DIFFERENT SUBSTITUTES FOR SAND IN CONCRETE
ABSTRACT - reviewing different substances like fly ash, granular coal combustion products,
Foundry sand rock dust as sand substitute whether partial or complete.
1- QUARRY DUST: -
This paper presents feasibility of using quarry dust as full replacement for fine aggregates.
From different physical test we got to know that
I) Bulk density is higher than natural sand.
II) It has 1.20 to 1.50% absorption while natural sand has none.
III) It has nearly double no particles with size less than 0.075mm.
IV) It also lies in zone II in sieve analysis same as natural sand.
From various chemical tests, the chemical composition of quarry dust is as follows:
nearly 60-65% SiO2.
nearly 20% Al2O3.
3-5% CaO.
Further some more tests were run on M-20 M-30 M-40 grade concrete and the following
results were produced : -
In M-20 grade quarry dust concrete there is nearly 8% more w/c ratio, nearly 16% greater
slump value, nearly 8-9% increase in compaction factor and 10-11% increase in compressive
strength.
In M-30 grade quarry dust concrete there is nearly 8-9% more w/c ratio, nearly double
slump value, nearly 5% increase in compaction factor and 3% increase in compressive
strength till 7 days and nearly 10-11% in 28 days.
In M-40 grade quarry dust concrete there is nearly 3% more w/c ratio, nearly triple slump
value, nearly double increase in compaction factor and 6% increase in compressive strength
in first 7 days and nearly 3% in 28 days.
CONCLUSION
Quarry Rock Dust from quarries, may sometimes give equal or better than the reference
concrete made with Natural Sand, in terms of compressive and flexural strength studies and
in physical and chemical test shows it is usable for construction purpose. The strength of
Quarry Rock Dust concrete is comparatively 10-12 percent more than that of similar mix of
Conventional Concrete. It can be concluded that the replacement of natural sand with
Quarry Rock Dust, as full replacement in concrete is possible. However, it is advisable to
carry out trial casting with Quarry Rock Dust proposed to be used, in order to arrive at the
water content and mix proportion to suit the required workability levels and strength
requirement.
2- COPPER SLAG: -
In this paper we present feasibility of using copper slag as full replacement for fine
aggregates. From different physical test we got to know that
I) It is granular in nature, dark polished particle and has a grain size distribution
like natural sand.
II) The grain size distribution of the copper slag is about 75% particles between
1.18 mm and 0.3 mm.
III) The cumulative percentage passing through 4.75 mm sieve is nearly 99.6%,
through 2.34 mm is 97.9%, through 1.18 mm is 75.4%, through 0.6 mm is 32.1%,
through0.3 mm is 4%, through 0.15 mm is 0.3 and through 0.075 mm is 0.
IV) The specific gravity of copper slag is 3.40 -3.91.
V) Fineness modulus is nearly 2.0.
VI) Water absorption is 0.8-1.32%.
VII) The bulk density varies from 1990 Kg/m3 to 2150 Kg/m3.
The chemical properties for copper slag that were recorded are-
Component %
SiO2 25.84–33.05
Al2O3 0.22–2.52
Fe2O3 53.45–68.29
CaO 0.15–6.06
MgO 1.56–1.65
SO3 0.11–1.89
K2O 0.23–0.81
Na2O 0.28–1.40
TiO2 0–0.41
Mn2O3 0.06–0.22
Further some more test were ran on concrete made using copper slag-
Slump Test- The workability of copper slag was evaluated and described that the workability
of concrete increases altogether with the increment of copper slag content in concrete
mixes. Slump was measured to be 28 mm for reference mix, whereas for concrete with
100% copper slag, slump was 150 mm. Addition of copper slag enhances the workability of
the concrete mix, because of the smooth polished surface composition and low moisture
soaking up characteristic of the copper slag.
It was found that the compressive strength of concrete is marginally more as copper slag
replacement increments up to 50% after that the compressive strength was decreased
notably because of increase in the free water which is excess than the needed for cement
paste hydration. It was seen that there was around 22% enhancement in the compressive
strength of concrete in which fixed slump was kept and there was maximum increment of
compressive strength when 40% normal sand substituted by copper slag. It was seen that
flexural strength diminishes with increment of copper slag replacement ratio in concrete. At
40% substitution maximum gain in flexural strength was seen.
It was seen that up to 40% substitution of sand by copper slag there is a general diminishing
in the surface water absorption, after that the water absorption quickly increases. It is
recommended that the substitution of 40% of copper slag in the concrete blend will have
reduced surface water absorption.
CONCLUSION- From this review it might be concluded that the utilisation of copper slag up
to 40% as sand substitution improves strength and durability characteristics at same
workability and there is a decrease in the surface water absorption as copper slag quantity
increased up to 40% replacement. Copper slag, an industrial waste material, makes it
possible to produce ultra-high-performance concrete.
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