3) and (4), we conclude that 5 5
 A1   
B-1A-1 is the inverse of AB. So 1 2
 5 5 
 AB 
1
 B 1 A1 Hence proved.
3 
t
1
 2 3 5 5
  A1 
t
Q.19. Let A =    
 -1 1  1 2
 5 5 
verify that  A -1  =  A t 
t -1

1 1
Sol. Given that 5 5
A 
1 t
  1
 
 2 3
A  3 2
  5
 1 1  5 

To find  At  :
1
We need to verify that  A1    At 
t 1

To find  A1  :  2 3
t
A 
 1 1 
 2 3
A  2
t
3  By taking transpose 
 1 1  A t
 
 1 1  on both sides 
2 3 1
A  2
 At    By definition 
1 
1 1
3
A  2 1   1 3 2 1
 At 
A  23 3 1

 i 
A  5   At  2  3

Now again   iii 

 At  5 

Now
Genius Series Maths 11 73 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 2 1 multiple of one column to any other column
At    (Ci + kCj).
3 1 
Key Entry or Pivot:
 1 1
 adj A     iv 
 
t The first non-zero number in a row in an
 3 2  Echelon matrix is called key entry or pivot.
e.g.
As
2 3 0 1
 At   1 0 0 2 1 
1
adj At
At A
0 0 0 5
 
1  1 1 0 0 0 0
  At  
1
(Use (ii) and (iv))
5  3 2  In 1st row key entry is 2

1 1 In 2nd row key entry is 2

5 5
  At 
1 In 3rd row key entry is 5
   2
 
 3 2 In 4th row there is no key entry.
 5 5  Echelon form of a matrix:
From (1) and (2) we get A matrix A is said to be in echelon form if it
satisfies the following conditions:
A   A 
1 t t 1
Hence verified. i. Every element below the key entry
(Pivot) is zero.
Elementary row operations:
ii. The number of zeros before the pivot
The following three operations performed on
matrices are called elementary row increase row by row.
operations iii. All the zero rows are at the bottom.
a. Ri Rj or Rij (Interchanging of any two iv. The pivot in each row will be to the right
rows). of the pivot of the previous row.
b. kRi (Multiplication of a row by any non- Reduce Echelon form of a matrix:
zero scalar) A matrix A is said to be in reduced Echelon
c. Ri + kRj (Addition of any non zero scalar form if it satisfies the following conditions:
multiple of one row to any other row). i. It is in Echelon form.
Elementary column operations: ii. Pivot element must be 1.
The following three operations performed on iii. Every element above and below the
matrices are called elementary column pivot is zero.
operations. e.g.
i. Interchange of any two columns
1 0 0   0 1 0 2  1 0 2 
(Ci  Cj) or Cij 0 1 0  , 0 0 1 3  , 0 0 0 
     
ii. Multiplication of a column by any 0 0 1  0 0 0 0  0 0 0 
non-zero scalar (kCi). Note: i. The identity matrix is in reduced
iii. Addition of any non-zero scalar Echelon form.
Genius Series Maths 11 74 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
ii. The reduced Echelon form of a square  2 3 1 9 
matrix not necessarily identity matrix. A   1 1 2 3
Rank of a matrix: The number of non-zero  3 1 3 2 
rows in the echelon form of a matrix is called We use elementary row operations
rank of the matrix. 1 1 2 3
Inverse of a matrix: Let A be a non-singular R  2 3 1 9   R  R 
matrix. If we perform successive elementary   1 2

 3 1 3 2 
row (column). Operations on the matrix
1 1 2 3
 A | I  , which reduced A to I and I to the R 0 5 5 15   R2  2 R1 
   R  3R 
resulting matrix A-1 i.e. if  A | I  is reduced 0 4 3 11  3 1

to  I | A  then A is the inverse of A.

1 1
1 1 2 3
R 0 1 2 4   R  R 
EXERCISE 2.3   2 3

0 4 3 11 
Q.1. Reduce each of the following matrices
1 0 0 1
R 0 1 2 4   R1  R2 
to the indicated form:
 1 3 -1    R  4R 
i.  2 1 4  Echelon form 0 0 5 5 3 2

 
 3 4 -5  1 0 0 1 
R 0 1 2 4   1 R 
Sol. Let    5 3 
 1 3 1 0 0 1 1
A   2 1 4  1 0 0 1 
 3 4 5 R 0 1 0 2   R  2 R 
  2 3

0 0 1 1
We use elementary row operations.
Which is the required reduced Echelon form
1 3 1
R 0 5 6   R2  2 R1  of the matrix A.
   R  3R   2 -3 1 
0 5 2  3 1
iii. 1 1 2  Reduce Echelon form
 
1 3 1  4 1 7 
R 0 5 6   R  R 
  3 2 Sol. Let
0 0 8 
 2 3 1 
Which is the required Echelon form of the A   1 1 2 
matrix A.
 4 1 7 
ii.
We use elementary row operations.
 2 3 -1 9  1 1 2 
 1 -1 2 -3  Reduce echelon form
  R  2 3 1   R  R 
 3 1 3 2    1 2

 4 1 7 
1 1 2
Sol. Let
R 0 5 3  R2  2 R1 
   R  4R 
0 3 1 3 1
Genius Series Maths 11 75 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
1 1 2   4 2 5 
R 0 1 1  R  2 R  A   2 1 0  A1  ?
  2 3

0 3 1  1 2 3 
1 0 3 Consider
R 0 1 1  R1  R2   4 2 5 1 0 0 
   R  3R 
0 0 4 3 2  A | I    2 1 0 0 1 0
 1 2 3 0 0 1 
1 0 3 
R 0 1 1  1 R  We use elementary row operations.
   4 3 
0 0 1   1 4 14 1 0 3 
R  2 1 0 0 1 0   R  3R 
1 0 0    1 3

R 0 1 0   R1  3R3   1 2 3 0 0 1 
  R  R 
0 0 1  2 3
1 4 14 1 0 3
R 0 7 28 2 1 6   R2  2 R1 
Which is the required reduced Echelon form   R  R 
of the matrix A. 0 6 17 1 3
04 
1

 1 0 -2  1 4 14 1 0 3
iv.  2 1 1  Echelon form R 0 1 11 1 1 2   R2  R3 
  
 3 2 3  0 6 17 1 0 4 
 1 0 2  1 4 14 1 0 3
Sol. Let A=  2 1 1  R 0 1 2   1R2 
   1 11 1
 3 2 3  0 6 17 1 0 4 
1 0 30 3 4 5
We use elementary row operations R 0 1  R  4 R2 
11 1 1 2  1
 1 0 2    R  6 R2 
R 0 1 5   R2  2 R1  0 0 49 5 6 8 3
   R  3R 
 0 2 9 
3 1

1 0 30 3 4 5 
1
 1 0 2  R 0 1 11 1 1 2   R 3 
R 0 1 5   R3  2 R2  0 0 1 5 6 8   
49
  
 0 0 1 49 49 49 
3 16 5 
Which is the required Echelon form of A.

Q.2. Find the inverses of the following 1 0 0 49 49 49 
matrices by using elementary row R 0 1 0 6 17 10   R1  30 R3 
operations.  49 49 49   R2  11R3 
0 0 1 
 4 -2 5  3 -1 6 5 6 8 
i   2 1 0  ii   1 3 4 49 49 49 
-1 2 3 -1 5 1  3 16 5 
     49 49 49 
 1 2 -3  1 2 -1  
6
A 
10 
 iii   0 -2 0   iv  0 -1 3  1 17
 49 49 49 
-2 -2 2   - 0 2   
5 6 8 
Sol. i. Let  49 49 49 
Genius Series Maths 11 76 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 3 16 5 
17 31 
11
1 
A 1
6 17 10  Ans. 1 0 0 2 2  11 
  R1  R3 
49  R 0 1 0  5 
3 
 5 6 8  5 9
 
2 2   3 
0 0 1  R  R
 3 -1 6  4 7 5   2 5 3 
ii.  1 3 4 
 
 -1 5 1   17 31 
 2 11
Sol. Let 2
 
 3 1 6  5
 A 1   3  Ans.
9
A   1 3 4  A1  ?  2 2 
 
 1 5 1   4 7 5 
 
Consider
 3 1 6 1 0 0   1 2 -3 
 A | I    1 3 4 0 1 0 iii.  0 -2 0 
 
 1 5 1 0 0 1  -2 -2 2 
We use elementary row operations. Sol. Let
 1 3 4 0 1 0 1 2 3
R  3 1 6 1 0 0   R  R  A   0 2 0  , A1  ?
  1 2

 1 5 1 0 0 1   2 2 2 
1 3 4 0 1 0 Consider
R 0 10 6 1 3 0   R2  3R1  1 2 3 1 0 0 
  R  R  
0 8 5 0 1 1  3 1  A | I    0 2 0 0 1 0 
 2 2 2 0 0 1 
1 3 4 0 1 0
  1 2 3 1 0 0
R 0 1 3 1 3 0   1 R  R 0 2 0 0
 5 10 10
 2
  10   1 0   R3  2 R1 
0 8 5 0 
1 1  0 2 4 2 0 1 

 11 3 1  1 2 3 1 0 0 
1 0 0
R 0 2

5 10 10
  0 0 1 0   R3  R2 
R 0 1  R  3R2 
0 1
3 3
1  0 0 4 2 1 1 
 5 10 10   R  8R2 
  3
0 1 4 7 1 3 1 1 0 
1
0
0 R 0 2
 5 5 5 
 0 0 1 0   R1  R2 
 11 3 1   0 0 4 2 1 1 
1 0
5 10 10
0
  
R 0 3 1 0  1 
0   5 R3 
3 1 1

1
 1 0 3    R2 
5 10 10 R 0 1 1  2 

7 5 

 0 0 0 
0 0 1 4 2  1 
0 0 1  R3 
  1 1 1 
    4 
2 4 4
Genius Series Maths 11 77 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
1 1 3 2 4 5
   
1 0 0 2 4 4 1 0 0 3 3
  R  5R3 
 3
R 0 1 0 0  1 0  R 0 1 0 1 1 1  1
  R  3R3 
   R1  3R3 
0 0 1
2

0 0 1 1 2 1  2
1 1 1 
   3 3 3
2 4 4 
 2 4 5 
 1 1 3  3  3 3 
 2 4  4   
   A1   1 1 1  Ans.
1 
A  0 
1
0  Ans.  1 2 1
 2    
   3 3 3
 1  1  1 
 2 4 4  Q.3. Find the ranks of each of the
following matrices:
1 2 -1  1 0 -2  3 1 -4 
iv.  0 -1 3    0 2 1 
 (i)  2 2 1  (ii) 
1 0 2  -1 2 3  1 -1 -2 
Sol. Let Sol. Let
1 2 1  1 0 2 
A  0 1 3  , A1  ? A   2 2 1 
1 0 2   1 2 3 
Consider We use elementary row operations
1 2 1 1 0 0   1 0 2 
  0
A | I  1 3 0 1 0  R 0 2 5   R2  2 R1 
  R  R 
1 0 2 0 0 1   0 2 1  3 2

1 2 1 1 0 0  1 0 2 
R 0 1 3 0 1 0   R3  R1  R 0 2
  5   R3  R2 
0 2 3 1 0 1  0 0 4 
Which is the echelon form of the matrix A.
1 2 1 1 0 0 
R 0 1 3 0 1 0    R  Since the number of non-zero rows in the
  2 Echelon form of the matrix A are 3. So
0 2 3 1 0 1  Rank of A  3 Ans.
1 0 1 2 0
5 3 1 -4 
R 0 1 3 0 1 0   R1  2 R2  0
 ii.  2 1 
0 0 3 1 2 1   R3  2 R2   1 -1 -2 
 Sol. Let
1 0 5 1 2 0  3 1 4 
R 0 1 3 0 1 0    1 R 
  3 A   0 2 1 
 3 
0 0 1 1 2 1  11 2 

3 3 3 We use elementary row operations
Genius Series Maths 11 78 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
1 1 2  1 1 1 1 
R 0 2 1  R   
  1  R3  R 0 1 2 3  R  R 
 3 1 4  0 0 0 0 4 2

 
1 1 2  0 0 0 0
R 0 2 1   R3  3R1  Which is the Echelon form of the matrix A

0 4 2  so the non-zero rows in the Echelon form of
the matrix A are 2. Hence the rank of A is 2.
1 1 2 
R 0 2 1   R  2 R 
  3 2 System of linear equations:
0 0 0  a11 x  a12 y  a13 z  b1
Which is the Echelon form of the matrix A. a21 x  a22 y  a23 z  b2
Since the number of non-zero rows in the a31 x  a32 y  a33 z  b3
Echelon form of the matrix A are 2. So
In matrix form
Rank of A = 2 Ans.
 a11 a12 a13   x   b1 
Q.4. Find rank of the matrix. a    
2 3 4 5   21 a22 a23   y   b2 
3 4 5 6   a31 a32 a33   z  b3 
  AX  B  1 , where
4 5 6 7 
   a11 a12 a13 
 9 10 11 12  4×4
A   a21 a22 a23   Coefficent matrix 
2 3 4 5 
3 4 5 6   a31 a32 a33 
Sol. Let A     b1 
4 5 6 7 
  B  b2   Cons tan t vector / matrix 
9 10 11 12  b3 
Rank of A =?
We use elementary row operations x
2 3 4 5  X   y  Variable vector / matrix 
   z 
R 1 1 1 1   R2  R1 
1 1 1 1   R3  R2  i. If B = 0, then (1) is called
  homogeneous system of linear
9 10 11 12  equations.
1 1 1 1  ii. If 𝐵 ≠ 0, then (1) is called
  non-homogeneous system of
R 2 3 4 5   R  R 
1 1 1 1  1 2 linear equations.
  Solution of non-homogeneous system of
9 10 11 12  linear equations:
1 1 1 1  Consider the following system of non-
   R2  2 R1  homogeneous linear equations.
R 0 1 2 3  R  R  a11 x  a12 y  a13 z  b1
0 0 0 0  3 1

   R4  9 R1  a21 x  a22 y  a23 z  b2

0 1 2 3 a31 x  a32 y  a33 z  b3
In matrix form
Genius Series Maths 11 79 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 a11 a12 a13   x  b1 
a     3. Gauss elimination method
 21 a22 a23   y   b2  (Echelon method):
 a31 a32 a33   z  b3  The Augmented matrix is
 1 , Where
AX  B   a11 a12 a13 b1 
 a11 a12 a13   A | I    a21 a22 a23 b2 
A   a21 a22 a23   Coefficient Matrix   a31 a32 a33 b3 
 a31 a32 a33  Use elementary Row operations to reduced
the augmented matrix into echelon form and
x  then find the solution.
X   y  Variable matrix or variable vector  Note: If we adjoin the column vector B of
z 
  the constants to the matrix A on the right
separated by a vertical line is called
b1  augmented matrix (i.e  A | B  ).
B  b2   Constant matrix or constant vector  Note:
b 
 3 i. If Rank of A = Rank of  A | B 
1. Matrix method or matrix inversion = number of variables.
method:
 The system has a unique solution.
From (1), we have
AX = B ii. If Rank of A = Rank of  A | B  <
 A1  AX   A1 B (Pre-multiplying by A-1) number of variables.
 The system has infinitely many solutions.
  A1 A X  A1 B (By associative property)
iii. If Rank of A  Rank of  A | B 
 IX  A1 B  A1 A  I   The system has no solution.
4. Gauss – Jordon method
 X  A1 B    2  ( I is identity matrix) (reduced Echelon method):
Find A-1 and put the values of A-1 and B in The Augmented Matrix is
(2), simplify to get the required solution.  a11 a12 a13 b1 
 A | B    a21 a22 a23 b2 
Note: Matrix method is applicable if
A  0 or A1 exists.
 a31 a32 a33 b3 
2. Cramer’s Rule:
Use elementary row operations to reduced
If |A|  0
the augmented matrix into reduced echelon
 Cramer’s rule applicable.
form and then find the solution. This method
By Cramer’s rule
is called Guass – Jorden method.
A1 A2 A3 Homogeneous equation:
x ,y ,z where An equation in which each term has the
A A A
same degree is called a homogeneous
 b1 a12 a13   a11 b1 a13  equation. e.g.
A1  b2 a22 a23  , A2   a21
  b2 a23  , ax+by = 0 (Homogeneous equation of degree 1)
b3 a32 a33   a31 b3 a33  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 (Homogeneous equation
of degree 2)
 a11 a12 b1  ax3  bx 2 y  cz 3  0 (Homogeneous equation of
A3   a21 a22 b2  degree 3)
 a31 a32 b3 
Genius Series Maths 11 80 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
Solution of system of homogeneous linear rank of A < n. If rank of A = n and n = m,
equations: then Ax = 0 has trivial solution.
Consider the following system of
homogeneous linear equations.
EXERCISE 2.4
a11 x  a12 y  a13 z  0 Q.1. Solve the following systems of
a21 x  a22 y  a23 z  0 equations by matrix inversion method.
a31 x  a32 y  a33 z  0 i. 4x - 3y + z = 11
In matrix form 2x + y - 4z = -1
 a11 a12 a13   x   0  x + 2y - 2z = 1
a    
 21 a22 a23   y    0  ii. x+y+z =1
 a31 a32 a33   z   0  x + y - 2z = 3
AX  0   1 , Where 2x + y + z = 2
i. Sol. The given system is
 a11 a12 a13 
4 x  3 y  z  11
A   a21 a22 a23  (Coefficient matrix) 2 x  y  4 z  1
 a31 a32 a33  x  2 y  2z  1
x  In matrix form
X   y  (Variable matrix (vector))  4 3 1   x  11 
z   2 1 4   y    1
      
0  1 2 2   z  1 
0  0  (Zero (null) matrix (vector))  1 , Where
AX  B 
0
 
 4 3 1 
i. If |A|  0
 The system has a trivial (zero, unique) A   2 1 4  (Coefficient matrix)
solution.  1 2 2 
ii. If |A| = 0
x 
 The system has a non trivial (infinite, X   y  (Variable vector)
many) solutions. z 
Consistent System:  
A system of linear equation is said to be 11 
consistent if the system has only one B   1 (Constant vector)
(unique)) solution or it has infinitely many 1
 
solutions. Now
Inconsistent system:
4 3 1
A system of linear equations is said to be
inconsistent if the system has no solution. A  2 1 4
Note: 1. A homogeneous system of linear 1 2 2
Equations is always consistent. Expanding along R1, we get
2. (0,0,0) is always the solution of
1 4 2 4 2 1
homogeneous system of equations is called A 4   3 1
trivial or zero solution. The solutions of 2 2 1 2 1 2
AX = 0 other than zero solution if exist called  A  4  2  8  3  4  4   1 4  1
non-trivial or non-zero solution.
3. If AX = 0 is system of m homogeneous  A  4  6   3  0   1 3 
linear equations in n variables then the  A  24  0  3
system has non-trivial solution iff
Genius Series Maths 11 81 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
  2  A  0  A
 A  27  1
 A23   1 8  3  111
5
exists
 Matrix method is applicable.  A23  11
From (1), we have
3 1
A31   1
3 1
AX = B
 A1  AX   A1 B (Pre-multiplying by A-1) 1 4

  A1 A X  A1 B (By associative law)  A31   1 12  1  111

4

 IX  A1 B  A1 A  I   A31  11

4 1
  3 I is identity matrix  A32   1
3 2
 X  A1B 
2 4
Now
 A32   1  16  2 
5
1
A1    4 , A  0
adj A 
A  A32  1 18
Now we find the cofactors of each element of  A32  18
A by using the formula Aij   1
i j
M ij 4 3
A33   1
3 3

1 4
A11   1
11 2 1
2 2
 A33   1  4  6   110 
6

 A11   1  2  8  1 6 
2
 A33  10 Now
 A11  6
 A11 A21 A31 
A12   1
1 2 2 4 adj A   A12 A22 A32 
1 2  A13 A23 A33 
 A12   1  4  4   1 0 
3
 6 4 11
 A12  0 adj A   0 9 18     5
 3 11 10 
2 1
A13   1
1 3
Put (2) and (5) into (3), we get
1 2
 6 4 11
 A13   1  4  1  1 3 1 
0 9 18 
4
A 1 
27 
 A13  3  3 11 10 
3 1 Put the values of A-1 and B into (3)
A21   1
2 1

2 2  6 4 11  11
1 
X  0 9 18   1
 A21   1  6  2   1 4  27 
3
 
 3 11 10   1
 A21  4
66  4  11
1 
A22   1
2 2 4 1 X  0  9  18 
1 2 27 
 33  11  10 
 A22   1  8  1  1 9 
4

1  
81
 A22  9 X 27
27  54 
 
4 3
A23   1
23

1 2
Genius Series Maths 11 82 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 1 3  1 2 1 2 1 1
  81  A 1 1 1
1 1 2 1 2 1
 27 
X   1
 27   A  11  2   11  4   11  2 
 27 
   A  1 3  1 5  1 1
 1
 54 
2

 27   A  3  5 1

 x  3   i  i.e A  0  A1 exists

 A  3 
  y   1 
 z  2  Matrix method is applicable.
    Now from (1), we have
 x3 ( By equality AX = B
y=1 of matrices)  A1  AX   A1 B (Pre multiplying by A-1)
  A1 A X  A1 B (By associative law)
z=2
So the required solution is
 x, y, z    3,1, 2  Ans.  IX  A1 B ( A1 A  I )

ii. x y  z 1   2 (
 X  A1 B  I is identity matrix)

x  y  2z  3 As
2x  y  z  2 A1 
1
  3 , A  0
adj A 
Sol. The given system is A
x y  z 1 Now
x  y  2z  3 t
2x  y  z  2  A11 A12 A13 
In matrix form adj A   A21 A22 A23 
1 1 1   x  1   A31 A32 A33 
1 1 2   y   3 
      A11 A12 A13 
 2 1 1   z   2   adj A   A21 A22 A23    4 
 1 Where
AX  B   A31 A32 A33 
Now we find the cofactors of each element of
1 1 1 
A by using the formula Aij   1
i j
A   1 1 2  (Coefficient matrix) M ij
 2 1 1  1 2
A11   1
11

1 1
x 
X   y  (variable vector)  A11   1 1  2   1 3
2

z 
 
 A11  3
1 
B  3  (constant vector) 1 2
A12   1
1 2
2 2 1
 
  1 1  4   1 5  5
3
Now
1 1 1 1 1
A13   1
1 3
A  1 1 2 2 1
2 1 1
 A13   1 1  2   1 1
4

Expanding along R1, we get

 A13  1
Genius Series Maths 11 83 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
2 1 1 1  3 0 3
A21   1 1 
1 1 1
A  5 1 3 
3 
 A21   1 1  1  1 0 
3  1 1 0 
Put the values of A-1 and B into (2), we get
 A21  0
 3 0 3 1 
X    5 1 3  3 
1 1 1
A22   1
2 2

2 1 3  
 1 1 0   2 
 A22   1 1  2   1 1
4
 3  0  6
 X    5  3  6 
1
 A22  1
3
 1  3  0 
1 1
A23   1
23

3
2 1 1 
 X    2 
 A23   1 1  2   1 1 3 2 
5

 
 A23  1   1  3 
1 1  3 
A31   1  1 
3 1

1 2  X     2 
3
 1 
 A31   1  2  1  1 3   32 
4

 
 A31  3  
1 1 x   1 
A32   1
3 2

1 2
  y   2 
z   3
   2 
  1  2  1  1 3
5
 3 
 A32  3 By equality of matrices, we have

1 1 x = 1, y  2, z 2
A33   1
3 3 3 3
1 1 So required solution is
 A33   1 1  1  1 0 
6

 x, y, z   1, 23 ,  23  Ans.
 A33  0
Q.2. Solve the following system of
Putting all the above values in (4), we get equations by Gauss elimination method
 3 0 3  and Gauss Jordan method:
adj A   5 1 3  i. x - y + 4z = 4
 1 1 0  2x + 2y - z = 2
Put the values of |A| and adjA in (3), we 3x - 2y + 3z = -3
get ii. 2x + 4y - z = 0
 3 0 3 x - 2y - 2z = 2
1 
A1  5 1 3  -5x - 8y + 3z = -2
3 
 1 1 0  i. Sol. The given system is
x  y  4 z  4, 2 x  2 y  z  2
3x  2 y  3z  3
In matrix form
Genius Series Maths 11 84 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 1 1 4   x   4  0 x  y  9 z  15
 2 2 1  y    2   0  y  9  2   15
    
 3 2 3   z   3  y  18  15
 y  15  18
 AX = B, Where
 y3
 1 1 4 
R1 
A   2 2 1 (Coefficient matrix)
x  y  4z  4
 3 2 3   x  3  4(2)  4
x  x 38  4
X   y (Variable vector)  x5  4
z  x  45
 
 x  1
4
So required solution is
B2 (constant vector)
 3
   x, y, z    1, 3, 2  Ans.
a. Gauss elimination method: b. Gauss Jordan Method:
The augmented matrix is From 1st part, the last matrix is
 1 1 4 4  1 1 4 4 
 0 1 9 15 Echelon form
 A | B    2 2 1 2    
 3 2 3 3

 0 0 1 2 
We use elementary row operations 1 0 5 11
1 1 4 4  R  0 1 9 15  R  R 
R 0 4 9 6  ( R2  2 R1 ) 
2 
1 2

  0 0 1
15 ( R3  3R1 )
0 1 9 1 0 0 1
1 1 4 4 
R 0 1 0 3   R1  5R3 
R 0 1 9 15  R  R    ( R  9 R3 )
 0 0 1 2  2

2 3

0 4 9 6  Which is in reduced echelon form

1 1 4 4  R1  x  1
R 0 1 9 15   R3  4 R2 
 R2  y3
 0 0 27 54 
R3  z2
1 1 4 4  So required solution is
R 0 1 9 15  1 R 
  3 ( x, y, z)  (1,3, 2) Ans.
0 0 1 2   27 
ii. Sol. The given system is
Which is in echelon form 2 x  4 y  z  0, x  2 y  2 z  2
Rank of A = Rank of  A | B  5 x  8 y  3z  2
= No of variables = 3 In matrix form
 The system has a unique solution 2 4 1  x   0 
Now, we find the solution.  1 2 2   y    2 
R3      
0x  0 y  z  2  5 8 3   z   2 
 00 z  2 z  2 AX = B, where
R2 
Genius Series Maths 11 85 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
2 4 1  3 1
R2  y z 

A   1 2 2  (Coefficient matrix) 8 2
1
 5 8 3   y
3
82
4   
2
x 3 1
X   y  (Variable vector)  y 
z 2 2
  1 3
y 
0 2 2
B   2  (Constant vector) 1  3
 2  y  By taking L.C.M 
  2
4
a. Gauss elimination method: y
The augmented matrix is 2
2 4 1 0   y  2

 A | B    1 2 2 2  R1 

 5 8 3 2  x  2 y  2z  2
We use elementary Row operations  x  2  2   2  4   2
 1 2 2 2   x  48  2
R  2 4 1 0   R  R   x4  2
 
1 2
 x  24
 5 8 3 2 
 x6
1 2 2 2 
R 0  R  2 R1  So required solution is
3 4  2
 8
  R  5 R1   x, y, z    6, 2, 4  Ans.
0 18 7 8  3
b. Gauss Jordan method:
 1  2 2 2 From 1st part, the last matrix is
R 0 1 3 1 ( 1 R ) 1 2 2 2 

 8 2 8 2  
 0 18 7 8  0 1 3 1 
 8 2
 0 0 1 4 
1 2 2 2  
R 0 1 3 1 ( R  18 R ) 1 0 5
 8 2 3 2  4 1
   
R 0 1 3 1  ( R  2 R )
0 0 1
1
 1
 4  8 2
2

1 2 2 2  0 0 1 4 

R 0 1 3 1 (4 R )

 8 2 3
1 0 0 6  ( R  5 R )

4  R 0 1 0 2  1 4 3
0 0 1
  3
Which is in echelon form 0 0 1 4  ( R2  8 R3 )
Rank of A = Rank of  A | B  R1  x6
= No. of variables = 3 R 2  y  2
 The system has a unique solution. R3  z  4
Now we find the solution. So required solution is
R3  z4
( x, y, z )  (6,  2, 4) Ans.
Genius Series Maths 11 86 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
Note: We enter zero as the coefficient of | A1 | |A | |A |
variable whenever a variable is missing in the x , y  2 , z  3 , Where
| A| | A| | A|
equation.
 4 2 0  1 4 0 
Q.3. Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the
following system of equations:
 
A1   5 1 0  , A2   3 5 0  ,
i. x - 2y = -4 ii. x - y + 2z = 10  1 0 1   2 1 1 
3x + y = -5 2x + y - 2z = -4
 1 2 4 
A3   3 1 5 
2x + z = -1 3x + y + z = 7
i. Sol. The given system is
x  2 y  4 , 3x  y  5 , 2x  z  1  2 0 1
Re-writing the above system Now
x  2 y  0 z  4 4 2 0
3x  y  0 z  5 A1  5 1 0
2 x  0 y  z  1 1 0 1
In matrix form Expanding along R1, we get
1 2 0   x   4  1 0 5 0 5 1
 3 1 0   y    5  A1  4 2 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
    
 2 0 1   z   1 A1  4 1  0   2  5  0   0
 AX = B, where A1  4  10
 1 2 0
  ii 
A1  14 
A   3 1 0  (Coefficient matrix)
 2 0 1  1 4 0
A2  3 5 0
x 
X   y  (Variable vector) 2 1 1
z  Expanding along R1, we get
 
5 0 3 0 3 5
 4  A2  1 4 0
B   5 (Constant vector) 1 1 2 1 2 1
 1 A2  1 5  0   4  3  0   0
 
Now A2  5  12
1 2 0   iii 
A2  7 
A  3 1 0 Now
2 0 1 1 2 4
Expanding along R1, we get | A3 | 3 1 5
1 0 3 0 3 1 2 0 1
A 1   2  0
0 1 2 1 2 0 Expanding along R1, we get
A  11  0   2  3  0   0 1 5 3 5 3 1
A3  1   2  4
A  1 6 0 1 2 1 2 0

 i  , A  0
A  7   A3  1 1  0   2  3  10   4  0  2 
 A3  1 1  2  7   4  2 
 Cramer ' s rule is applicable
 A3  1  14  8
So by Cramer’s rule
  iv 
 A3  21 
Genius Series Maths 11 87 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
10 
Now B   4  (Constant vector)
A1 7
x  
A Now
 14
2 1 1 2
x (Use (i) and (ii)) A  2 1 2
7
3 1 1
 x  2
Expanding along R1, we get
A2
y 1 2 2 2 2 1
A A 1   1 2
1 1 3 1 3 1
 A  11  2   1 2  6   2  2  3
7
y (Use (i) and (ii))
 A  1 3  1 8   2  1
7
 y 1  A  38 2
A3   i  i.e A  0
 A  9 
z
A  Cramer’s rule is applicable
21 So by Cramer’s Rule
z (Use (i) and (iv))
7 A A A
x  1 , y  2 , z  3 , where
 z 3 A A A
So required solution is 10 1 2 1 10 2 
( x, y, z )  (1,1,3) Ans. A1   4 
1 2  , A2   2 4 2 
ii. x - y + 2z = 10  7 1 1   3 7 1 
2x + y - 2z = -4 1 1 10 
3x + y + z = 7 A3   2 1 4 
Sol. The given system is  3 1 7 
x  y  2 z  10
2 x  y  2 z  4 Now
3x  y  z  7 10 1 2
In matrix form A1  4 1 2
 1 1 2   x  10  7 1 1
 2 1 2   y    4  Expanding along R1, we get
    
 3 1 1   z   7  1 2 4 2 4 1
A1  10   1 2
1 1 7 1 7 1
 AX = B, where
 1 1 2   A1  10 1  2   1 4  14   2  4  7 
A   2 1 2  (Coefficient matrix)  A1  10  3  110   2  11
 3 1 1   A1  30  10  22
 A1  40  22
x 
X   y  (Variable vector)  A1  18
z 
 
Now
Genius Series Maths 11 88 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
1 10 2 Q.4. Solve the following system of
homogeneous equations:
A2  2 4 2
i. x1 - x 2 + x 3 = 0, x1 + 2x 2 - x 3 = 0
3 7 1 2x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 0
Expanding along R1 , we obtain
ii. x1 + x2  2x 3 = 0, - 2x1 + x 2 - x 3 = 0
4 2 2 2 2 4 -x1 + 5x2 + 4x3 = 0
A2  1  10 2
7 1 3 1 3 7 i. Sol. The given system is
 A2  1 4  14   10  2  6   2 14  12  x1  x2  x3  0, x1  2 x2  x3  0
 A2  110   10 8   2  26  2 x1  x2  3x3  0
 A2  10  80  52 In matrix form
 A2  62  80 1 1 1   x1  0 
1 2 1  x   0 
 A2  18   2  
 2 1 3   x3  0 
1 1 10
 AX = 0, Where
A3  2 1 4
1 1 1 
A  1 2 1 (Coefficient matrix)
3 1 7
Expanding along R1, we get
 2 1 3 
1 4 2 4 2 1
A3  1   1  10  x1 
1 7 3 7 3 1
X   x2  (Variable vector)
A3  1 7  4   114  12   10  2  3 x 
 3
A3  111  1 26   10  1
0 
A3  11  26  10
O   0  (Zero vector)
  iv 
A3  27  0 
 
Now The augmented matrix is
18 A1
2
1 1 1 0 
x  2
A 9  A | O   1 2 1 0 

 x2  2 1 3 0 

| A2 | We use elementary row operations

y 1 1 1 0 
R 0 3 2 0   R2  R1 
A
2    R3  2 R1 
18 0 3 1 0 
y (Use (i) and (iii))
9
1 1 1 0 
 y  2 R  0 3 2 0   R  R 
 
3 2
A3  0 0 3 0 
z
A Which is in echelon form
3 Rank of A  rank of  A | O  no. of var iables  3
27
z  The system has a trivial solution.
9
Now we find the solution
 z 3 R3  3x3  0
So required solution is
 x3  0 ( 3  0)
 x, y, z    2, 2,3 Ans.
Genius Series Maths 11 89 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
R2  1 1 2 0
3 x2  2 x3  0 R 0 3 3 0   R3  2 R2 

 3 x2  2  0   0  0 0 0 0

 3 x2  0  0
 3 x2  0 1
1 2 0
R 0 1 
 x2  0  3  0  1 1  0   R2 
  3 
0
0 0  0 
R1 
x1  x2  x3  0 Which is in echelon form.
 x1  0  0  0 Rank of A  rank of  A | O  no. of var iables
 x1  0  The system has a non-trivial solution.
Now we find the solution
So required solution is
R2  x2  x3  0
 x1 , x2 , x3    0, 0, 0  Ans.
i 
 x2   x3 
Let x3  t , t  R
ii. x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 0, - 2x1 + x2 - x3 = 0
-x1 + 5x2 + 4x3 = 0 Put x3 = t in (i), we get
Sol. The given system is x2  t
x1  x2  2 x3  0 R1  x1  x2  2 x3  0
 2 x1  x2  x3  0  x1  t  2t  0
 x1  5 x2  4 x3  0  x1  t  0  x1  t
In matrix form So required solution is
 1 1 2   x1  0   x1 , x2 , x3    t ,  t , t ) ; t  R  Ans.
 2 1 1  x   0 
  2  
 1 5 4   x3  0  Q.5. For what value of , the following
system of homogeneous equations has a
 AX = 0, Where non trivial solution. Solve the system.
1 1 2 x1 + 5x2 + 3x 3 = 0, 5x1 + x 2  λx3 = 0
A   2 1 1 (Coefficient matrix) x1 + 2x2 + λx3 = 0
 1 5 4  Sol. The given system is
 x1  x1  5 x2  3x3  0
X   x2  (Variable vector)  1
5 x1  x2   x3  0 
x  x1  2 x2   x3  0
 3
0 The coefficient matrix of the above system
0  0  (Zero vector) (1) is
0 1 5 3 
 
The augmented matrix is A  5 1  
 1 1 2 0 1 2  
 A | O    2 1 1 0  If the system has a non-trivial solution, then

 1 5 4 0  A 0
We use elementary row operations 1 5 3
1 1 2 0   5 1   0
R 0 3 3 0   R2  2 R1  1 2 
   R3  R1 
0 6 6 0  Expanding along R1, we get
Genius Series Maths 11 90 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
1  5  5 1 1 5 3  0 
1 5 3 0 R 0 3 2  0   R  R 
2  1  1 2
  
3 2

 1   2   5  5     3 10  1  0  0 0 0  0 
 1 3   5  6   3  9   0 Which is in echelon form.
 3  30  27  0 Rank of A=Rank of [A|O]<No. of variables.
 27  27  0  The system has a non-trivial solution.
 27  27 Now we find the solution
   1  Dividing by -27  Ans. R2  3 x2  2 x3  0
 3 x2  2 x3
2nd Part:
2
To solve the system  x2  x3   i 
Put   1 in (1), we get 3
x1  5 x2  3 x3  0 Let   ii  ,  t  R 
x3  t 
5 x1  x2  x3  0
x1  2 x2  x3  0 Put x3 = t in (i), we get
2
In matrix form x2    iii 
t 
1 5 3   x1   0  3
5 1 1  x    0  R1 
  2  
1 2 1   x3   0  x1  5 x2  3 x3  0
 x1  5 x2  3x3
 AX = 0, Where
1 5 3  3 
 x1  5 2 t  3t Use  ii  and  iii  
A  5 1 1 (Coefficient matrix) 10
 x1 
t  3t
1 2 1  3
 x1  10t  9t
 x1  (By taking L.C.M.)
X   x2  (Variable vector) 3
x 
 3  x1 
t
0 3
0  0  (Null vector) So required solution is

 x1, x2 , x3    13 t, 32 t, t  , t  R Ans.

0
 
The augmented matrix is
1 5 3 0 
[ A | O]  5 1 1 0  REVIEW EXERCISE 2

1 2 1 0  Q.1. Choose the correct option.
7 a  5b 3c 
We use elementary row operations If   0 then which of the
2 
i.
1 5 3  0  1
R 0 24 16  0   R2  5 R1  following is correct?
    R3  R1  a. 14a+3c = 5b b. 14a-3c = 5b
 0 3 2  0 
c. 14a+3c = 10b d. 14a+10b = 3c
1 5 3  0  a11 a12 a13 
R  0 3 2  0   1 R  ii. If A   a21 a22 a23  and Aij is the
   2 
 8 
 0 3 2  0   a31 a32 a33 
cofactor of aij in A. then the value of |A| is
given by
Genius Series Maths 11 91 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
a. a11 A31  a12 A32  a13 A33 A3  125
b.
c.
a11 A11  a12 A21  a13 A31
a21 A11  a22 A12  a23 A13
 A  125
3
 An  A ,  n  N
n

 A . A . A  125
  2  4  2  4  2  4   125
d. a11A11+a21A21+a31A31
 2 
iii. If A    and A  125 then the
3

2    2  4   53
3

value of  is 2 4  5
a. 1 b. 2 2  5 4
c. 3 d. 5 2  9
iv. If |A| = 47, then find |At|.
a -47 b. 47  2  9
c. 0    3
d. cannot be determined
v. If det(A)=5, find det(15A), where A is (iv). Sol. (b)
of order 22. As
a. 225 b. 75 At  A
c. 375 c. 1125
 At  47
3 0 (v). Sol. (d) As
vi. If A    then find A, n  N
0 3 det  kA   k n  det A   If O  A   n and k is scalar 
 det 15 A   15  .5  O  A   2 
2
3n 0  3 0
a.  0 3n  b. 0 3   225  .5  1125
   
 1 0 
c. 3n   d. I22
 0 1  3 0
(vi) Sol. A   
Q.1. (i).Sol. (c) 0 3
We know that if A is a diagonal matrix then the diagonal
7 a  5b 3c
0 entries of An arethe nth power of the diagonal entries of A
1 2 3n 0 
 An   n
  7 a  5b  2    1 3c   0 0 3 
 14a  10b  3c  0  1 0 
 An  3n  
 14a  3c  10b 0 1 

(ii)Sol. (d) Q.2. Compute the product:

a11 a12 a13 -5 1  5
 6 -1 4 -5 -1 -4 
A  a21 a22 a23   5 6 1   
-2 0   1
a31 a32 a33
 A  a11 A11  a21 A21  a31 A31 Sol. Given that
 5 1  5 
(iii). Sol. (c) Given that  6 1  4 5 1  4 
  5 6 1   
 2  3  2 0    1 
A  , A  125
2   20  5 25  6 5  1   5 
 2
A   24  5 30  6 6  1  4 
2   
 8  0 10  0 2  0   1 
 A 2 4
Now
Genius Series Maths 11 92 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 15 31 6   5  0 0 0 
  19 36 7   4   0 0 0   0  R.H .S Hence proved.
 
 8 10 2   1  0 0 0 
 75  124  6   193
2 1 3  4 0 1
 95  144  7    232  Ans.
 40  40  2   78  Q.4. If A  0 4 6 , B   2 0 3 
 
       
 7 2 1   1 2 4 
1 2 2 
Find 2A  B 2
Q.3. Prove that A =  2 1 2 
 
 2 2 1  Sol. Given that
 2 1 3  4 0 1
Satisfies A2 – 4A – 5I = 0
Sol. Given that A   0 4 6  and B   2 0 3 
1 2 2   7 2 1   1 2 4 
A   2 1 2  We need to find 2A  B 2
 2 2 1 
As
We need to prove that
B 2  B.B
A2  4 A  5 I  0
 4 0 1  4 0 1
 B   2 0 3   2 0 3 
As 2

1 2 2  1 2 2   1 2 4   1 2 4 
A2  A  A   2 1 2   2 1 2   16  0  1 0  0  2 4  0  4 
 2 2 1   2 2 1   B   8  0  3
2
0  0  6 2  0  12 
1  4  4 2  2  4 2  4  2   4  4  4 0  0  8 1  6  16 
A   2  2  4 4  1  4 4  2  2 
2

17 2 8
 2  4  2 4  2  2 4  4  1 
 B   5 6
2
10 
9 8 8   4 8 23 
A2  8 9 8  Now
8 8 9  2 1 3 17 2 8
L.H.S = A  4 A  5I
2
2 A  B  2  0
2
4 6    5 6 10 
9 8 8 1 2 2  1 0 0 7 2 1   4 8 23 
 8 9   
8   4  2 1 2   5 0 1 0   4 2 6  17 2 8
8 8 9   2 2 1  0 0 1   2 A  B 2   0 8 12    5 6 10 
9 8 8   4 8 8   5 0 0 14 4 2   4 8 23 
 8 9 8   8 4 8   0 5 0 
 4  17 2  2 6  8 
8 8 9  8 8 4  0 0 5   2 A  B   0  5 8  6 12  10 
2

9  4  5 8  8  0 8  8  0  14  4 4  8 2  23 
 8  8  0 9  4  5 8  8  0 
8  8  0 8  8  0 9  4  5   13 4 14 
 2 A  B   5 2
2
2 
 18 4 21
Genius Series Maths 11 93 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
13 4 14  L.H .S   a  1  a  1
2

 2 A  B  5 2
2
2  L.H .S   a  1
3

18 4 21  L.H .S  R.H .S Hence proved.

Expanding along R1, we obtain  3 1 -1 t
2 2 5 2 5 2
Q.6. If A =   then show that AA
2 A  B  13
2
4  14  0 1 2 
4 21 18 21 18 4
and AtA are symmetric.
2 A  B2  13  42  8  4 105  36   14  20  36  Sol. Given that
 2 A  B 2  13  34   4  69   14  16   3 1 1
A 
 2 A  B 2  442  276  224 0 1 2 
We need to show that AAt and AtA are both
 2 A  B 2  442  500
symmetric.
 2 A  B 2  58 Ans. Now
Q.5. Using properties of determinants,  3 1 1
A 
prove that 0 1 2 
a 2  2a 2a  1 1  3 0
2a  1 a  2 1   a  1 A   1 1   Taking transpose 
3 t

3 3 1  1 2 
Proof. Now
 3 0
 3 1 1  
a  2a 2a  1 1
2
AA  
t
  1 1
L.H .S  2a  1 a  2 1 0 1 2   1 2 
 
3 3 1  9  1  1 0  1  2
AAt   
a 1 a 1 0
2
0  1  2 0  1  4 
 R  R2 
 L.H .S  2a  2 a  1 0 1 11 1
 R  R3  AAt   
3 3 1 2  1 5 
Expanding along C3, we obtain Taking transpose on both sides
11 1
t
a2 1 a 1
 AAt   1 5 
t
L.H .S  0  0  1
2a  2 a  1  
a 1 a 1 11 1
  AA   
2
t t
 L.H .S  
2a  2 a  1  1 5 
 a  1 a  1  a  1   AAt   AAt
t

 L.H .S 
2  a  1  a  1 So AAt is symmetric.
 1  b.
 R1 
a  1 1   a  1  Now
 L.H .S   a  1 a  1
2 1 1   3 0
  a  1 R2   3 1 -1
  A t A =  1 1  
0 1 2 
 L.H .S   a  1
2
  a  11  2 1   -1 2  

 L.H .S   a  1  a  1  2 
2
Genius Series Maths 11 94 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 9  0 3  0 3  0  1 0 1 0 1 0 
A A   30
t
1  1 1  2  R 0 1 0 1 0 1   R2  R3 
  
 3  0 1  2 1  4   0 4 1 0 4 1 
 9 3 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 
At A   3 2 1  R 0 1 0 1 0 1  1R 
  2

 3 1 5   0 4 1 0 4 1 
Taking transpose on both sides 1 0 1 0 1 0 
 9 3 3  9 3 3
t
R 0 1 0 1 0 1  R3  4 R2 

 A A   3 2 1    3 2 1 
t
 0 4 4 3
t
0 1
 3 1 5   3 1 5  1 0 0 4 3 3
R 0 1 0 1  R1  R3 
  A A   A A.
t
t t
 1 0
0 0 1 4 4 3
At A is symmetric.
4 3 3 4 3 3

Q.7. if A  1 0 1  A   1 0 1
1

 
 4 4 3  4 4 3
Prove that A1  A  A  A Use 1  Hence proved.
1

Sol. Given that  4 3

4 3 3 Q.8. If A    , then find A+10A
-1

 2 1 

A   1 0 1   1
Sol. Given that
 4 4 3  4 3
A 
We need to show that A1  A  2 1 
Now We need to find A+10A-1.
4 3 3 1 0 0 As
 1 0 1 0 1 0 
  
A | I    4 3
A   1  given 
 4 4 3 0 0 1   2 1
We use elementary row operations 4 3
 A
2 1
 1 0 1 0 1 0
R 4  A   4 1   2  3
 3 3 1 0 0   R1  R2 
 A  46
 4 4 3 0 0 1   A  10    2  i.e A  0  A1 exists.
1 0 1 0 1 0  Now
R 4 3 3 1 0 0   1R1 
  4 3
A 
 4 4 3 0 0 1   2 1 
1 0 1 0 1 0   1 3 
 R  4 R1   Adj A       3
R 0 3 1 1 4 0  2 2 4 
  R  4 R1 
 0 4 1 0 4 1  3
Genius Series Maths 11 95 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
As 4 
A1 
1
adj A, A  0 B   2   Constant vector 
 1
A  
1 1 3
Use  2  and  3 
Now
 A1  
10  2 4   1 1 1 1 0 0

1 3
 10 A1     4  A | I    2 3 1 0 1 0
   1 2 1 0 0 1 
2 4  
Adding (1) and (4), we obtain We use elementary Row operations
 4 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 0
A  10 A1   
 2 1   2 4 
 R 0 5 1 2 1 0   R2  2 R1 
  R  R 
 4  1 3  3  0 3
0 1 
1
 A  10 A1   
3 0 1
 2  2 1  4 
1 1 1 1 0 0
5 0  R 0 1 1 0 1 2   R  2 R 
 A  10 A1   
0 5    2 3

0 3 0 1 0 1 
1 0 
 A  10 A1  5   Take 5 common  1 0 2 1 1 2 
0 1   R  R2 
R 0 1 1 0 2  1
 A  10 A1  5.I Ans.  1
 R  3R2 
 0 0 3 1 3 5  3
Q.9. Solve the system
x + y + z = 4, 
2x – 3y + z = 2, 1 0 2 1 1 2   1 
−x + 2y – z = −1 R 0 1 1 0 1 2   3 R3 
  
by using the following methods:
0 0 1 1 5 
(i) Matrix inversion 1 
(ii) Gauss elimination. 3 3
(iii) Gauss Jordan and (iv) Cramer’s Rule. 1 4
1
Sol. (i) Matrix inversion method:
1 0 0 3 3

R 0 1 0 1 0 1   R1  2 R3 
The given system is
x yz  4 
2x  3y  z  2 3 3   R2  R3 
0 0 1 
 x  2 y  z  1 1 5 
1
In matrix form 3 3 
 1 1 1   x  4  1 4
 2 3 1   y    2  3 1 3
      
 1 2 1  z   1  A 1  
1
0
1 
3 3
 AX  B   1 , where  
 1 1 5 
1 1 1  3 3 
A   2 3 1   Coefficient matrix  1 3 4 
1  
1 0 1   Taking Common 
 1 2 1 1
 A1 
3  3 
x  1 3 5
X   y   Variable vector 
z 
  Now from (1), we have
AX = B
Genius Series Maths 11 96 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
 A1  AX   A1 B  Pr e  multiplying by A1  1 1 1 4
R 0 1 1 0   R3  3R2 
  A1 A X  A1 B  by associative property   
0 0 3 3
 IX  A1 B  A1 A  I 
1 1 1 4
 X  A1 B  I is identity matrix  R 0 1 
1 1 0   R3 
  3 
1 3 4   4   0 0 1 1
 X  1 0 1   2 
1
3   Which is in Echelon form.
1 3 5  1 As
Rank of A  Rank of  A | B   No. of var iables  3
4 6 4
 X  4  0  1 
1  The system has a unique solution.
3 4  6  5  Now we find the solution.
 
R3  0 x  0 y  z  1
 6
1 00 z 1
 X  3 
3 3  z 1
  R2  0 x  y  z  0
 2 1 0  y 1  0
6  3  y 1  0
 
1  y 1
 X  3 
 3  R1  x yz  4
 1 
3   x 11  4
 3  x2 4
 x   2 x  42
  y   1  x2
 z  1  The required solution is
   
 x  2, y  1, z  1  x, y, z    2, 1, 1 Ans.
So the required solution is (iii) Gauss Jordan Method:
 x, y, z    2, 1, 1 Ans. From (ii), the last matrix is
(ii) Guass elimination method: 1 1 1 4 
The augmented matrix is  0 1 1 0 
 
1 1 1 4   0 0 1 1 
 A | B   2 3 1 2 
 1 0 2 4 
 1 2 1 1 R 0 1 1 0   R  R 
 
1 2
We use elementary row operations 0 0 1 1 
1 1 1 4 
R 0 5 1 6   R2  2 R1  1 0 02
 R 0 1 0 1   R1  2 R3 
  R  R1  
 0 3 0 3  3   R2  R3 
 0 0 1 1 
1 1 1 4
R 0 1 1 0   R2  2 R3 
Which is in reduced Echelon form.
 R1 
0 3 0 3  x2
R2 
y 1
R3 
z 1
Genius Series Maths 11 97 Unit-2 Matrices and Determinants
So the required solution is Now
 x, y, z    2,1,1 Ans. 1 4 1
(iv) Cramer’s Rule: A2   2 2 1 
The coefficient matrix is  1 1 1
1 1 1 1 4 1
A   2 3 1   A2  2 2 1
 1 2 1  1  1 1
1 1 1 Expanding along R1, we obtain
 A  2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
A2  1 4 1
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Expanding along R1, we obtain  A2  1 2  1  4  2  1  1 2  2 
3 1 2 1 2 3  A2  1 1  4  1  1 0 
A 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 2  A2  1  4
 A  1 3  2   1 2  1  1 4  3  A2  3
 A  11  1 1  11
 A  111 Now
 A  3 i.e A  0  Cramer ' s rule is applicable. 1 1 4
By Cramer’s Rule A3   2 3 2 
A A A  1 2 1
x  1 , y  2 , z  3 , where
A A A 1 1 4
4 1 1 1 4 1  A3  2 3 2
A1   2 3 1  , A2   2 2 1  1 2 1
 1 2 1  1 1 1 Expanding along R1, we obtain
3 2 2 2 2 3
1 1 4 A3  1 1 4
2 1 1 1 1 2
A3   2 3 2 
 A3  1 3  4   1 2  2   4  4  3 
 1 2 1
 A3  1 1  1 0   4 1
Now
 A3  1  0  4
4 1 1
A1   2 3 1   A3  3
 1 2 1 Now
2
4 1 1 A1 6
x  2
 A1  2 3 1 A 3
1 2 1 A 3
y  2  1
Expanding along R1, we obtain A 3
3 1 2 1 2 3 A 3
A1  4 1 1 z  3  1
2 1 1 1 1 2 A 3
 A1  4  3  2   1 2  1  1 4  3 So the required solution is
 A1  4 1  1 1  11  x, y, z    2, 1, 1 Ans.
 A1  4  1  1  A1  6
End of Unit-2