Analytic Geometry
Analytic Geometry
Lecture:
l. Rectangular Coordinates
A. Distance Between Two Points
d = PrPz
1. Internal Division - lf the line segments PrP, PPz are such that y
PrP [1
FFr= r,
then, the coordinates of P are:
I2X1 + I1X2
- ft+fz
,,_hYt+frYz
' - lr+tz
2. External Division - since P1P and PP2 are
measured in opposite directions, their
ratio mus! be negative
lTl = IZlfl 0,
A line sloping upward to the right has a positive slope.
A line sloping downward to the right has a negative slope.
m =tan *:S
F. Parallel Lines - lf two lines are parallel,
they have the same slope
Iilt = l1z
lile = -1lmr
l. Area ol a Polygon
0r'az)
fl. Polar Ccordinates A
\,d
/
A. Distance between Two Points t\
A 'v"e')
From cosine Law: ,r6"-el
d2 =rr2 +rz2-2rrrecos (02-or) #
C. Classification of Curves
1. Algebraic Plane Curve -one whose equation in rectangular coordinates
is a polynomial in x and y equated to zero
Example: x' - xy+ x + 3y - 5=0
Xs+2x2y-y3+5y=0
2. Transcendental Curve - one whose equation in rectangular coordinates
involves transcendental functions
ExamPle:Y=sinx Y=logx
D. I}egree cf an Algebraic curve
An algebraiciurve whose equation is of the nth degree is called a curve of
the nth degree.
ExamPle:3x2y+2x2-y=6 is of third degree
vlx=1 is of first degree
iF: t* + 3)/ (x2 + 2x) is of fourth degree
X=ICOS0
v=rSifl0
xt +t' =Y'
,:'{f,V
cos0=++y' sin0=+
",1x" { xt + f
V. Conic Sections - The path of a point which moves so that its distance from a
fixed point is in a constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line.
A. General Equation:
The locus of points which are equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed line.
The conic whose eccentricity is 1. The length of the LatuS Rectum = 4a.
A. GeneralEquation
An equation of the second degree in which the xy-term is missing and
only one square term is present represents a parabola with its axis parallel to
the coordinate axis.
Af+Dx+Ex+F=0
Ax2+Dx+Ev+F=0
B. Standard Forms
a. V (0,0)
f-= +u curue opens to the right, axis Ox
y' = -4ax curve opens to the left, axis Ox
xz = 4ay curve opens upward, axis Oy
x2 = -4ay curve opens downward, axis Oy
b. v (h,k)
{y -k)2 = 4a(x - h) curve opens to the right, axis // to Ox
(V -k)2 = -4a(x - h) curve opens to the left, axis // to Ox
(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k) curve opens to the upward, axis llto Oy
(x - h)2 = -4a(y - k) curve opens to the downward, axis ll to Oy
The locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its distances from two
fixed points is constani. The conic section for which e < 1 .
Ax2+Cf+Dx+Ey+F=0
B. Standard Forms
a. C (0,0)
x'la' * tf fb' = 1 major axis is Ox
b. e (h,k)
(x-h)2+ (v-k)2_, major axis is // to Ox
a, b2 -r
major axis is // to Oy
The locus of a point which moves so that the difference of its distances from
two fixed points is constant. The conic section for which e > 1.
b. c (h,k)
(x
- h)2 (v
- k)2 , transverse axis ll to Ox
tb'
-(v
- k)2
- (x - h)2= 1
-:r tranrverse axis // to Oy
a' .bz
Equation of a Asymptote:
y-k=rn(x-h)
where: (h,k) is the center
m = db if the axis is vertieal
m = b/a if the axis is horizontal