Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research
Middle Technical University
Collage of Electrical Engineering
Technical
Department of Computer
Techniques Engineering

Design and implementation of amplitude

modulation DSBFC Trainer Kit

A Graduation project submitted to the technical collage of

engineering department of computing as part of the
requirements for obtaining a
Bachelor’s degree

Prepared By:

Hamza Essam
Mustafa Abd-salam

Supervised By:

Dr. Hamood Shehab

2021 M.D 1442H.D

1
 ‫أﻹﻫداء‬

‫ﻤﺴﺘﻨﯿﺮ؛‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﺴﯿﺮة اﻟﻌﻄﺮة‪ ،‬واﻟﻔﻜﺮ اﻟ ُ‬

‫ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ اﻟﻔﻀﻞ اﻷ ﱠول ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﻮﻏﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫)واﻟﺪي اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺐ(‪ ،‬أطﺎل ﷲ ﻓﻲ ُﻋﻤﺮه‪.‬‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ وﺿﻌﺘﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ طﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‪ ،‬وﺟﻌﻠﺘﻨﻲ راﺑﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺄش‪،‬‬
‫وراﻋﺘﻨﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺻﺮت ﻛﺒﯿﺮًا‬
‫)أﻣﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﯿﺔ(‪ ،‬طﯿﱠﺐ ﷲ ﺛﺮاھﺎ‪.‬‬
‫إﻟﻰ إﺧﻮﺗﻲ؛ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﮭﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎت‬
‫واﻟﺼﻌﺎب‪.‬‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﺳﺎﺗﺬﺗﻲ اﻟﻜﺮام؛ ﻣﻤﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻮاﻧﻮا ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪ ﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻮن ﻟﻲ‬
‫ُ‬
‫أھﺪي إﻟﯿﻜﻢ ﺑﺤﺜﻲ‬

‫***‬

‫‪2‬‬
 Abstract

In this project, the Amplitude Modulation (AM), the amplitude

of the carrier changes in accordance with the input analog signal,
while the frequency of the carrier remains the same. The
modulated carrier contains several spectral components,
requiring frequency domain analysis. In an effort to examine
this, this chapter presents the following topics: Amplitude
Modulation (AM) and AM spectrum Double sideband-
suppressed carrier (DSBSC) and DSBSC spectrum Single sideband
(SSB) carrier and SSB spectrum These materials have been
augmented by diagrams and associated waveforms to make
them easier for readers to grasp.

Beneficiaries:

To the student and researchers in this big country who want to

know about the Amplitude Modulation(AM), I give you this
search hope it can help you with your study.

3
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter one: overview ……………………………………..

1.1 Aim Of project…………………………………………...

1.2 Introduction ……………….………………………….......
1.3 History…………………………………………………….
1.4-Types of Amplitude Modulation …………………………
1.5-Amplitude Modulation Derivation ……………………….

Chapter two: ………...……..………………………………

2.1 Modulation …….…………………………….….…….

2.1.1 Wave Modulation …………………………………….
2.1.2 Block Digram Modulation …………………………….
2.2 Demodulation …………………………………………
2.2.1 Wave Demodulation……………………………………
2.2.2 Block Digram Demodulation…………………………..
2.3 Carrir Wave ……………………………………………
2.4 Amplitude modulation applications…………………….
2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation……
2.6 Summary…………………………………………………….

Chapter three

3.1 Amplitude modulation and demodulation Circuit diagram

3.1.1 Circuit diagram modulation………………………………
3.1.2 Circuit diagram demodulation…………………………….
3.2 The components circuit………………………………………

Chapter four: results……………………………………………

4.1 Final result……………………………………………………..
Chapter five: future work………………………………………
Reference………………………………………………………….

4
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRUDACTION

5
 OVERVIEW
1.1 Aim of project
A single tone sinusoidal signal is transmitted using amplituue modulation
and is demodulated at the receiver's end using an envelope detector and
the attenuated signal is amplified using common source BJT amplifer.

1.2 Introduction:

Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in

electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting
messages with a radio wave. In amplitude modulation,
the amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is varied in
proportion to that of the message signal, such as an audio
signal. This technique contrasts with angle modulation, in
which either the frequency of the carrier wave is varied, as
in frequency modulation, or its phase, as in phase modulation.
AM was the earliest modulation method used for transmitting
audio in radio broadcasting. It was developed during the first
quarter of the 20th century beginning with Roberto Landell de
Moura and Reginald Fessenden's radiotelephone experiments
in 1900 This original form of AM is sometimes called double-
sideband amplitude modulation (DSBAM), because the
standard method produces sidebands on either side of the
carrier frequency. Single-sideband modulation uses bandpass
filters to eliminate one of the sidebands and possibly the carrier
signal, which improves the ratio of message power to total
transmission power, reduces power handling requirements of
line repeaters, and permits better bandwidth utilization of the
transmission medium.
AM remains in use in many forms of communication in addition
to AM broadcasting: shortwave radio, amateur radio, two-way
radios, VHF aircraft radio, citizens band radio, and in
computer modems in the form of QAM.
6
 1.3-History:

Although AM was used in a few crude experiments in multiplex

telegraph and telephone transmission in the late 1800s the
practical development of amplitude modulation is synonymous
with the development between 1900 and 1920 of
"radiotelephone" transmission, that is, the effort to send sound
(audio) by radio waves. The first radio transmitters, called spark
gap transmitters, transmitted information by wireless telegraphy,
using different length pulses of carrier wave to spell out text
messages in Morse code. They couldn't transmit audio because
the carrier consisted of strings of damped waves, pulses of radio
waves that declined to zero, that sounded like a buzz in receivers.
In effect they were already amplitude modulated.

1.4-Types of Amplitude Modulation:

1.4.1- analog amplitude modulation.They are:

• Double sideband-suppressed carrier modulation (DSB-SC).

• Single Sideband Modulation (SSB).
• Vestigial Sideband Modulation (VSB).
• Amplitude Modulation, AM
• Frequency Modulation, FM

1.4.2- Digita amplitude modulation.They are:

• Phase Shift Keying: BPSK, QPSK, MSK
• Frequency Shift Keying, FSK
• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM
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 1.5-Amplitude Modulation Derivation:

The amplitude modulation derivation is provided here.

Amplitude modulation is modulation technique commonly used
for transmission of information via a radio carrier wave. This is
the earliest modulation used in radio to transmit voice. It was
developed by Landell de Moura and Reginald Fessenden’s in
the year 1900 with the experiments of a radiotelephone. It
finds applications in two-way radios, computer modems in the
form of QAM, VHF aircraft radio and citizens band radio.

Derivation of Amplitude Modulation

Mathematical representation of Amplitude Modulated waves in
time domain.

Where,
Am: amplitude of modulating signal
Ac: amplitude of carrier signal
fm: frequency of modulating signal
fc: frequency of carrier signal
Therefore, above is the derivation of Amplitude Modulation.

8
 CHAPTER TWO
MODULATION

9
 2.1-Modulation:

Basically, it is a process in a communication system. For

communication, we need some fundamental elements. One is
the high-frequency carrier wave and the other is the information
which has to be transmitted (modulating signal) or input signal.
These are essential for communication which is done using a
device from one place to another. All in all, we need the help of
the communication system.
An electronic communication system converts our message
(information) into an electronic signal and the electronic signal
carried out by carrier waves to the destination.

2.1.1 Wave Modulation

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 2.1.2 Block Digram Modulation

2.2-Demodultion:
Demodulation is defined as extracting the original information-
carrying signal from a modulated carrier wave. A demodulator is
an electronic circuit that is mainly used to recover the
information content from the modulated carrier wave. There are
different types of modulation and so are demodulators.

2.2.1 Wave Demodulation:

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 2.2.2 Block Digram Demodulation

The work Demodulation

2.3-Carrier Wave:

The high frequency signal, which has a certain amplitude, frequency

and phase but contains no information is called as a carrier signal.
It is an empty signal and is used to carry the signal to the receiver
after modulation

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 2.2.3 Carrier signal

Amplitude and frequency of carrier wave remain constant.

Generally, it will be high frequency and it will be sine (or) cosine
wave of electronic signal it can be represented as
Carrier wave  c(t) = Ac sin wct

2.4-Amplitude modulation applications :

• Broadcast transmissions: AM is still widely used for
broadcasting on the long, medium and short wave bands. It is
simple to demodulate and this means that radio receivers
capable of demodulating amplitude modulation are cheap and
simple to manufacture. Nevertheless many people are moving
to high quality forms of transmission like frequency
modulation, FM or digital transmissions.

• Air band radio: VHF transmissions for many airborne

applications still use AM. . It is used for ground to air radio
communications as well as two way radio links for ground staff
as well.

• Single sideband: Amplitude modulation in the form of single

sideband is still used for HF radio links. Using a lower
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 bandwidth and providing more effective use of the transmitted
power this form of modulation is still used for many point to
point HF links.

• Quadrature amplitude modulation: AM is widely used for the

transmission of data in everything from short range wireless
links such as Wi-Fi to cellular telecommunications and much
more. Effectively it is formed by having two carriers 90° out of
phase.

2.5-Advantages and Disadvantages of Amplitude

Modulation:

2.6-Summary:
Carrier wave  c(t) = Ac sin wct
Modulating single  m(t) = Am sin wmt
Amplitude modulate wave  m(t) = (Ac + Am sin ωmt) sin ωct
modulation index (μ)  Am/Ac
Bandwidth  (w) = fc + fm – (fc – fm) = 2fm

14
 CHAPTER THREE
MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION

15
 3.1- Circuit diagram:

amplitude modulation and Demodulation Circuit diagram

3.1.1 Circuit diagram modulation

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 3.1.2 Circuit diagram Demodulation

3.2 The components circuit

1-The diode :-
conducts electric current in one direction only, and acts as an
insulator in the opposite direction. Therefore, if an alternating
voltage enters it, it leaves the current flowing in half of the
voltage cycle and prevents the flow of current in the other half
cycle, and thus works as a rectifier, i.e. converts alternating
current into direct current.

3.1.3 Diode

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 2-Capacitors:-
have many uses in electronic and electrical systems. They are so
ubiquitous that it is rare that an electrical product does not
include at least one for some purpose.

3.1.4 Capacitors

3-TRANSISTIR(BF195):-
The transistor works in a way called (traditional mechanical
switching), which connects or cuts off the flow of electric
current, by connecting or disconnecting the two ends of the
wires, where the transistor contains a signal that tells the device
to connect or disconnect, and thus the device can be turned on
or off, and therefore the transistor It has the property of control,
and we conclude from this that the transistor controls the
movement of electric electrons, as its work does not depend on
connecting or cutting the current, but its work also lies in
controlling the amount of electric current passing through, in
addition to that it alters or amplifies electronic signals, and thus
allows The individual can control the device by adjusting the
circuit board.

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 3.1.5 Transister(BF195)

4-OSCLETOER:
An electrical circuit that generates electrical signals, often sine
or square waves. The electronic oscillator converts static current
(DC) into alternating current (AC), and is also used in wide fields
in many electronic instruments. One of the examples of its use is
the signals generated by the radio and the viewer. As well as the
clock signal that regulates the work of the computer and is also
used in quartz watches and is used to produce sounds in some
video games through electronic beepers. An oscillator is often
classified according to its oscillatory output.

5-Resistors:

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 A two-ended electrical component that applies electrical
resistance as an element in a circuit. Resistors limit the flow of
electrical current, while at the same time they reduce voltage
levels within the electrical circuit .

3.1.5 Resistors

Name of the
Component/Equipment Specifications/Range Quantity

Diode(0A-79) Max Current 35mA 1

Capacitor 0.01µF, 2.2µF, 0.001µF, 1 each

10µF
4
Resistors 33KΩ, 100KΩ, 10KΩ, Resistor10kΩ
10KΩ, 10KΩ, 10KΩ, 1 Resistor
22KΩ 100k
1 Resistor
33k
1 Resistor
22k
Ft = 200 MHz
Transistor(BF 195) Pd = 220mW 2
Ic(max) = 30 mA

20
 oscillator 25mhz 1

Board components:

3.1.5 Board compenents

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 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUTION

22
 4.1 Final result

We develop Amplitude modulation AM, as show as in the

figure(4.1.1)in order to reduce noise effect on the AM required
signal, because noise is AM signal

4.1.1. Carrier signal

4.1.2. Message signal

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 Apply sinusoidal signal of 1 KHz frequency and amplitude 2 Vp-
p as
modulating signal and we see it in the oscilloscope .

4.1.3. modulation signal

We see the modulation wave Calculation of E max and E min .

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 4.1.4. demodulation signal

Feed the AM wave to the demodulator circuit and observe the output
Note down frequency and amplitude of the modulated output
waveform.

The table

Fm(KHZ) Emax(volts) Emin (Volts) m %m (m x100)

Fm(KHz)

30Hz 20v 15v 1.33v 133.3%

25
 Conclusions

In this research we talked about Amplitude Modulation(AM)

Amplitude Modulation(AM) is an important modulation scheme

both because of its widespread commercial use, and because of
its simplicity … As a result, we can generate amplitude
modulation signals with the national instruments vector signal
generator, because they require nothing more than I/Q
modulator.

AM signal is reflected back to earth from the ionosphere layer.

Due to this fact, AM signals can reach far places that are
thousands of miles from the source. Hence amplitude
modulation the radio has coverage wider as compared to the
Frequency modulation radio

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 CHAPTER FIVE
FUTURE WORK

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 Amplitude Modulation (AM) communication and broadcasting
technologies is the first, yet still widely used method of
impressing
sound on radio. Amplitude modulation is commonly used at
Long Wave
(153-279 kHz), Medium Wave (531-1,611 kHz in ITU regions 1
and 3, and 540-1610 kHz in ITU region 2), and Short Wave (2.3-
26.1 MHz). Signal propagation at these bands has unique
advantages such as low propagation loss, deep penetration
depth, long broadcasting range, low power, etc. Therefore,
amplitude modulation broadcasting has been one of the most
widely used broadcasting methods since it is invented. This
paper provides an overview of the history, operation, and
limitation of AM broadcasting, as well as the evolution,
principles and characters of antennas used for AM band
broadcasting.

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 REFRENCES

29
 http://www.ni.com/en
Ib/innovations/white
Papers/06/amplitude
Modulation.html#section-1559808270
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitu
http://www.topper.com/ask/question/draw-the-block-
diagram-ofamplitude-modulted-radio-transmitter/
http://www.becbapatla.ac.in/uploads/BCE1555920270978.
pdf
https://byjus.com/jee/amplitude-modulation/

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