Name: Buya Ahmad Bilal

Nim:200502502015

Class: English Educatioan A

Parts of the Classification of Words

Words Classification

Parts of Speech Function of Words

Nouns Determiners

Verbs Auxiliaries

Adjectives Intensifiers

Adverbs Prepositions

Conjunctions

Question Words
 I. The identification of Word Classification
1. Noun

A noun is a word that represents a person, place, or thing. Everything we can see or
talk about is represented by a word. That word is called a "noun." You might find it useful to
think of a noun as a "naming word." For example, refers to a person ‘Evelyn Eudora’, a place
‘Rinjani’, a thing ‘Laptop’, an animal ‘Elephant’, a quality ‘Softness’, an idea ‘Justice’, or an
action ‘Hit’.

There are several types of noun, as follow:

A. Common Noun; A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in

general, e.g. boy, country, bridge, city, birth, day, happiness.
B. Proper Noun; A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place,
or thing, e.g. Steven, Africa, London, Monday. In written English, proper nouns
begin with capital letters.
C. Concrete Noun; A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things
that exist physically and can be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted.
Examples include dog, building, coffee, tree, rain, beach, tune.
D. Abstract Noun; An abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and
conditions - things that cannot be seen or touched and things which have no
physical reality, e.g. truth, danger, happiness, time, friendship, humour.
E. Collective Noun; Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things, e.g.
audience, family, government, team, jury.
F. Countable Noun; The nouns that can be counted called by Countable Nouns.
Countable nouns can take an article: a, an, the. e.g. ball, table, fan, pen etc.
 G. Non-Countable Noun; The nouns that cannot be counted called by Non-
Countable Nouns and then they not regularly have a plural form. e.g. salt, oil,
rain, sugar and etc.
H. Compound Noun; Sometimes two or three nouns appear together, or even with
other word classes, and create idiomatic compound nouns. e.g. six-pack, son-in-
law, five-year-old and etc.

2. Verb

Verbs describe what a person or thing does or what is happening. Verbs are words
that give the idea of action, of doing something. words like run, fight, do and work, all
convey action. But some verbs do not give the idea of action but they give the idea of
existence, of state, of ‘being’. verbs like be, exist, seem, and belong all convey state. For
example: - Action: Jack plays football.

- State: Jack seems angry.

Types of verbs, as follow:

A. Action Verb is a word that express action (give, eat, walk, etc.) or possession
(have, own, etc.). Action verbs can be either transitive or intransitive.
- Transitive verbs
A transitive verb has a noun that receives the action of the verb, called
the direct object, for example in the listed below:
• She raises her hand. The verb is raises; her hand is the object that
receiving the verb’s action, Therefore, raises is a transitive verb.
• Bill catches the ball. The verb is catches, and bill is the object that
receiving the verb’s action.

Transitive verbs sometimes have indirect objects, which name the object
to whom or for whom the action was done, for example:

• Abdus gave Becky the pencil. The verb is gave, the direct object is the
pencil. (What did he give? The pencil.) The indirect object is Becky. (To
whom did he give it? To Becky.)
 - Intransitive verbs
An intransitive verb never has a direct or indirect object. Although an
intransitive verb may be followed by an adverb or adverbial phrase, there
is no object to receive its action, for example:
• Ana moves slowly from her seat. The verb is moves. The phrase,
slowly from her seat, modifies the verb, but no object receives the
action.
B. Finite Verbs are the actual verbs which are called the roots of sentences. It is
a form of a verb that is performed by or refers to a subject and uses one of the
twelve forms of tense and changes according to the number/person of the
subject
Example:
- Robert plays hockey.
- He is playing for Australia.
C. Non-Finite Verbs are not actual verbs. They do not work as verbs in the
sentence rather they work as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc. Non-finite verbs
do not change according to the number/person of the subject because these
verbs, also called verbal, do not have any direct relation to the subject.
Sometimes they become the subject themselves.
The forms of non-finite verbs are – infinitive, gerund, and participle
(participles become finite verbs when they take auxiliary verbs.)
Example:
 Alex went abroad to play (Infinitives)
 Playing cricket is his only job. (Present participle)
 I have a broken bat. (Past participle)
 Walking is a good habit. (Gerund)
D. Linking Verbs adds details about the subject of a sentence. In its simplest
form, it connects the subject and the complement — that is, the words that
follow the linking verb. It creates a link between them instead of showing
action.
Example:
-You look happy. (You are happy.)
E. Modal Verbs is a kind of an auxiliary verb. It assists the main verb to indicate
possibility, potentiality, ability, permission, expectation, and obligation.
 The modal verbs are can, could, must, may, might, ought to, shall, should,
will, would.
Example:
-She should call him.
-I will go there.
F. Auxiliary verbs Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs. An auxiliary
verb extends the main verb by helping to show time, tense, and possibility.
The auxiliary verbs are – be verbs, have, and do.

Example:
They are walking in the park.
I have seen a movie.
G. Regular Verbs is any verb whose conjugation follows the typical pattern, or
one of the typical patterns, of the language to which it belongs.
In English, the "usual" rule is to add "-ed" or "-d" to the base form of the verb
to create the past forms.
Example:

Base Form Simple Past Past Participle

Accept Accepted Accepted
Allow Allowed Allowed
Add Added Added

Example in sentence:
-I walks around my house.
-I walked around my house yesterday.
-I walked around my house a few times this morning.

H. Irregular Verbs do not have spelling rules that we can follow to create the
past tense and past participles. It means the only way of knowing how to spell
these forms is memorize them for each irregular verb individually.
Example:

Base Form Simple Past Past Participle

 Swim Swam Swum
Drink Drank Drunk
Fall Fell Fallen

Example in sentence:
-Let’s drink some of this lemonade
- I drank some yesterday and found it delicious.

3. Adjective

An adjective is a word that defines, qualifies or modifies the meaning of a noun, or

more rarely of a pronoun. It expresses a quality or attribute of the word it qualifies. It
normally indicates quality, size, shape, duration, feeling, content, and more about noun and
pronoun.

Here several types of Adjective, as follow:

A. Descriptive Adjective is an adjective which describes noun and pronoun. Most

of the adjectives belong in this type. These adjectives provide information and
attribute to the nouns/pronouns they modify or describe.
Example:
-The hungry cats are crying.
-I saw a flying eagle.
B. Quantitative Adjective is an adjective that can give information in the form of
a quantity of a noun or pronoun. This type belongs to the question category of ‘how
much’ and ‘how many’.
Example:
-They have four children.
-You should complete the whole mission.
C. Proper Adjective Most adjectives are "common adjectives". They describe
people, places and things, but they are based on names and therefore need to be
capitalized, like the names.
 Example:
-Since you live in Indonesia, do you enjoy with Indonesian food?
-Italian Vespa are best production.
D. Interrogative Adjective
-Interrogative adjective "WHAT"
• What colour is your favourite?
• What food do you very like?
-Interrogative adjective "WHOSE"
• Whose book is that beside yours?
• Whose bag is that on the table?

-Interrogative adjective "WHICH"

• which book is that you put on the table?
• Which news that you are watching now?

4. Adverb

Adverb are words that describe a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It tell us how,
where, when, how much and with frequency.

Example: -He hurriedly sat down.

-She moves slowly.

Several categories of adverb, as follow:

A. Adverbs of Degree tell us more about the intensity of the verb in the
sentence, in other words, they describe how much, or to what degree. They
can be categorized as low degree (e.g. somewhat), medium degree (e.g.
fairly), and high degree (e.g. extremely). Popular adverbs of degree include:
almost, enough, hardly, just, nearly, quite, simply, so too.
Example:
-It simply not enough.
-I’m so excited to move to Kazakhstan.
B. Adverbs of Frequency let us know how often the verb occurs. Therefore,
they mostly modify verbs. These adverbs tend to appear right before the
 main verb in the sentence. Popular adverbs in this category include: again,
always, never, normally, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually.
Example:
-I always clean my motorcycle.
-He usually read newspaper at the morning.
C. Adverbs of Manner tell us how, or in what manner, something was carried
out. They mostly modify verbs and can often be found at the end of a clause.
This category comprises the most common adverbs — the ones that end in
-ly. Here are some examples of adverbs of manner: beautifully, normally,
neatly, happily, generously etc.
Example:
-I combed my cat’s fur carefully.
-She walks slowly.
D. Adverb of Place tell us more about where the verb took place. These tend to
pop up after the main verb or direct object of the sentence. Here are some
common adverbs of place: above, in, at, inside, below, into etc.
Example:
-Honestly, there aren’t any enemies here.
-In Pare Kediri everywhere must speak English.
E. Adverb of Time detail when the verb took place. We usually see these kinds
of adverbs placed at the beginning or end of a sentence. Adverbs of time
include: annually, daily, monthly, recently, yesterday, tomorrow etc.
Example:
-I want buy some cat food tomorrow.
-They recently relocated to Samoa.

II. The Identification of Function Words

1. Determiners

Determiners are a kind of noun modifier; they precede and are necessarily followed
by nouns. While adjectives perform a similar function, the term ‘determiner’ refers to a
relatively limited set of well-established words that can be said to ‘mark’ nouns.
 The function of determiners is to ‘express reference’; i.e. they clarify what a noun is
referring to. For example, when one says ‘that box’, the listener knows which box is being
referred to.

There are several types of determiners, as follow:

A. Demonstratives

Demonstrative pronouns are also used as determiners in English. There are four of
them: this, that, these and those. Demonstratives are used in a situation in which the speaker
can point to the item they mean, making them even more specific than a definite article. For
example:

 Do you want this piece of chicken?

 I don't want to go to that movie.
 These black raspberries are sour.
 He wanted those boys to go away.

This and These refer to items nearby; that and those refer to items far away. Note also
that this and that are singular while these and those are plural.

B. Quantifiers

Quantifiers are determiners that indicate how much or how little of the noun is being
discussed. They include words such as all, few and many. For example:

 He took all the books.

 She liked all desserts equally.
 Few children like lima beans, so the cafeteria stopped serving them.
 Many kittens are taught to hunt by their mothers.

Note that all can be used with other determiners to specify which particular items are
meant in this case, the quantifier always comes before the article or demonstrative. It's also
possible to use all alone to refer to items generally, as in the second example.

C. Possessives
 When referring to a noun that belongs to someone or something, you can use
possessive pronouns to show ownership. Possessive pronouns include my, your, his, her, its,
our, and their. For example:

 Where is your car?

 The dog growled and showed its teeth.
 My best friend is a cat.
 Which one is his house?
 Honesty is her best quality.
 The tree shed its leaves.
 It's our secret recipe.

As always, the determiner comes before the noun and any modifying adjectives. In
English, you can use the same possessive whether the noun it references is singular or plural.

2. Auxiliaries

Auxiliary verbs are so called because they help to form the various tenses, moods,
and voices of other verbs. The principal ones are be, do, and have.

 Be is used with other verbs to form continuous tenses and

the passive voice:
-She is reading a magazine.
-We were talking to them for ages.
-England were beaten by Germany in the final.

 Have is used to make perfect tenses:

-The judge had asked her to speak up.
-In two years, we will have established community gardens.

 Do is used:
for emphasis:
 -He did look tired.

to make questions:

-Do you want a coffee?

to form negative statements or questions:
-I don’t like meat.
-Didn’t he know how to play football?

3. Intensifiers

An intensifier is a word that strengthens or weakens another word (usually the word
immediately to its right). An intensifier has no real meaning by itself and can usually be
removed from the sentence. Intensifiers are adverbs.

The most common intensifiers are "very," "extremely," and "incredibly." The sole
purpose of an intensifier is to tell us about the intensity of another word.

Examples of Intensifiers in Sentences

Here are some examples of intensifiers (shaded) in sentences:

 This pie is tasty.
(There is no intensifier in this sentence.)
 This pie is very tasty.
(In this example, the intensifier "very" strengthens the adjective "tasty." Of
note, "very" is the most common intensifier in English.)
 The delegation is late.
(There is no intensifier in this sentence.)
 The delegation is very late.

4. Preposition

Preposition is a word that used to connect nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words
in a sentence, they act to connect the objects, time, people even location of a sentence.
Preposition is a short word that usually and normally placed in front of the noun or before the
noun and in some cases, you’ll also find it in front of gerund verbs. Prepositions have some
function in a sentence such as, agency (by); comparison (like, as . . . as); direction (to,
toward, through); place (at, by, on); possession (of); purpose (for); source (from, out of); and
time (at, before, on).

Type of Prepositions

1. Prepositions of Time

Prepositions of time include: at, on, in, before and after. They are used to help to tell when
something happened, happens or will happen. It can get a little confusing though, as many
different prepositions can be used. Prepositions of time examples in the following sentences
are in bold for easy identification: For example:

 I was born on April 4th 2000.

 I was born in 2000.
 I was born at exactly 5.30 am.
 She was born two minutes before her twin sister.
 He was born after the Great War ended.

For years, months, seasons, centuries and times of day, use the preposition in:

 I first met Gteam in 2018.

 It’s always rains in January
 Ramadhan is a month that Islamic people always wait in every year.
 The Second World War occurred in the 20th century.
 We eat lunch in the afternoon.

For days, dates and specific holiday days, use the preposition on.

 We go to school on Monday, but not on Sunday

 I will see you on 15th march.
 No need to give a present on my birthday.

For times, indicators of exception and festivals, use the preposition at:

 My all relative always come to my home at Eid.

 I become more productive at night.
 I meet him at 7pm today.

Preposition of before and after is so easy to understand because it’s used to express when
something happened, happens or will happen.

 Before pandemic come, I always study in collage.

 Wash your hand before you eat, and wash it again after you eat
Other prepositions of time that included, during, about, around, until and throughout.

 We have to wear mask during the pandemic.

 He usually wakes up around 3pm.
 It was about 30 chairs yesterday.
 I will wait for you until 9 pm.

2. Prepositions of place

 The key is on the table.

 Mom is in the kitchen.
 We will meet at the crossroads.

the are some other prepositions of place, such as:

 under
 over
 inside
 outside
 above
 below

3. Prepositions with Nouns

A preposition that connects a noun with a preposition to help the sentence become
clear. For example:

 He runs towards his cat.

 She had knowledge of English.
 The trouble with math.
 18th is an age in which you will get your nationality card.

4. Prepositions with Verbs

Prepositional verbs are a combination of verbs and prepositions. For example, in the
following below:

Verb + to:

 He walked to home.
 I go to bed at 3.00 am always because of homework.
Verb + for:

 she must apologize for her words.

 We search for a KFC now.

Verb + with:

 I agree with your statement.

 I meet with your cousin last night

Verb + of:

 I pray of a better life.

 Have you heard of shark hibernation?

Verb + in:

 Do you believe in love?

 She lives in Jakarta.

Verb + at

 We arrived at grandma’s house.

 She is good at singing

Verb + on:

 You should be focus on your exam.

 Natan invited on rina’s party.

Verb + from:

 She came from last night

 I resigned from my job.

5. Conjunctions

A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or

sentences. Conjunctions are considered to be invariable grammar particle, and they may
or may not stand between items they conjoin. Here is a list of conjunctions commonly
used in American English: and, us, because, but, for, just as, or, neither, nor, not only, so,
whether, yet.
 There are several different types of conjunctions that do various jobs within sentence
structures. These include:

- Subordinating conjunctions – Also known as subordinators, these conjunctions

join dependent clauses to independent clauses.
- Coordinating conjunction – Also known as coordinators, these conjunctions
coordinate or join two or more sentences, main clauses, words, or other parts of
speech which are of the same syntactic importance.
- Correlative conjunction – These conjunctions correlate, working in pairs to join
phrases or words that carry equal importance within a sentence.
- Conjunctive adverbs – While some instructors do not teach conjunctive adverbs
alongside conjunctions, these important parts of speech are worth a mention here.
These adverbs always connect one clause to another, and are used to show
sequence, contrast, cause and effect, and other relationships.

Example of Conjunction:

- I tried to hit the nail but hit my thumb instead.

- Neither the black dress nor the grey one looks right on me.
- My dad always worked hard so we could afford the things we wanted.

6. Question Word

An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask a question,

such as what, which, when, where, who, whom, whose, why, whether and how. They are
sometimes called wh-words.

WHO is only used when referring to people. (= I want to know the person)

 Who is the best football player in the world?

 Who are your best friends?

WHERE is used when referring to a place or location. (= I want to know the place)

 Where is the library?

 Where do you live?

WHEN is used to refer to a time or an occasion. (= I want to know the time)

 When do the shops open?

 When is his birthday?

WHY is used to obtain an explanation or a reason. (= I want to know the reason)

 Why do we need a nanny?

  Why are they always late?

Normally the response begins with "Because..."

WHAT is used to refer to specific information. (= I want to know the thing)

 What is your name?

 What is her favourite colour?

WHICH is used when a choice needs to be made. (= I want to know the thing between
alternatives)

 Which dish did you order – the pizza or the pasta?

 Which day do you prefer for a meeting – today or tomorrow?

HOW is used to describe the manner that something is done. (= I want to know the way)

 How do you cook lasagne?

 How does he know the answer?

With HOW there are a number of other expressions that are used in questions:

How much – refers to a quantity or a price (uncountable nouns)

 How much time do you have to finish the test?

 How much money will I need?

How many – refers to a quantity (countable nouns)

 How many people live in this city?

 How many brothers and sister do you have?

How often – refers to frequency

 How often does she study?

 How often are you sick?

How far – refers to distance

 How far is the university from your house?

 How far is the bus stop from here?

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