Unit Three Homework Solutions, September 16, 2010: Mechanical Engineering 370 Thermodynamics
Unit Three Homework Solutions, September 16, 2010: Mechanical Engineering 370 Thermodynamics
In this problem, we define the system to be the air in the room. We can assume that the air behaves as an
ideal gas. If the temperature remains constant, there is no change in the internal energy of the air. Since
the volume of the room remains constant, there is no work done.1 Thus the first law reduces to the equation
that Q = 0. We account for the different heat sources in the total heat rate, Q, as follows. The heat input
comes (a) from the 40 students, Qs = (40 people)(360 kJ/h•person)(kW•s /kJ)(h/3600 s) = 4 kW, (b) heat
transfer through the wall, Qw = (15,000 kJ/h)(kW/kJ•s)(h/3600 s) =4.167 kW, and (c) heat added by the
light bulbs, Qb = 10(100 W) = 1000 W = 1 kW. Thus the total heat input is 4 + 4.167 + 1 = 9.167 kW. The
heat removal comes from the air conditioners which remove 5 kW each. Thus for the net Q to be zero we
must have N air conditioners such that (5 kW)N = 9.167 kW. To satisfy this requirement, we must have
two air conditioning units .
2 A 0.5 m3 rigid tank contains regrigerant-134a initially at 160 kPa and 40% quality. Heat is now
transferred to the refrigerant until the pressure reaches 700 kPa. Determine (a) the mass of
refrigerant in the tank and (b) the amount of heat transferred. Also, show the process on a P-v
diagram with respect to the saturation lines.
The mass of refrigerant may be found from the initial state using the equation that m = V / v1 where V = 0.5
m3 and v is found from the temperature and the quality. Since we are given an initial quality, x1 = 40%, we
know that we are in the mixed region. The specific volume is found from the specific volumes of the
saturated liquid and vapor, which are found in Table A-12 on page 930: vf(160 kPa) = 0.0007437 m3/kg and
vg(160 kPa) = 0.12348 m3/kg. We then find the initial specific volume as follows.
m3 m3 m3
(
v =( 1−x ) v f + xv g =( 1−0 . 4 ) 0 . 0007437
kg ) (
+( 0. 4 ) 0 .12348
kg ) =0 . 049838
kg
With this specific volume, we then find the refrigerant mass as follows:
V 0 .5 m3
m= =
v m3
0 . 049838
kg = 10.03 kg
To compute the heat transfer we apply the first law, Q = U + W. We assume that there is no volume
change in the “rigid” tank. If there is no volume change, no work is done. With W = 0, Q = U. We find
1
Note that is both the mass and volume remain constant, the specific volume remains constant. Since both
the temperature and specific volume are constant, the internal energy is a constant, regardless of whether or
not we assume that air is an ideal gas.
Pressure (kPa)
2
3 A 20 ft3 rigid tank contains saturated regrigerant-134a vapor at 160 psia. As a result of heat transfer
from the refrigerant, the pressure drops to 50 psia. Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect
to the saturation lines, and determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the amount of refrigerant that
has condensed, and (c) the heat transfer.
The solution of this problem is similar to the previous one. It is a constant volume process so that the work
is zero and the heat transfer equals the change in internal energy. The P-v diagram for this problem is
shown below. The process starts at the saturated vapor line at 120 psia and as heat is removed, some
refrigerant condenses, moving the process into the mixed region at the final state where P 2 = 50 psia..
Since the final state is in the mixed region, we know that the final temperature is the saturation temperature
at the final pressure of 50 psia. From table A-12E on page 977, we find that the final temperature, Tsat(50
psia) = 40.23oF .
Pressure (psia)
1
equation.
100
10
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
3
Specific volume (ft /lbm )
3
V 20 ft
m= = =68 .222 lb m
v ft 3
0 . 29316
lb m
The specific volume at the final state is the same as the initial specific volume, so we can find the quality at
this final state from the saturated liquid and vapor specific volumes at the final pressure of 50 psia, taken
from Table A-12E.
ft 3 ft 3
0 .28316 −0 . 01252
v−v f lb m lb m
x= = 3 3
=0. 3000
v g−v f ft ft
0 . 94791 −0 . 01252
lb m lb m
We have to find the internal energy at the initial and final states to compute the heat transfer. The initial
internal energy is simply ug(160 psia) = 108.50 Btu/lbm (Table A-12E). The internal energy at the final
state is found from the saturation properties and the quality, x2 = 0.3000.
In this problem we assume that the insulation on the piston-cylinder device reduces the heat transfer to a
negligible amount so that we may assume that Q = 0. The evaporation of the liquid comes from the
addition of work from the resistor and the paddle wheel. At the same time, the piston is expanding, at
constant pressure, so that the water is doing work. Since the pressure is constant, this work is simply equal
to P(V2 – V1).
We can write the volumes as the product of mass times specific volume and use the fact that P = P 1 = P2 to
introduce the enthalpy, h = u + Pv.
–Wresistor – Wpaddle = m(u2 – u1) + Pm(v2 – v1) =m[(u2 + P2v2) – (u1 + P1v1)] = m(h2 – h1)
We can find the mass from the initial state where we know V1 = 5 L and v1 = vf(P1 = 175 kPa). Using Table
A-5 on page 916 to find vf, we compute the mass as follows.
V1 V1 5L 0 .001 m3
m= = = =4 . 730 kg
v 1 v f (175 kPa ) m3 L
0. 001057
kg
Since the paddle wheel and resistance work are inputs, these are negative. Thus the values of W resistor and
Wpaddle are –EIt and –400 kJ, where E is the voltage that we want to find and I is the given current of 8 A.
The enthalpy at the initial state is simply hf at 175 kPa. The enthalpy at the final state is the enthalpy of a
mixture with a quality of 50% at the same 175 kPa pressure. We thus have h1 = hf(175 kPa) = 487.01
kJ/kg, where we use Table A-5 for the saturation data. Using the same table and the value of x2 = 50% we
find h2 as follows.
kJ
(
h2 =h f + xh fg = 487 . 01
kg )+( 0 .5 )(2213 .1 kJ kg)=1593. 56 kJ kg
Substituting the work terms and enthalpy and mass into our first law gives an equation for the unknown
voltage.
–Wresistor – Wpaddle = EIt + 400 kJ = m(h2 – h1) = (4.730 kg)(1593.56 – 487.01) kJ/kg
Combining the numerical data gives an equation for the work done by the resistor.
The path for this process is shown in the diagram below. The initial point of the path is (P1, V1) = (200
kPa, 0.5 m3); the final point is (P2, V2) = (500 kPa, 0.6 m3).
P2
P
P1
V
V1 V2
The linear path results from the linear relationship between spring force and displacement and the linear
relationship between displacement and volume. The equilibrium point of the spring occurs at the initial
volume, since the spring is touching the piston but exerting no force at this point. The pressure due to the
spring is then given by the following equation.
V −V 1
k
F k ( x−x e ) A V −V 1
Pspring = = = =k
A A A A2
The total pressure, P, acting on the water will be the sum of the constant pressure from the weight of the
piston (and atmospheric pressure), P1, and Pspring.
V −V 1
P=P1 + P spring =P1 +k
A2
This equation is seen to provide a linear relationship between pressure and volume as shown in the diagram
above. The work is the area under the path which is the area of a trapezoid: W = (P1 + P2)(V2 – V1)/2.
Using the values of pressure and volume given in the problem allows us to find the work.
P1 + P 2 ( 200+500 ) kPa
W= ( V 2−V 1 )= ( 0. 6 m3 −0 . 5 m3 ) kJ 3 =35 kJ
2 2 kPa⋅m
The heat transfer is given by the first law: Q = U + W = m(u2 – u1) + W. We have to find the values of u1
and u2 from the property tables for water. In addition, we can find the mass from the initial volume, V1 =
0.5 m3, and the initial specific volume, v1.
At the initial state of P1 = 200 kPa and T1 = 200oC, we find the following properties in the superheat table,
Table A-6 on page 918: v1 = 1.08049 m3/kg and u1 = 2654.6 kJ/kg. We can then find the mass as follows.
V1 0 .5 m 3
m= = =0 . 46275 kg
v1 m3
1. 08049
kg
From this system mass, we can compute the specific volume at the final state where V 2 = 0.6 m3.
kJ kJ
4470 . 0 −4259 . 0
kJ kg kg m3 m3 kJ
u=4259 .0
kg
+
1 . 35972
m 3
−1. 26728
m 3
1. 2966
kg (
−1 .26728 )
kg
=4325. 8
kg
kg kg
`
1200 o C−1100o C m
3
m
3
T =1100 o C+
1. 35972
m3
−1 .26728
m3
1. 2966
kg
−1. (
26728
kg )
=1131 .7 o C
kg kg `
6 A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.8 m3 of saturated water vapor at 250 kPa. At this state,
the piston is resting on a set of stops
and the mass of the piston is such that
6
Problem 4-40
a pressure of 300 kPa is required to
move it. Heat is now slowly 1000
transferred to the steam until the
volume doubles. Show the process on 900
a P-V diagram with respect to
saturation lines and determine (a) the 800 Saturation
final temperature, (b) the work done 700 Path
Pressure (kPa)
The mass is found from the initial volume of 0.8 m3 and the initial specific volume which is the specific
volume of a saturated vapor at 250 kPa. This is found from Table A-5 on page 916.
V1 V1 0. 8 m 3
m= = = =1. 113 kg
v1 v g ( 250 kPa ) m3
0. 71873
kg
Since the mass is constant and the volume doubles, the final specific volume is twice the initial specific
volume: v3 = 2v2 = 1.43746 m3/kg. The final state with this specific volume and a pressure of 300 kPa (0.3
MPa) is found in the superheat tables, Table A-6 on page 918, to occur at a temperature between 600oC and
700oC. The final temperature is found by interpolation.
700 o C−600o C m
3
m
3
o
T 3 =600 C+
1 . 49580
m3
−1. 34139
m3
1. 437464 ( kg
−1 .34139
kg
o
=662 .2 C )
kg kg `
The initial internal energy for the saturated vapor state is found from Table A-5, u1 = ug(250 kPa) = 2536.8
kJ/kg. The internal energy at the final state is found by an interpolation similar to the one used for the
temperature.
kJ kJ
3479. 5 −3301. 6
kJ kg kg m3 m3 kJ
u3 =3301. 6
kg
+
1 . 49580
m 3
−1 .34139
m 3
1 . 437464 ( kg
−1 .34139
kg
=3412 .3
kg )
kg kg
The heat transfer is found from the usual equation for the first law.