11/10/21 11:58 - Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D - NCBI Bookshelf

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies

Life Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Pantothenic

Stage A C D E K Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin B6 Folate B12 Acid Biotin Choline







g

Group





(μg/d)
(mg/d)
a
(μg/d) (mg/d) (μg/d) b,c d
(mg/d) (μg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) e f
(mg/d) (mg/d) (μg/d) (μg/d) (mg/d)
Infants
 0–6 mo 400* 40* 10* 4* 2.0* 0.2* 0.3* 2* 0.1* 65* 0.4* 1.7* 5* 125*
 6–12 500* 50* 10* 5* 2.5* 0.3* 0.4* 4* 0.3* 80* 0.5* 1.8* 6* 150*
mo
Children
 1–3 y 300 15 15 6 30* 0.5 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 2* 8* 200*
 4–8 y 400 25 15 7 55* 0.6 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 3* 12* 250*
Males
 9–13 y 600 45 15 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375*
 14–18 900 75 15 15 75* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 25* 550*
y
 19–30 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550*
y
 31–50 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550*
y
 51–70 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550*
y
 > 70 y 900 90 20 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550*
Females
 9–13 y 600 45 15 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375*
 14–18 700 65 15 15 75* 1.0 1.0 14 1.2 400i 2.4 5* 25* 400*
y

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Life Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Pantothenic

Stage A C D E K Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin B6 Folate B12 Acid Biotin Choline
a b,c d e f g
Group (μg/d) (mg/d) (μg/d) (mg/d) (μg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (μg/d) (μg/d) (mg/d) (μg/d) (mg/d)
 19–30 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425*
y
 31–50 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425*
y
 51–70 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425*
y
 > 70 y 700 75 20 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425*
Pregnancy
 14–18 750 80 15 15 75* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450*
y
 19–30 770 85 15 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450*
y
 31–50 770 85 15 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450*
y
Lactation
 14–18 1,200 115 15 19 75* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550*
y
 19–30 1,300 120 15 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550*
y
 31–50 1,300 120 15 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550*
y

NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www​.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary
type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average daily dietary intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98 percent) healthy individuals
in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an
AI is usually developed. For healthy breast-fed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy
individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 μg retinol, 12 μg β-carotene, 24 μg α-carotene, or 24 μg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids

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is two-fold greater than retinol equivalents (REs), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b As cholecalciferol. 1 μg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
c Under the assumption of minimal sunlight.
d As α-tocopherol. α-tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol
(RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-,
and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 μg of a supplement
taken on an empty stomach.
g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the
choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
h Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods
fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.
i In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from
supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which
ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin,
Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000);
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001);
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be
accessed via www​.nap.edu.

From: Summary Tables

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D.
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for
Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross AC, Taylor
CL, Yaktine AL, et al., editors.
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011.

Copyright © 2011, National Academy of

Sciences.
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