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What is this test (one-way

ANOVA)for?
one-way ANOVA • An analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to
compare the means of two or more independent
samples and to test whether the differences
between the means are statistically significant.
M. Ateeq ur Rehman Siddique
Assistant Professor • The one-way analysis of Variance (one-way
YIPS
ANOVA) can be thought of as an extension of a t-
test for independent samples. It is used when
there are usually more than two independent
groups.

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one-way ANOVA What does this test do?

Note: • The one-way ANOVA compares the means between
▪ The independent variable is the categorical the groups you are interested in and determines
variable that defines the groups that are whether any of those means are significantly
different from each other. Specifically, it tests the null
compared. e.g., instructional methods, grade hypothesis:
level, or marital status.
▪ The dependent variable is measured variable • where µ = group mean and k = number of groups. If,
whose means are being compared e.g., level however, the one-way ANOVA returns a significant
result, we accept the alternative hypothesis (Ha),
of job satisfaction, or test anxiety. which is that there are at least 2 group means that
are significantly different from each other.

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One-way ANOVA uses One-way ANOVA Assumptions

Example, 1: Your dependent variable should be measured at
a one-way ANOVA is used to understand whether exam the interval or ratio scales (i.e., they are
performance differed based on test anxiety levels amongst continuous).
students, dividing students into three independent groups
(e.g., low, medium and high-stressed students).
Examples of variables that meet this criterion
It only tells you that at least two groups were different. include, revision time (measured in hours),
Since you may have three, four, five or more groups in your intelligence (measured using IQ score),
study design, determining which of these groups differ
from each other is important. You can do this using a post- exam performance (measured from 0 to 100),
hoc test. weight (measured in kg).

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One-way ANOVA Assumptions One-way ANOVA Assumptions

2. Your independent variable should consist of two or more categorical,
independent groups. Typically, a one-way ANOVA is used when you 3. You should have independence of observations,
have three or more categorical, independent groups, but it can be which means that there is no relationship between
used for just two groups (but an independent-samples t-test is
the observations in each group or between the
more commonly used for two groups).
groups themselves.
Example independent variables that meet this criterion
include ethnicity (e.g., 3 groups: Caucasian, African American
For example, it is an important assumption of the one-
and Hispanic), physical activity level (e.g., 4 groups: way ANOVA. If your study fails this assumption, you
sedentary, low, moderate and high), profession (e.g., 5
will need to use another statistical test instead of the
groups: surgeon, doctor, nurse, dentist, therapist), and so
forth.
one-way ANOVA (e.g., a repeated measures design)

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One-way ANOVA Assumptions One-way ANOVA Assumptions

5: Your dependent variable should be
4: There should be no significant outliers. Outliers are
simply single data points within your data that do not approximately normally distributed for each
follow the usual pattern. category of the independent variable.
Example: in a study of 100 students' IQ scores, where One-way ANOVA only requires approximately
the mean score was 108 with only a small variation normal data because it is quite "robust" to
between students, one student had a score of 156, violations of normality, meaning that assumption
which is very unusual. can be a little violated and still provide valid
The problem with outliers is that they can have a results. You can test for normality using the
negative effect on the one-way ANOVA, reducing the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality.
validity of your results.

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One-way ANOVA Assumptions Example: The hemoglobin level of three groups of children
fed on three diets are given. Test whether the means of these
three groups differ significantly?
6: There needs to be homogeneity of variances.
You can test this assumption in SPSS Statistics
using Levene's test for homogeneity of variances.

If your data fails this assumption, you will need

to not only carry out a Welch ANOVA instead of a
one-way ANOVA, which you can do using SPSS
Statistics, but also use a different post-hoc test.

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Procedure 4. Error variation

1. Correlation factor

5. Level of Significance
6. Degree of Freedom and critical value.
2. Total variation TSS

7. ANOVA Table

3. Treatment Total Variation