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01Introduction to BIOCHEM
Professor Cruz || 2021 BIOCHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTION opposite charge. One example is Saly (Na), since Na has positive
charge it has a capability to attract chlorine ions bc it has negative
Cell- basic unit of life charge when combined it is called Sodium Chloride.
Biology- study of living life Ionization: formation of charged particles. ionic bonds
Chemistry- study of the properties and behavior of matter. dissolve in a solvent (water)
Can life processes be interpreted in chemical terms? Cations: (+) charge ions
YES, bc cells are composed of different macromolecules. anions: (-) charge ions
Macromolecules are further divided into atoms and when Electrolytes: released ions when dissolved in water
combined they will form the macromolecules.
If we combine different elements we can make macromolecules. Hydrogen Bond: a weak type of bond. madali maseperate.
Formed due to attractive forces between nearby atoms or
How does life begin? molecules
The early earth does not contain any oxygen so we can say that – A weak type of bond that forms between a hydrogen covalently
the earth is anoxic. As time went by molecules or elements of bonded to one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom on the
different atoms started to combine and slowly started to form same molecule or on a different molecule
biomolecules. Thus forming the primitive cells which are the – This bond is temporary and easily disrupted
bacteria and archaeans they are single cell organisms and • van der Waals forces:
Thermophilic meaning they can withstand high temperatures – Weak attractions between molecules that show polarity –
and they are also anoxic (no oxygen) . life began in a single Neighboring groups with slight attractions will interact and remain
cell molecule. Oxygenic bacteria use sunlight to produce oxygen. associated
evidence: small scale set up harbors the same environment
stanley Miller (student) and harold urey (professor). They Chemical reactions:
observed the environment in the experiment. elements started to synthesis reaction: making up;Reactants bond together in a
form molecules. manner that produces an entirely new molecule
substance that have hydrogen: Decomposition reaction: breakdown; Bonds on a single
water, ammonia, methane reactant molecule are permanently broken to release two or
different elements can combine then can form different more product molecules
compounds which is important to formation of life. Exchange reactions: Reactants trade portions with each other
major elements or macronutrients CHNOPS and release products that are combinations of the two
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen phosphorus and sulfur AB + XY ⇄ AX + BY
minor elements or micronutrients Catalyst: speed up the reaction w/o taking part in the reaction.
iron, chlorine, manganese, copper, zinc, poron and mulibitinum Substances that increase the rate of a reaction without being
-these elements what composed of the human body consumed in the process
62% water, 16% protein, 16% fat (depends) 1% carbohydrates – Enzymes are catalysts in cells
and 6% mineral. widely distributed in our cell.
Acidity, Alkalinity, and the pH Scale
three types of bonding: Acidic solution: Occurs when a component dissolved in water
Covalent- shares an electron rather than donating or receiving releases excess hydrogen ions (H+)
them. The same elements can combine together so they can Basic solution: Occurs when a component dissolved in water
share electrons and can form covalent bonds. releases excess hydroxyl ions (OH−)
-Single covalent bonds- share a pair of electrons (H2) pH level 7 is neutral if below 7 is acidic solution and above 7 is
-Double covalent bonds- share two pairs of electrons the basic solutions
and are more rigid than single bonds (O2) Organic chemistry- deals with compounds that have carbon.
importance: describe the polarity of a molecule Why is carbon important? bc all things that are organic contain
Polar covalent- ability to attract electrons, unequal carbon and that includes living organisms . w/o carbon we will not
sharing of electrons. formed when different live.
electronegativity. Inorganic- molecules that do not contain carbon and hydrogen
nonpolar covalent- equal sharing of electrons. form anti bodies is a organic substance not totally
when similar electronegativity. Carbon contains 4 electrons that can be shared. it is able to be
Ionic bond- when you say ionic there is charge. It is an element more complex. it can fit any other elements bc of its 4 electrons
that has a positive charge and negative charge. attracts the that can be shared.

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[BIOCHEMISTRY] 1.01 Introduction to BIOCHEM – Professor Cruz
non polar- equal
Levels of organization: Atom, molecule, cell , tissues, organ polar- unequal
then organsm.
Metabolic processes C. Proteins- shapers of life
Anabolism- requires energy to produce a molecule or synthesize Amino acids- is the building block of proteins
a molecule . pathway to form. 3 processes of central dogma of proteins- replication
Catabolic- while breaking down molecules it produces energy transcription, translation
energy transformation Peptide bonds- bond found in proteins
ATP and NADPH The basic structure of amino acids- contains a carbon, amino
Self replication the major nuclicacids: DNA and RNA group, carboxyl group hydrogen atom. They just differ in the R
4 main families of biochemicals: group
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. R group- unique characteristics to the amino acids
Functions: polypeptide- has more 20 amino acids
-structural components example is phospholipids bilayer Primary structure- 1 chain
-molecular messenger; Nucleic acids also the RNA (mRNA) second structure- pwede mag fold
-energy sources- carbohydrates and protein tertiary structure-2 protein, more tension; too much
-enzymes- proteins folding
- sources of genetic information- nucleic acid quaternary structure- more than one polyprotein
Enzymes- catalysts of chemical reactions in cell, specific sya
A. Carbohydrates Antibodies- fight viruses
Consists primarily of carbon (C),hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O).
Water-soluble. it is Non-polar; Major metabolic fuel of most D. Nucleic acids
mammals and a universal fuel of the fetus. Nucleotides- monomer of nucleic acids
Common provider in the form of glucose Hydrogen bond- the bond that links the nitrogenous bases in the
Classified as: nucleic acids
1.)Monosaccharides: simple sugar; 3-7 carbons Phspodyester bond- links the phosester group to the pentose
-Glucose, fructose sugar of the nucleic acids
2.)Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharide units. nucleoside- (cytosine, thymine or uracil) or a purine (adenine or
-maltose, lactose, sucrose guanine), a five carbon sugar which is either ribose or
3.)Polysaccharides: 3 to greater than 10 deoxyribose.
monosaccharide units nucleotide- the basic building block of nucleic acids, the bases
-strach, glycogen, cellulose used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and
Glycosidic bond- the bond that forms between monosaccharide thymine (T).
to polysaccharide DNA-is double stranded,contains the blueprints used for the
monosaccharide- the building block or the simplest sugars of development and function of an organism
carbohydrates. RNA- single stranded’ carrying out the instruction to the DNA
Nitrogenous bases
B.Lipids Purines- 2 rings, Adenine and Guanine
not soluble in polar solvents such as water; they are soluble in Pyrimidines- 1 ring, Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine
nonpolar lipids are non polar DNA: G-C, A-T ; 2 hydrogen bond in A-T
Triglycerides: storage lipids, fats and oil, composed of a single 3
carbon atom. It contains 1 glycerol with 3 fatty acid chains deoxyribose and ribose
connected by the ester bond.. similarities: Pentose sugar (5 carbon)
fatty acids- has a carboxylic acid group at the end containing the Difference: deoxyribose has hydrogen ion while ribose contains
hydrocarbon chain . hydroxyl ion/group
Ester bond- bond found in Lipids
saturated fatty acids- single bond (bad cholesterol) 3 types of RNA
unsaturated bond- 2 or more double bond (good cholesterol) mRNA- copy of a gene
Glycerol and fatty acids- makes or the monomer of Lipids tRNA- transports the correct amino acids to the ribosome
Phospholipids- contains phosphate and has 2 fatty acid chain and rRNA-major component of ribosomes
glycerol
Membrane Lipids ATP ( Adenosine Triphosphate) : composed of Adenosine. one
head- phosphate group which is polar hydrophilic that links them is Ribose sugar, Triphosphate. releases energy
tail- is hydrophobic and nonpolar when the bond is broken.

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[BIOCHEMISTRY] 1.01 Introduction to BIOCHEM – Professor Cruz
Charged particles that attract one another are called?
QUIZ: -ions
In covalent bonds, which molecule shares an unequal number of
electrons? Glucose is a monosaccharide which can be broken down to
-polar release ATP for cell consumption, this is an example of?
-catabolism
Which among the following does not belong to the group in terms
of amount in living organisms? What elements are mostly studied in organic chemistry?
-Phosphorous a.hydrogens
b.hydrocarbons
The phospholipid's heads and tails are connected by: c.carbons
-glycerol d.all of the above

What are the building blocks of these macromolecules What bonds is found between carbohydrates → glycosidic
bonds
-nucleic acids → nucleotides,
lipids → fatty acid, glycerol, Phospholipid bilayer has heads which are water loving → polar
protein → amino acid,
carbohydrates → monosaccharides Glucose is a type of → carbohydrate

An example of inorganic compound is → table salt

What are the components of Stanley and Urey's experiment? The tails of the bilipid layer is: → non polar,
-a.heat source
The monomer of proteins are → amino acids,
b.all of the above
c.condenser of cooling A macromolecule that encodes specific function depending on its
d.gases amino acid sequence → protein,
e.electric spark
Energy rich molecule → ATP,

The only element that can form chains and rings with itself and it
The difference between pentose sugars in nucleotides is the core foundation of organic chemistry → carbon,
is:presence of hydroxyl in ribose and hydrogen in
deoxyribose in the 2nd carbon A macromolecule that contains genetic information → nucleic
acid,

Choose what bonds are present in the following macromolecules: scientific field that explores the compounds of life →
-Lipids → ester bond, biochemistry,
Protein → peptide bond,
What bonds are formed between the nitrogenous bases in the
Carbohydrate → glycosidic bond,
DNA → hydrogen bonds,
Nitrogen bases in nucleic acids → hydrogen bond
the bond in lipids is called → ester bond,
In phospholipid bilayer, the non polar part is:
-tails, hydrophobic Who demonstrated the evidence for the formation of
biomolecules → Stanley Miller & Harold Urey
The amino acid consists of:
-a.all except carboxyl group
b.hydrogen atom
c.carboxyl group
d.all of the above
e.R group
f.carbon

In metabolic processes, catabolism refers to:

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