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Analytic Geometry

This document provides an overview of analytic geometry concepts: 1. It discusses rectangular coordinates including distance between points, midpoint of a line segment, and division of a line segment. 2. It covers the inclination, slope, parallel and perpendicular lines, and the angle between two lines. 3. It describes polar coordinates, curves and functions including locus of an equation, intercepts on axes, and classification of curves. 4. The straight line is discussed including general equation of first degree, lines parallel to axes, point-slope form, lines through two points, slope-intercept form, and intercept form. 5. Conic sections including the circle, parabola, and ellipse are
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
271 views6 pages

Analytic Geometry

This document provides an overview of analytic geometry concepts: 1. It discusses rectangular coordinates including distance between points, midpoint of a line segment, and division of a line segment. 2. It covers the inclination, slope, parallel and perpendicular lines, and the angle between two lines. 3. It describes polar coordinates, curves and functions including locus of an equation, intercepts on axes, and classification of curves. 4. The straight line is discussed including general equation of first degree, lines parallel to axes, point-slope form, lines through two points, slope-intercept form, and intercept form. 5. Conic sections including the circle, parabola, and ellipse are
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ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Lecture:

l. Rectangular Coordinates
A. Distance Between Two Points

d = PrPz

from the Pythagorean Theorem:


d2 = (xe- * {yr-yr},
",)t
d=m
B. Midpoint of a Line Segment

The coordinates of the point {x,y} midway


between Pr (xr,yr) and Pz (x2,y2) are:

)(=Yz (x1 + x2)

y= 1/z (yr + yr)

C. Division of a Line Segment

1. Internal Division - lf the line segments PrP, PPz are such that y
PrP [1
FFr= r,
then, the coordinates of P are:
I2X1 + I1X2
- ft+fz

,,_hYt+frYz
' - lr+tz
2. External Division - since P1P and PP2 are
measured in opposite directions, their
ratio mus! be negative

D. Inclination ( s ) - The angle of inclination oi a straight line is the smallest


positive angle from the positive x-axis to the line.
E. Slope {m) - The slope of the line is the tangent of the angle of inclination

lTl = IZlfl 0,
A line sloping upward to the right has a positive slope.
A line sloping downward to the right has a negative slope.

The slope of the line parallel to the x-axis is zero.

m =tan *:S
F. Parallel Lines - lf two lines are parallel,
they have the same slope

Iilt = l1z

G. Perpendicular Lines - Two lines are perpendicular


if and only if their slopes are
negative reciprocals.

lile = -1lmr

H. Angle between Two Lines


. -IIlz ITlt
I€lflP= T-mlm,

l. Area ol a Polygon

Area : l;i ;; ii i. iil Yz

0r'az)
fl. Polar Ccordinates A
\,d
/
A. Distance between Two Points t\
A 'v"e')
From cosine Law: ,r6"-el
d2 =rr2 +rz2-2rrrecos (02-or) #

lll. Curves; Functions

A. Locus ol an Equation -The locus of an equation is a curve containing those


points, and only those points, whose coordinates satisfy
the equation.

B. Intercepts on the Axes


1. x-intercept. The directed distance from the origin cut off by the curve on
the x-axis.
2. y-intercept. The directed distance from the origin cut off by the curve on
the y-axis.

C. Classification of Curves
1. Algebraic Plane Curve -one whose equation in rectangular coordinates
is a polynomial in x and y equated to zero
Example: x' - xy+ x + 3y - 5=0
Xs+2x2y-y3+5y=0
2. Transcendental Curve - one whose equation in rectangular coordinates
involves transcendental functions
ExamPle:Y=sinx Y=logx
D. I}egree cf an Algebraic curve
An algebraiciurve whose equation is of the nth degree is called a curve of
the nth degree.
ExamPle:3x2y+2x2-y=6 is of third degree
vlx=1 is of first degree
iF: t* + 3)/ (x2 + 2x) is of fourth degree

lV. The Straight Line


A. General Equation of First Degree

Ax + By + C = 0 Every straight line may be represented by an equation


of the first degree.

B. Line Parallel to a Goordinate Axis

C. Point-Slope Form: y -yr = m(x - x1)

D. Lines through Two Points: y -yr _,!z Jt


X-Xt -,:{-2-Xl
E. Slop-lntercept Form: = ffix + b
y

F. lntercept Form: rta + ylb : 1

G. Polar Equation of the Straight Line: rcos {F - e) = p

H. Change of Coordinate System

X=ICOS0
v=rSifl0
xt +t' =Y'

,:'{f,V
cos0=++y' sin0=+
",1x" { xt + f

l. Normal Form of the Equation of a Straight Line: xcos B + ysin B = p

To reduce to the Normal Form:


1. Theequation Ax+ By+C= 0, dividethrough by{A2+ 82 , usingthe
sign of B in front of the square root, then transfer the constant term to
the other side of the equation;
Z.Fhe equation Ax + C = 0, solve for x.
Directed Distance from Line to Point

The directed distance from the line

Ax + By + C = 0 to the point (x1,y1) is:


A*t +-By, 1 C
v-: _
^
where the ambiguous sign is taken like
the sign of B, or it B:0, like the sign of A

V. Conic Sections - The path of a point which moves so that its distance from a
fixed point is in a constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line.

General Equation of a Conic: At2+ Bxy+Cf + Dx +Ex + F=0


Focus - fixed point
Directrix - fixed line
Line of Symmetry - line through the focus perpendicular to the directrix
Latus Rectum - line through the focus parallel to the directrix
Axis of the Curve - line through the focus perpendicular to the directrix
Vertex - the point midway between the focus and the directrix

1. The Circle (formed by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone)

A circle is the locus of a point that moves at a constant distance from


a fixed point called the center.

A. General Equation:

An equation of the second degree in which x2 and yz have equal


coefiicients and the xy-term is missing represents a circle.
x'*f+Dx+Ey+F=0
B. Equation of a Circle
lf the center is the origin, lf the center is the point (h,k),
x'+f=f (x-h)'+(Y-k)'=f

2. Parabola ( formed by a plane parallel to the lateral side of the cone)

The locus of points which are equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed line.
The conic whose eccentricity is 1. The length of the LatuS Rectum = 4a.

A. GeneralEquation
An equation of the second degree in which the xy-term is missing and
only one square term is present represents a parabola with its axis parallel to
the coordinate axis.
Af+Dx+Ex+F=0
Ax2+Dx+Ev+F=0
B. Standard Forms
a. V (0,0)
f-= +u curue opens to the right, axis Ox
y' = -4ax curve opens to the left, axis Ox
xz = 4ay curve opens upward, axis Oy
x2 = -4ay curve opens downward, axis Oy
b. v (h,k)
{y -k)2 = 4a(x - h) curve opens to the right, axis // to Ox
(V -k)2 = -4a(x - h) curve opens to the left, axis // to Ox
(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k) curve opens to the upward, axis llto Oy
(x - h)2 = -4a(y - k) curve opens to the downward, axis ll to Oy

3. Ellipse (formed by a plane oblique to the axis of the cone )

The locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its distances from two
fixed points is constani. The conic section for which e < 1 .

Eccentricity e = cla = a/d < '1.0 Latus Rectum = 2b2la

Directrix d=a/e ae = {iT


A= TIab
A. GeneralEquation
An equation of the s^econd grade in which the xy-term is missing and
the coefficients of x' andy'have the same sign represents an ellipse with
axes parallelto the coordinate axes.

Ax2+Cf+Dx+Ey+F=0
B. Standard Forms
a. C (0,0)
x'la' * tf fb' = 1 major axis is Ox

Y2la'+x2lb2 =1 major axis is Oy

b. e (h,k)
(x-h)2+ (v-k)2_, major axis is // to Ox
a, b2 -r
major axis is // to Oy

C. Hyperbola ( formed by a plane parallel to the a,xis of the cone )

The locus of a point which moves so that the difference of its distances from
two fixed points is constant. The conic section for which e > 1.

Eccentricity e = clA = a/d > 1.0 Latus Rectum = 2b'la

Directrix d:a/e ae = rffibz


A. General Equation
The locus of a point which moves so that the difference of its
distances from two fixed points is constant. The conic section for which e > 1,

Ax2-Cf + Dx + Ey + F=0 axis horizontal

Cf -Ax'+ Dx + Ey + F =0 axis vertical


B. Standard Forms
a' c (0'0)
x2h2-f b, =1 transverse arong ox
y'h2 -x2/b2 = 1 transverse along Oy

b. c (h,k)
(x
- h)2 (v
- k)2 , transverse axis ll to Ox
tb'
-(v
- k)2
- (x - h)2= 1
-:r tranrverse axis // to Oy
a' .bz

Equation of a Asymptote:

y-k=rn(x-h)
where: (h,k) is the center
m = db if the axis is vertieal
m = b/a if the axis is horizontal

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