REIGN JUELLE B.

BELTRAN
2BSA- 4

I. HISTORY OF BASKETBALL
In early December 1891, Canadian American Dr. James Naismith, a physical
education professor and instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association
Training School (YMCA) (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA),
was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day. He sought a vigorous indoor game to
keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New England
winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in
gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m)
elevated track. In contrast with modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom,
and balls had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this proved
inefficient, however, so the bottom of the basket was removed, allowing the balls to be poked
out with a long dowel each time.
Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. The first balls made specifically
for basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle, searching for a
ball that would be more visible to players and spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that
is now in common use. Dribbling was not part of the original game except for the "bounce
pass" to teammates. Passing the ball was the primary means of ball movement. Dribbling was
eventually introduced but limited by the asymmetric shape of early balls. Dribbling only
became a major part of the game around the 1950s, as manufacturing improved the ball
shape.
The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal
hoops with backboards. A further change was soon made, so the ball merely passed through.
Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, his team would gain a point. Whichever team
got the most points won the game. The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine
balcony of the playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators on the balcony
began to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it
had the additional effect of allowing rebound shots. Naismith's handwritten diaries,
discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new
game he had invented, which incorporated rules from a children's game called "Duck on a
Rock", as many had failed before it. Naismith called the new game "Basket Ball". The first
official game was played in the YMCA gymnasium in Albany, New York on January 20,
1892 with nine players. The game ended at 1–0; the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a
court just half the size of a present-day Streetball or National Basketball Association (NBA)
court. By 1897–1898 teams of five became standard.

II. FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

1. Basketball court
 For the international games is 28 by 15 meters (approx. 92 by 49 ft.)
 The National Basketball Association (NBA) is 94 by 50 feet (29 by 15 m). Most
courts are made of wood.
  A steel basket with net and backboard hang over each end of the court. At almost all
levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly 10 feet (3.05 m) above the court
and 4 feet (1.2 m) inside the baseline.
2. Backboard
 A backboard is a piece of basketball equipment. It is a raised vertical board with a
basket attached. It is made of a flat, rigid piece of material, often plexiglass. It is
usually rectangular as used in NBA, NCAA and international basketball.
 Size of a basketball backboard
 Width: 6 feet (72 inches)
 Height: 3.5 feet (42 inches)Size of a basketball rim
 The diameter of the rim is 18” your name
3. Backboard padding
4. Basket net
 The net shall be made by a white cord shall be:
a. Suspended from the ring
b. Manufactured so they check the ball momentarily as it pass through the
basket.
c. No less than 400 mm. and no more 450 in length
d. Manufactured with 12 loops to attach it to the ring.
e. The upper section of the net shall be semi-rigid to prevent:
-The net from rebounding up through over the ring, creating possible
entanglement.
-The ball from becoming trapped in the net or rebounding back out of the
net.
5. The ball
 The ball is round and the outer casing should be either Leather, Rubber or other
suitable Synthetic materials.
 CIRCUMFERENCE – between 75 and 78 cm. (29.5 and 30.25 inches)
 WEIGHT – 600 and 650 grams. (20 and 22 oz).
 AIR PRESSURE – around 8 lbs. your name
 6. Clothing
 Players each team should wear the same outfits which must not clash with the
opposing team and wear a numbered shirt and no two players in the same team should
wear the same number.
  Players are numbered between 4 and 15.
 Loose-fitting shorts for mobility, and sleeveless vests are the standard attire.
 Basketball shoes should be rubber-soled and with protected ankle supports, although
these are not necessary.
 Most important of all, make sure your clothing is comfortable. It is important to wear
toweled socks; and it is not a bad idea to buy a pair of shoes a little too big to enable
you to wear two pairs of socks which will reduce the risk of blistering.
7. Game clock
 This is a clock that runs whenever the ball is in play, and stops whenever the ball goes
out of bounds or when a fool is committed. Goal Tending.
 Game Clock Operation — Last Minutes of Play/Field Goal. The clock stops after a
successful field goal. your name
 Shows how much time remains in the game. Give-and-go: A fundamental offensive
play in which a player passes to a teammate, then cuts to the basket and receive a
quasi- immediate return pass for an open layup or dunk.
 Tracks remaining game time. Regulation play in the NBA is divided into 12 minute
quarters (10 minutes in the WNBA. College games are split into 20 minute halves
Give and Go. your name
8. Scoreboard
 is a large board for publicly displaying the score in a game or match. Most levels of
sport from high school and above use at least one scoreboard for keeping score,
measuring time, and displaying statistics.
 Four-sided scoreboards
 Single –sided scoreboard
9. Spectators Line

III. HOW TO PLAY BASKETBALL

Basketball is played by two teams of five players each. The object of the game is to score
more points than your opponent. The ball is passed, thrown, bounced, batted, or rolled from
one player to another. A player in possession of the ball must maintain contact with the floor
with one foot (pivot foot), unless the player is shooting, passing, or dribbling. Physical
contact with an opponent can result in a foul if the contact impedes the desired movement of
the player.
Basic Rules
1. Players: Five players per team on the floor at a time with unlimited substitutions. Usually
players fill the standard positions of 2 forwards, 2 guards, and 1 center. The names of these
may be changed depending on the offense played.
2. Offense: Team or individual patterns of play that are used to get the ball into scoring
position. There are two basic types of offensive attacks: the slow deliberate attack and the fast
break attack.
3. Defense: Players may choose to play either a man to man defense (person to person) or
zone. In man to man each player is assigned a specific person to guard/play defense on. In a
zone defense, players are assigned a specified area to guard. The object of defense is to try to
take the ball away from your person or the person in your assigned zone area to force them to
turn over the ball, or force them to take a low percentage shot.
4. Scoring: Field Goals = 2 or 3 points. Free Throws = 1 point.
5. Timeouts: Timeouts are one minute or 30 seconds in length and can be requested during a
dead ball or anytime by the team in possession of the ball. Each team gets a total of five
timeouts for the entire game.
6. Timing:
 High school varsity games play 8 minute quarters.
 Time stops each time an official blows the whistle indicating a dead ball.
 There is one minute between quarters and 10 minutes at the half.
 A player has 10 seconds to shoot a free throw.
 A player has 5 seconds to inbound the ball.
 Running time is used in physical education and intramural situations. The
clock does not stop on dead balls.
Play
1. The game is started with a jump ball in the centre circle between two opponents.
2. A player is out of bounds when touching the floor on or outside the boundary line.
3. The ball is out of bounds when it touches a player who is out of bounds or any other
person, the floor, or any object on or outside a boundary, or the supports of the backboard.
4. If the ball is caused to go out of bounds by the last player touching it, it is awarded out of
bounds for a throw-in by the opposing team.
5. While the ball is alive, an offensive player cannot remain for more than 3 seconds in that
part of the free-throw line between the end line, the free-throw line, and the free-throw lane
lines.
6. If an offensive ball handler, while in the front court, is closely guarded by the defense for 5
seconds, a violation is called and the defense is awarded the ball.
7. If two opponents are both firmly holding the ball, a “jump ball” is called. A “jump ball”
results in an alternating possession which is kept track of at the official table.
8. In physical education, intramurals, or pickup games, a “jump ball” is awarded to the
defender.
9. Violations include: causing the ball to go out of bounds, double dribbling, running with the
ball, kicking the ball, striking the ball with the fist, interfering with the basketball, illegal
throw-in (taking more than 5 seconds or stepping on the line), being closely guarded for 5
seconds while in possession of the ball in the front court, and the three second lane rule.
10. After one team makes a field goal or free throw, the other team puts the ball in play from out
of bounds under the basket at which the goal was made. Each team possessing the ball is required
to advance it past the half-court line within 10 seconds after gaining possession.
11. Fouls:
Personal: involving pushing, charging, tripping, holding, body contact
 After the fifth personal foul on a player, the player is disqualified from the game.
 The offended player is awarded:
 one free throw if the foul occurred during a field goal attempt and the basket was made.
 two free throws if the foul occurred during a field goal attempt and the basket was
missed.
  no free throw, but the ball is awarded to the offended player’s team out of bounds.
 After the seventh TEAM personal foul in the half, the person fouled will be given a bonus
free throw.
 If you make the first bonus free throw you receive a second free throw.
 If you miss the first bonus free throw, the ball should be played like a missed field goal.
 After the tenth TEAM personal foul in the half, the person fouled will be given two free
throws commonly referred to as the Super Bonus.
Intentional: foul involving “intent” to foul as opposed to trying to play the ball which awards the
person fouled two free throws and team possession of the ball after the free throws.
Technical: involving delay of game, unfainess like conduct, illegal entry, and excessive timeouts
with the offended team being awarded two free throws and the ball out of bounds.

Function and Positions of Player

1. Point Guard – This player is typically the best dribbler and passer on the team. The point
guard is sometimes called the floor general, which indicates the key role that the point guard
plays.
2. Shooting guard - The shooting guard, also called the two guard, is typically a team’s best
outside shooter on the team. This player flanks the point guard and moves around the court to
try to create some space to take a shot that is uncontested by the opposition.
3. Small forward - The small forward is typically a better outside shooter than a power
forward and is usually smaller than a power forward.
4. Power forward - The power forward is usually near the basket and moves from one side of
the basket to the other to try to get free from the opposition player that is guarding him.
Power forwards also are skilled rebounders.
5. Center - is the tallest player on the team. The centers role is to establish a position near the
basket to allow him/herself an easy jump shot. On defense, the center attempts to block shots
and grab rebounds.
IV. OFFICIAL HAND SIGNALS
There are “Fouls” and there are “Violations”
Fouls are caused by physical contact (holding, pushing), or actions (acting out like you are
going to hit another player but you don’t) or even extreme abusive yelling or cussing
(technical foul).
Violations are actions by players that break a basketball rule – such as traveling, stepping on
the line, and back court.
 Foul (Closed Fist) Violation (Open
Fist)

Types of Personal Fouls:

Holding Foul – A “Holding Foul” occurs when a defender holds, grabs, or pulls an offensive
player (it doesn’t matter if the offensive player has possession of the ball or not).

Pushing Foul – A “Pushing Foul” occurs when a defender pushes an offensive player or
bumps into the body of an offensive player.

Illegal Use of Hands Foul – This is a foul called when a defender slaps, hacks, or smacks an
offensive player with the ball.
Blocking Foul – A “Blocking Foul” occurs when a defender uses their body and makes
contact with an offensive player with the ball (could be in the form of running into the player,
or setting an illegal screen, etc).

Charging Foul (Charge) / Player Control Foul – A “Charging Foul” occurs when an
offensive player runs into (or over) a defensive player who already has position (the defender
must first establish position). Other types of player control fouls are when a dribbler uses an
elbow and hits a defender, or excessive physical contact by an offensive post player trying to
gain position.

Personal Foul Penalties:

Shooting Foul (2 Point Shot) – If a player gets “fouled” while in the act of shooting, the
player gets to shoot free throw(s). If the shot is made – the player gets to shoot 1 free throw,
you will hear this called “And 1.” If the shot is not made and a foul is called – the player gets
to shoot 2 free throws.

Shooting Foul (3 Point Shot) – If a player gets “fouled” while in the act of shooting a 3-
point shot , the player gets to shoot free throw(s). If the shot is made – the player gets to shoot
1 free throw (which could turn out to be a 4-point play). If the shot is not made and a foul is
called – the player shoots 3 free throws.

Non-
Shooting
Fouls / Team
Fouls:
Non-
Shooting
Fouls: If an
offensive
player is
fouled while
not in the act of shooting the ball, the ball stays in
possession with the team that the foul was committed on (they will get to inbound the ball out
of bounds at the nearest sideline or baseline). When inbounding the ball the team with
possession will have 5 seconds to pass the ball in to another teammate on the court. All fouls
– including shooting fouls and non-shooting fouls add up and are counted as team fouls.
Offensive fouls (player control fouls) do not count as a team foul.
Team Fouls: Team fouls are the combined number of fouls that all the players on a team
commit during one half of play. The fouls are totaled up and logged in by the scorekeeper in
the official score book. When a team reaches 7 fouls, their opponent will get to shoot free
throws – this is called a “one and one.” The player shooting the free throws gets to shoot 1
free throw, if they make it, they get to shoot another (one and one), if they miss the first free
throw, they don’t get to shoot the second free throw. When a team reaches 7+ team fouls,
their opponent is said to be in the “bonus” (and will start shooting free throws after getting
fouled).
When a team reaches 10 (or more) fouls, their opponent will automatically get to shoot 2 free
throws. At half time the team fouls from the first half of the game are “zeroed” out, and team
fouls are totalled all over again during the second half of the game.
Important Note: Offensive fouls do not count towards team fouls (so when an offensive
player happens to commit an offensive foul, the defense will not get to shoot free throws).
Types of Violations:
Traveling (also called Walking or Walk) – If a ball handler takes too many steps while
dribbling the referee can call a violation (considered a turnover by the player and the
possession of the ball goes to the other team). Also if a player has stopped dribbling and
moves their pivot foot – this is also considered a traveling (or walking) violation.

Double Dribble (Illegal Dribble) – A dribbling violation occurs when a player stops
dribbling and then attempts to dribble again or if a player attempts to dribble the ball with 2
hands.

Backcourt (Backcourt violation) – Once the Offensive team has passed the half court line,
they cannot: a) dribble and/or b) pass back over the half court line. If this occurs, a
“Backcourt” violation will be called by the referee and possession of the ball will go to the
other team.
Inbound Pass Violation (5-Second Violation) – There are time restrictions that a player has
when the ref hands them the ball to pass the ball into play. The player passing in the ball has
five seconds to pass the ball in to another player. If the player fails to pass the ball in within 5
seconds, the ref will blow the whistle (5-second violation), and the ball is awarded to the
other team.

10 Second Violation – When your opponent makes a basket, your team has 10 seconds to get
the ball in play and past the half court line – if your team fails to do this within 10 seconds,
the ball is awarded to the other team.

Three/ Five Second Violation – An offensive player cannot remain in the “paint” area for
more than 3 or 5 seconds (depending on the division), if the Ref happens to spot an offensive
player in the paint area for more than 3 seconds, the whistle will blow, and the other team
will get possession of the ball.
Closely Guarded Violation (does not apply to 1st/2nd grades) – An offensive player
cannot have possession of the ball for more than five seconds while being closely guarded by
a defender. For example if an offensive player is dribbling the ball and is guarded closely by

a defender for 5 seconds, the ref will blow the whistle, and the ball will be awarded to the
other team.

Jump Ball (also called Tie Up or Held Ball) – When an offensive player and a defensive
player gain possession of the ball at the same time – the referee will blow the whistle. The
referee will then look at the possession arrow (at the scorers table) and award possession to
the team that the direction is pointing (possession is on a rotating basis).

Out of Bounds Designation – When the ball goes out of bounds (for any reason), or a player
with possession of the ball steps out of bounds – the referee will designate the spot where the
ball went out of bounds.