This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2016.2559453, IEEE
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Bi-Directional Single-Stage Grid-Connected

Inverter for Battery Energy Storage System
Kuo-Yuan Lo, Yaow-Ming Chen, Senior Member, IEEE, and Yung-Ruei Chang, Member,
IEEE

Abstract--The objective of this paper is to propose a bi-

directional single-stage grid-connected inverter (BSG-
inverter) for the battery energy storage system. The
proposed BSG-inverter is composed of multiple bi-
directional buck-boost type dc-dc converters (BBCs) and a
dc-ac unfolder. Advantages of the proposed BSG-inverter
include: single-stage power conversion, low battery and
dc-bus voltages, pulsating charging/discharging currents,
and individual power control for each battery module.
Therefore, the equalization, lifetime extension, and
capacity flexibility of the battery energy storage system
can be achieved. Based on the developed equations, the
power flow of the battery system can be controlled without
the need of input current sensor. Also, with the interleaved
operation between BBCs, the current ripple of the output
inductor can be reduced too. The computer simulations
and hardware experimental results are shown to verify the
performance of the proposed BSG-inverter. Fig. 1. Conventional battery energy storage system.

Index Terms—Grid-connected inverter, battery energy [3]. Circuit simplicity is the main advantage of this type of
storage system. battery energy storage system but the total power capacity may
be easily reduced by a particular over charging/discharging
I. INTRODUCTION battery module due to the battery tolerance, unequal battery

B ECAUSE of the fossil fuel exhaustion and global warming

issue, renewable energies such as the photovoltaic (PV)
power and wind turbines are more and more popular recently.
losses, and so on. In order to maximize energy storage, the
voltage of the individual battery module connected in series to
form a dc bus as the input of the grid-tied inverter must be
However, the fluctuations of the high penetration renewable equalized with each other. The general solution to solve the
energy will cause the negative impact to the grid voltage and battery capacity reduction problem is to use extra balancing
frequency stabilization. Battery energy storage system is a circuit to connect each battery module and balance the charge
promising candidate to increase the penetration rate of the of all battery modules. However, the balancing circuit may
renewable energy. For the microgrid application, the battery result in the reduction of total efficiency and the increase of
energy storage system is essential not only for controlling and cost and circuit complexity [4]-[6].
managing the energy of distributed generation units such as Instead of using balancing circuit, Fig. 2 shows the different
photovoltaics, wind turbines, and micro-turbines for the configurations of grid-tied battery energy storage system to
stability of the power system but also for protecting loads from balance the charge of all battery modules. A two-stages
grid fault conditions. configuration to step-up the voltage by a dc-dc converter and
As shown in Fig. 1, the conventional battery energy storage transfer the DC power into AC power by a dc-ac inverter is
system consists of a battery array, which is formed by many shown in Fig. 2(a) [7]-[8]. Because of the parallel connection
battery modules connected in series or parallel, and a bi- of each battery module, the equalization of battery modules can
directional grid-tied dc-ac inverter as a full-bridge inverter [1]- be naturally achieved. Also, the two-stages configuration
implies a simpler system design with lower control complexity.
Manuscript received October 04, 2015; revised January 03, 2016;
However, the high current stress of the dc-dc converter and an
accepted March 12, 2016.
K. Y. Lo and Y. M. Chen are with the Electric Energy Processing inverter as the second-stage will reduce the overall conversion
Lab. (EEPro), Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan efficiency. Thus the power capacity of this type of
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. (e-mail: [email protected]; configuration is limited due to the efficiency and the current
[email protected]).
Y. R. Chang is with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research,
stress considerations. An alternative configuration for the
Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan. (e-mail: battery energy storage system is to adopt a dc-ac micro-
[email protected]). inverter for each battery module as shown in Fig. 2(b) [9]-[11].

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(a) two-stages configuration

Fig. 3. The proposed BSG-inverter for battery energy storage system.

the output terminals of the inverter are connected in series

[12]-[13]. Since low voltage rating components can be adopted
with single-stage conversion the inverter efficiency and cost
can be improved. However, the control of those series
connected dc-ac inverters is complicated and the reliability of
the battery storage system may be reduced.
Another key issue of the battery energy storage system is the
life-time of the battery modules. Based on the power density
and battery life consideration, the lead-acid battery and Li-ion
battery are the most commonly used energy storage component
for the battery energy storage system. However, the
degradation of the electrochemical battery will affect the
(b) Micro-inverter configuration system’s reliability dramatically. It has been reported that the
sinusoidal current can improve the Li+ battery charging
efficiency by comparing to the conventional constant-current
constant-voltage charging strategy [14]-[15]. Also, using
pulsating currents to charge/discharge the electrochemical
battery can improve the battery efficiency as well as to increase
the life-time of the battery [16].
Conventionally, the battery energy storage system needs the
two-stages converter to achieve the dc-ac function for the grid-
connected inverter and to produce the pulsating
charging/discharging current for the battery. Unfortunately, it
will reduce the power conversion efficiency of the precious
energy storage. Moreover, expensive current sensors are
required to calculate the battery module output power for the
output power control. Both the two-stages configuration and
the expensive current sensor become the major barriers for the
(c) Cascade-type configuration battery energy storage system. Therefore, a novel bi-directional
single-stage grid-connected inverter (BSG-inverter) without
Fig. 2. Different configurations of battery energy storage system. using current sensors, as shown in Fig. 3, is proposed.
Compared to the two-stages configuration, the micro-inverter In Fig. 3, each battery module has its own dc-dc converter to
offers more flexibility and fault tolerance in battery energy control the output power while the dc-ac unfolder is realized
storage system. Since each battery module has its own grid- by an output inductor and four active switches operated at ac
connected micro-inverter, the output power of the battery line frequency. The dc-dc converter produces a high frequency
module can be individually controlled in despite of other pulsating dc current with a sinusoidal envelope. Therefore, low
battery module mismatching. However, many challenges still battery and dc-bus voltages can be accomplished. The
remain in the way of achieving lower cost and higher pulsating charging/discharging current can help to extend the
conversion efficiency. Fig. 2(c) shows the cascade-type battery module’s lifetime, too. The dc-ac unfolder can convert
configuration for the battery energy storage system where the high frequency pulsating dc current generated by the dc-dc

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(a) The control signal generation

Fig. 4. The circuit diagram of the proposed BSG-inverter.

converters into a sinusoidal one with utility line frequency.

Because the unfolder only switches at the zero crossing of the (b)Typical input inductor current and output current waveforms of the
line voltage, its switching loss can be neglected by comparing first BBC during the k-th switching cycle
to those power switches in the DC-DC converter. Therefore, Fig. 5. The control signal generation and input inductor current
the energy of each battery module is transferred to the ac mains waveform of the 1st BBC in battery discharging mode.
by means of single-stage power conversion. Because of the
single-stage operation, the power conversion efficiency can be converters (BBCs) and a dc-ac unfolder, is shown in Fig. 4.
improved. For the battery energy storage system, current Each BBC consists of two switches, two diodes, and one
sensors are always needed. Conventionally, two current sensors, inductor. It can convert the dc current generated by the battery
one for the BMS, which includes the state of charge (SOC) and module into a high frequency pulsating dc current. This high
temperature monitoring, and the other for the power converter, frequency pulsating output current of the BBCs will be
which realizes the current control capability, are demanded for converted into sinusoidal one with utility line frequency by the
the battery energy storage system. The proposed BSG-inverter dc-ac unfolder of 4 active switches operated at low switching
can achieve the desired power flow control without the need of frequency and a LC filter. The proposed BSG-inverter will
current sensors. Also, it can be adopted for different BMSs as comply with the power commands, which is coming from the
long as the communication protocol for the power flow central control unit of the BMS, to charge or discharge the
command is determined. battery modules. The power flow from each battery module is
The proposed BSG-inverter can improve the power transferred to the ac mains by means of single-stage power
conversion efficiency, reduce the output inductor size, conversion. Also, the BBCs can be operated with interleaving
eliminate the input current sensor, and simplify the control to reduce the current ripple of the output inductor.
circuit. Moreover, the proposed BSG-inverter can achieve
individual power control of each battery module so that A. Discharging Mode Operation
important features of battery equalization, capacity flexibility,
For battery discharging mode of the first BBC set in Fig. 4,
and hot swapping can be accomplished. In this paper, the
the switch Sc1 is always turned off and the gate signal of Sd1 can
operation principle of the BSG-inverter will be introduced and
be generated by comparing the rectified sinusoidal signal Vsin
the power flow control of each battery module without current
with the saw-tooth carrier signal Vsaw with discontinuous
sensor will be developed. Computer simulation and
current mode (DCM) operation as shown in Fig. 5(a). Because
preliminarily experiments are shown to verify the performance
of the rectified sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM)
of the proposed BSG-inverter.
control with DCM operation, the waveform of the inductor
current, iL1, has an envelope of the rectified ac mains. During
II. THE PROPOSED BSG-INVERTER
the half-cycle of the grid line, the total switching numbers N
The circuit diagram of the proposed BSG-inverter, which is can be expressed as:
composed of m sets of distributed buck-boost type dc-dc

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fs
N = (1)
2f

where fs is the switching frequency and f is the grid frequency.

Typical waveforms of the inductor current, iL1, and output
current, io1, for the DCM operation during the k-th switching
cycle are shown in Fig. 5(b).
In Fig. 5(b), id_p1[k], dd1[k], and dd2[k] are defined as the
peak current, the charging duty ratio, and the discharging duty
ratio of the input inductor L1 of the k-th switching period Ts,
respectively. For the first BBC set, during the charging period
of the input inductor L1, the active switch Sd1 is turned on and
the voltage potential across the input inductor L1 is equal to the (a) The control signal generation
battery voltage Vb1 which results in the linearly increased
inductor current. When the switch Sd1 is turned off, the voltage
potential across the input inductor L1 is reversed and equal to
the capacitor voltage Vcf which can be assumed to be the
rectified ac mains because of the dc-ac unfolder. Due to the
DCM operation, the inductor current iL1 decreases to zero
during the discharging period of the input inductor L1. The
peak current of the input inductor of the k-th switching cycle
can be expressed as:
Vb1 V [k ]
id _ p1[ k ] = ⋅ d d 1[ k ]Ts = cf ⋅ d d 2 [ k ]Ts (2)
L1 L1 (b)Typical input inductor current and output current waveforms of
the first BBC during the k-th switching cycle
where Vcf [k] is the output capacitor voltage during the k-th Fig. 6. The control signal generation and input inductor current
switching cycle. Due to the DCM SPWM control, (2) can be waveform of the 1st BBC in battery charging mode.
further modified as:
the BBC has a constant output impedance and can inject power
into the ac mains with an almost unity power factor.
Vb1 kπ
id _ p1[ k ] = ⋅ D p1 sin( ) (3) Due to the DCM SPWM control with the current waveforms
L1 f s N shown in Fig. 5(b), the average battery discharging power can
be obtained as:
where Dp1 is the maximum duty ratio during the half-cycle of
N
the grid line. To ensure the DCM operation in battery Vb1
discharging mode, Dp1 must follow the following restriction:
Pb1 =
2N
∑i
k =1
[ k ]d d 1[k ]
d _ p1 (7)
.
2Vac Combining (2), (3), and (7), the expression of the average
Dp1 < ( ) (4)
Vb1 + 2Vac battery discharging power becomes:
2
where Vac is the rms value of utility grid line voltage. It should f N
 kπ 
be mentioned that the desired Dp1 can be easily obtained by Pb1 =
L1 f s
2 ∑  Vb1 D p1 ⋅ sin( ) 
k =1  N 
(8)
controlling the amplitude of the rectified sinusoidal signal Vsin .
as shown in Fig. 5(a). The average output current of the 1st Eq. (8) reveals that the average discharging power is only
BBC during the positive half-cycle can be derived as: related to Vb1 and Dp1 if other parameters (f, fs, N, and L1) are
carefully designed. In other words, the battery discharging
1 N id _ p1[k ]d d 2 [k ]Ts
< io1 >=
N
∑
k =1 2
(5) power can be determined without measuring the battery current.
. By measuring the battery voltage Vb1 to generating appropriate
From (2) and (5), the average value of the output impedance of maximum duty ratio Dp1 of the BBC, it is possible to realize
BBC can be expressed as follows: the individual power-handling capability required for the
battery energy storage system. Also, Eq. (8) implies that the
< Vcf >
2
1 N 2 L1Vcf [ k ] variation of inductance value will affect the accuracy of the
< io1 >
=
N
∑V
k =1
2 2
d d 1 [ k ]Ts
2 (6)
output power. It is similar to the situation that an imprecise
b1 .
current sensor will lead to an inaccurate output current control.
In (6), the ratio of Vcf and dd1 for each k-th switching cycle can Hence, it is necessary to calibrate the power calculation and
be approximated as a constant since both of them can be determine the effective inductor value after the hardware
approximated as rectified sinusoidal functions. It implies that
circuit is implemented.

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B. Charging Mode Operation

For battery charging mode of the first BBC set in Fig. 4, the sinω t
switch Sd1 is always turned off and the gate signal of Sc1 can be
generated by comparing the reference signal Vref with the saw- D p1 sin ω t
tooth carrier signal Vsaw with discontinuous current mode
(DCM) operation as shown in Fig. 6(a). In Fig. 6(b), dc1 is
defined as the charging duty ratio of the input inductor L1 and
dc2[k] is defined as the discharging duty ratio of the input
inductor L1 of the k-th switching period Ts. For the first BBC
set, during the charging period of the input inductor L1, the
active switch Sc1 is turned on and the voltage potential across
the input inductor L1 is equal to the capacitor voltage Vcf which
can be assumed to be the rectified ac mains because of the dc-
Fig. 7 The control block diagram of the first BBC set.
ac unfolder. When the switch Sc1 is turned off, the voltage
potential across the input inductor L1 is reversed and equal to positive half-cycle of the ac mains, the switches SA and SD are
the battery voltage Vb1 which results in the linearly decreased turned-on while SB and SC are off. For the negative half-cycle,
inductor current. Due to the DCM operation, the inductor switches SB and SC are on and SA and SD are off. Since the
current iL1 decreases to zero during the discharging period. The unfolder is switched at the ac line frequency, its switching loss
peak current of the input inductor of the k-th switching cycle
is very low and can be neglected. Therefore, the proposed
can be expressed as:
BSG-inverter only has one high-frequency PWM signal and
Vcf [k ] Vb1 can be categorized as a single-stage inverter.
ic _ p1[ k ] = − ⋅ d c1Ts = ⋅ d c 2 [ k ]Ts (9) For the proposed BSG-inverter, the m-sets of BBCs can
L1 L1 . operate in the interleaving fashion. The required
Also, to ensure the DCM operation in battery charging mode, synchronization signal for the interleaving operation can be
dc1 must follow the following restriction: easily obtained from the ac line voltage and no extra
communication between BBC is required. By shifting the duty
Vb1 cycles of adjacent channels with 360o/m, the total current
d c1 < ( ) (10)
Vb1 + 2Vac . ripple of the output inductor can be greatly reduced. Fig. 8
shows the voltage and current waveforms of the BBC’s output
Due to the DCM SPWM control with the current waveforms of two phase interleaving in battery discharging mode. The
shown in Fig. 6(b), the average battery charging power can be shifting time T of m-sets of BBCs can be expresses as:
m
obtained as:
1 .
2 Tm = (12)
Pb1 =
fd c1 N
2 ∑
(Vcf [k ])2
(11) mf s
L1 f s k =1 .
Since the average voltage of output inductor Lf is zero at steady
Eq. (11) reveals that the average battery charging power is state, the average voltage across Cf is equal to Vac and the peak
only related to Vcf[k] and dc1 if other parameters (fs, N, and L1) discharging time Toff can be expressed as:
are carefully designed. Also, the battery charging power can be
Vb1 D p1 .
determined without measuring the battery current. The control Toff = (13)
block diagram of the first BBC set, as an example, is shown in 2Vac f s
Fig. 7. The discharging/charging and power commands, D/C
The discharging time of the capacitor Cf can be expressed as:
and Pb1, are generated by the (BMS) and are sent to the
controller of the BSG-inverter. The duty cycle signals, Dp1 and 1 V D
Td = Tm − Toff = − b1 p1 . (14)
dc1, can be determined by using the derived equations (8) and mf s 2Vs f s
(11). For the battery discharging operation, the unity sinusoidal
function with the grid frequency, sinωt, can be via a phase luck The peak voltage deviation of the output capacitor can be
loop (PLL) and is used to obtain the reference signal Dp1sinωt. derived as:
The gate signal of Sd1 can be generated by comparing Dp1sinωt T I
with the saw-tooth carrier signal Vsw. Also, the gate signal of ∆VC f = d ac . (15)
Cf
Sc1 can be generated by comparing the duty cycle dc1 with the
saw-tooth carrier signal Vsw for the battery charging operation. where Cf is the capacitor value and Iac is the peak value of the
The dc-ac unfolder is realized by 4 active switches operated output current. Since the variation of the storage energy of the
at low switching frequency and a LC filter. It can convert the output capacitor is almost equal to the variation of the storage
high frequency pulsating dc current generated by the BBCs energy of the output inductor in Tm interval, the equation for
into a sinusoidal one with utility line frequency. During the the storage energy can be derived as:

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Fig. 8. The output voltage and current waveforms of the BBC of two Fig. 9. The output voltage and current waveforms of the BBC of two
phase interleaving in battery discharging mode. phase interleaving in battery charging mode.

can be summarized as follows:

1 1 1) To ensure the DCM operation of the BBC, determine an
E d = C f ∆VC f = L f ∆I f
2 2
(16)
2 2 eligible maximum duty ratio shown in (4) and (10) according
to the rated voltage of the battery module and the ac-mains.
where Lf is the output inductor value and ∆If is the peak current
2) Select the appropriate switching frequency and determine
deviation of the output inductor. From (14), (15), (16), and Fig.
the total switching numbers shown in (1) with grid frequency.
8, the peak current deviation of the output inductor can be
3) Design the input inductor L1 shown in (8) and (11) with the
obtained as:
circuit parameters f, fs, Dp1, dc1, N, and Pb1.
2 4) Based on the numbers of battery modules, shift the duty
 1 Vb1 D p1  cycles of adjacent channels with 360o/m for the interleaving
 
 mf − 2V f  I ac
2

(17) operation.
∆I f =  s s  .
s

Lf C f 5) Select the appropriate value of the output current ripple to

determine the output inductor and capacitor shown in (17) and
Fig. 9 shows the voltage and current waveforms of the BBC’s (21) with the circuit parameters m, Tm, Lp1, L1, Vs, and Iac.
output of two phases interleaving in charging mode. The
average voltage across Cf must equal to Vac and the charging III. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
time Ton can be expressed as: A prototype of the proposed BSG-inverter with two BBCs is
d built and tested. To achieve the desired output power, the
Ton = c1 . (18) component values and parameters must match the equations
fs
derived in previous sections. For the 110Vac,rms/60Hz utility
The charging time of the capacitor Cf can be expressed as: line, the specifications of the battery modules are listed in
Table I. From (4), the maximum duty ratio in battery
1 d
Tc = Tm − Ton = − c1 . (19) discharging mode can be obtained:
mf s fs
D p1 < 0.757 . (22)
The peak deviation of the output capacitor can be derived as: From (10), the duty ratio in battery charging mode can also be
obtained:
Tc I ac .
∆VC f = (20) d c1 < 0.243 . (23)
Cf
The input inductor Lm as the functions of the switching
From (16), (19), (20), and Fig. 8, the peak current deviation of frequency fs can be illustrated in Fig. 10 from (8) and (11). It
the output inductor can be obtained as: implies that a small size inductor is possible and the weight of
the proposed BSG-inverter can be reduced. However, a
2
 1 d 
 − c1  I ac
2
TABLE I
mf f (21)
∆I f =  s s  . BATTERY MODULE SPECIFICATIONS
Lf C f Nominal capacity(0.2C) 7 Ah
Rated voltage 51.2 V
From (17) and (21), it can be founded that the ripple current Maximum charging voltage 58 V
can be decreased by adding the numbers of the BBCs directly. Cut-off voltage 40 V
This interleaved operation can result in lower ripple current to Standard charging and discharging current 0.2 C
reduce the size of the output inductor and capacitor. Standard discharging current 0.5 C
Finally, the design procedure of the proposed BSG-inverter Maximum discharging current 1C

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200

vac 100
0
-100
-200

1
iac
-1

-3
12
iL1 6
2
Fig. 10. The input inductor Lm as the functions of switching
frequency fs. -4
0 20 40 60 80 100

time/mSecs 20mSecs/div
(a) battery discharging operation

200

△If (A)
vac 100
0
-100
-200

1
iac 0
-1
-2
2

Cf (µF) iL1 -4
Lf (mH) -8
-14
Fig. 11. The maximum output current ripple as a function of Cf and 0 20 40 60 80 100
Lf. time/mSecs 20mSecs/div
(b) battery charging operation
high switching frequency implies a large switching loss and the Fig. 12. Computer simulations of ac main voltage (top), ac output
trade-off between the inductance reduction and the switching current (middle), and input current (bottom) for the BSG-inverter with
loss increment need to be carefully judged. As shown in Fig. battery discharging and charging operations.
10, there is no obvious reduction in input inductance when the rectified sinusoidal waveform and an almost sinusoidal output
switching frequency is higher than 20 kHz. Therefore, the current is generated. In Fig. 12(a), the output current iac of the
switching frequency is selected as 20 kHz for the prototype BSG-inverter has a peak value equal to 1.5A in battery
circuit. From (17) and (21), the maximum output current ripple discharging mode, where the rms value of the ac mains voltage
as a function of Cf and Lf is illustrated in Fig. 11. The lower vac is 110V. In Fig. 12(b), the peak value of output current iac is
output current ripple implies the larger size of Lf and Cf. reversed and equal to 1.5A in battery charging operation.
However, the output capacitor value Cf is limited by the The corresponding hardware experimental waveforms of the
decrease of the power factor at rated power [17]. Therefore, simulated ones are shown in Fig. 13. The controller is
the trade-off between output current ripple and the LC filter implemented by the microprocessor, TMS320F2808, with the
size need to be considered while design BSG inverter.
merit of circuit simplicity. Experimental waveforms are
Based on the derived mathematical equations in previous
consistent with the simulated ones and the ac output current is
sections, specifications of the prototype BSG-inverter can be
almost in phase with the ac mains voltage. The measured total
determined as:
harmonic distortion for the proposed inverter is about 4.9% for
1) Input inductor L1 = L2 = 180 µH
the battery discharging operation and 4.3% for the battery
2) Battery module rating voltage Vb1 = 50 V
charging operation. It should be mentioned that as the number
3) AC mains = 110 Vrms/60Hz
of battery module increase, the ripple current will be reduced
4) Switching frequency fs = 20 kHz
due to the nature of interleaved operation. Therefore, a lower
5) Output capacitor Cf = 2 µF
current THD can be expected.
6) Output inductor Lf = 1.5 mH
Another important feature of the proposed inverter is the
With the design procedure presented in pervious sections, the
individual power control capability without the need of input
output current of the proposed BSG-inverter can be well
controlled. Computer simulations shown in Fig. 12 (a) and (b) current sensor. The measured output power curves of two
are the key waveforms of the proposed BSG-inverter for battery modules with different power commands using the
battery discharging and charging operations, respectively. It is proposed BSG-inverter are shown in Fig. 14. Battery module
obvious that the input inductor current iL1 has an envelope of #1 can provide higher power but it is activated later. It

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2016.2559453, IEEE
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vac
iac

iL1

(a) battery discharging operation

Fig. 14. The measured output power curves of two battery
modules with different power commands of the proposed BSG-
inverter.
vac
iac

iL1

(b) battery charging operation

Fig. 13. Experimental waveforms of ac main voltage, ac output
current, and input current for BSG-inverter with battery discharging Fig. 15. The power conversion efficiency of the proposed BSG-
and charging operations. inverter.

reveals that the proposed BSG-inverter can control the power

for individual battery module without affecting other one’s
operation. The power conversion efficiency of the proposed
BSG-inverter under different output power is shown in Fig. 15.
It can be observed that the efficiency is around 92% for a wide
charging/discharging power range. It also reveals that the
efficiency in the discharge mode is higher than that in the
charge mode. It is caused by the higher drain-to-source voltage
and Coss loss of Sc1 in the charging mode. The picture of the
prototype BSG-inverter is shown in Fig. 16.

IV. CONCLUSIONS Fig. 16. The prototype circuit.

A novel BSG-inverter, which consists of multiple
distributed BBCs and a dc-ac unfolder, for the battery energy with the interleaved operation, the current ripple of the output
storage system is proposed in this paper. The proposed BSG- inductor can be reduced significantly. A design guide line of
inverter has individual power control capability for each the proposed BSG is presented. Finally, computer simulations
battery module while fulfill the functions of battery charging and hardware measurements are shown to verify the validity of
and discharging by using pulsating current. Eventually, the the proposed BSG-inverter.
equalization, lifetime extension, and capacity flexibility of the
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2016.2559453, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

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