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Thermodynamics (Module 1)

Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformations between heat and work. The fundamental law is the conservation of energy principle stating energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between forms. Thermodynamic systems can be isolated, closed, or open depending on whether mass and energy can cross the system boundary.

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Christine Salamat
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49 views

Thermodynamics (Module 1)

Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformations between heat and work. The fundamental law is the conservation of energy principle stating energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between forms. Thermodynamic systems can be isolated, closed, or open depending on whether mass and energy can cross the system boundary.

Uploaded by

Christine Salamat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

What is Thermodynamics?
❖ Thescience of energy, that
concerned with the ways in
which energy is stored
within a body.
❖ Energy transformations –
mostly involve heat and work
movements.
❖ TheFundamental law is the
conservation of energy
principle: energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but can only be
transformed from one to
another. form

2
Thermodynamic System

• Originally called working


substance.
• It is defined as that part of the
universe that is under
consideration.
System, surroundings and boundary
❖ System: A quantity of matter or a
region in space chosen for study.

❖ Surroundings: The mass or region


outside the system

❖ Boundary: The real or imaginary


surface that separates the system
from its surroundings.

4
Types of Thermodynamic system
(isolated system)

❖ Isolated system – neither


mass nor energy can cross
the selected boundary

❖ Example (approximate): coffee in


a closed, well-insulated thermos
bottle

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Type of system (Closed system)

❖ Closed system – only energy


can cross the selected
boundary

❖ Examples: a tightly capped cup of


coffee

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Type of system (Open system)

❖ Open system – both mass and


energy can cross the selected
boundary

❖ Example: an open cup of coffee

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Properties of a system
Properties of a system is a measurable characteristic of a system that
is in equilibrium.
Properties may be intensive or extensive.

❖Intensive – Are independent of the amount of mass:


e.g: Temperature, Pressure, and Density,

❖ Extensive – varies directly with the mass


e.g: mass, volume, energy, enthalpy

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Temperature, t

• Is a principal thermodynamic parameter that underlies the


common notions of hot and cold.

❖ On the microscopic scale – temperature is defined as


the average energy of microscopic motions of a single
particle in the system per degree of freedom
❖ On the macroscopic scale– temperature the unique
physical property that determines the direction of heat
flow between two objects placed in thermal contact.
Derive the relation between ℉ to ℃ and vice
versa using the graph below:

212℉ 100℃

t℉ t℃

32℉ 0℃
Absolute Temperature, T
❖ Is the temperature measured from absolute zero.
❖ absolute zero is the temperature at which all
molecular motion ceases.
Units for absolute temperature:

K = Kelvin (SI)
R = Rankine (English)
Pressure, P
❖ Is considered as the measure of the intensity of a force
at any given point on the contact surface.
❖ It is defined as force per unit area.

- Atmospheric Pressure
- Gage Pressure
- Absolute Pressure
STP
Standard Temperature and Pressure

Pressure, P
Temperature, t
1 atm
=0℃
= 101.325 kPa
= 32 ℉
= 1.01325 bar
= 273.15 K
= 760 mmHg
= 29.92 inHg
= 14.7 psi
= 760 torr
Pressure, P
Examples:
1. A pressure gauge registers 40 psig in a region where the
barometric pressure is 14.5 psia. Find the absolute pressure in psia
and kPa.
2. Given the barometric pressure of 14.7 psia (29.92 inHg). Find the
absolute pressure when:
1. 80 psig to psia and atm
2. 20 inHg vacuum to inHg abs and to psia
3. 10 psia to psi vacuum and to Pa
3. A pressure gauge connected to the pressure vessel reads 110 kPa.
Compute for the absolute pressure. Assume the local atmospheric
pressure is 101.325 kPa.
Mass and Weight
❖ Mass - Amount of matter that a body contains.

❖ Weight – the strength of the gravitational pull on


the object
Density, 𝝆
❖ The density of a material is defined by its mass per unit
volume.

❖ Different materials usually have different


densities.

❖ Water generally has a density of 1kg/L.


Density, 𝝆
Instruments for measuring Density
❖ Hydrometer – common instrument for the direct
measurement of the density of a liquid. Measures the
volume displaced by an object of known mass.

❖ Pycnometer - laboratory device for measuring


fluid density.
Specific Weight, ɣ

❖ Is the force of gravity per unit volume.

Specific Volume, v
❖ Volume of a unit mass.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

•“ If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are
also in thermal equilibrium with each other.”
Law of Conservation of Mass

❖ This law states that mass cannot be created nor


destroyed although it maybe rearranged.

❖ It is also called Lomonosov-Lavoisier law, that mass of a


closed system will remain constant, regardless of the
process acting inside the system.
Sample Problems:
1. What is the specific weight of water at standard condition?

2. Two liquid of different densities (𝝆1 = 1500 kg/m3, 𝝆2 = 500 kg/m3)


are poured together into a 100 L tank, Filling it. If the resulting
density od the mixture is 800 kg/m3, find the respective quantities
of the liquids used. Also find the weight of the mixture, use g =
9.675 m/s2.
Sample Problems:
1. Two gaseous stream entered a combining tube and leave as a single
mixture. The following data applies at the entrance section:
Gas1: Gas2:
A1 = 75 in2 A2 = 50 in2
𝒗1 = 500 ft/s ṁ2 = 16.67 lb/s
v1 = 10 ft3/lb 𝝆2 = 0.12 lb/ ft3
At the exit: 𝒗3 = 350 ft/s
v3 = 7 ft3/lb
Find: a. the speed 𝒗2 at section 2,
b. the flow and area at the exit section

1. At 10 ft diameter by 15 ft height vertical tank is receiving water (𝝆 = 62.1


lb/ ft3) at a rate of 300gpm and is discharging hrough a 6 in ID line with a
constant speed of 5 ft/s. At a given instant, the tank is half full. Find the
water level and the change in mass in the tank 15 min later.

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